Nationalism: Italy and Germany Past Paper PDF

- Nationalism (~ CASE STUDY: Italy and Germ:any ) POWER AND AUTHORITY Nationalism is the basis of Russification Junker...

- Nationalism (~ CASE STUDY: Italy and Germ:any ) POWER AND AUTHORITY Nationalism is the basis of Russification Junker Nationalism contributed to the world politics today and has Camillo di Otto von formation of two new nations often caused conflicts and wars. cavour Bismarck and a new political order in Giuseppe realpolitik Europe. Garibaldi kaiser SETTING THE STAGE Nationalism was the most powerful idea of the 1800s. Its influence stretched throughout Europe and the Americas. It shaped coun- tries by creating new ones or breaking up old ones. In Europe, it also upset the balance of power set up at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, affecting the lives of millions. Empires in Europe were made up of many different groups of people. Nationalism fed the desire of most of those groups to be free of the rule of empires and govern themselves in their traditional lands. Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity rlf#M Atlf:~11 Use the graphic organizer During the 1800s, nationalism fueled efforts to build nation-states. Nationalists were not loyal to kings, but to their people--to those who shared common bonds. Nationalists believed that people of a single "nationality," or ancestry, should unite online to take notes under a single government. However, people who wanted to restore the old order on major events in the unification of Italy and from before the French Revolution saw nationalism as a force for disunity. Germany. Gradually, authoritarian rulers began to see that nationalism could also unify masses of people. They soon began to use nationalist feelings for their own pur- poses. They built nation-states in areas where they remained firmly in control. Types of Nationalist Movements Type Characteristics Examples Unification Mergers of politically 19th century Germany divided but culturally 19th century Italy similar lands Separation Culturally distinct group Greeks in the Ottoman resists being added to a Empire state or tries to break French-speaking Canadians away State-building Culturally distinct groups The United States form into a new state by Turkey accepting a single culture SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Charts 1. categorizing What types of nationalist movements can evolve in lands with culturally distinct groups? 2. Drawing Conclusions What must be present for state-building to take place? 258 Chapter 8  ~·- ln th e cha_rt on_ page 258, you can see the characteristics and examples of three typ~s 0 ~ natlonal'.st movements. In today's world, groups still use the spirit of natlonahsm to unify, separate, or build up nation-states. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires Three aging empires-the Austrian Empire of the Hapsburgs, the Russian Empire of the Romanovs, and the Ottoman Empire of the Turks-----contained a mixture of ethnic groups. Control of land and ethnic groups moved back and forth between these empires, depending on victories or defeats in war and on royal marriages. When nationalism emerged in the 19th century, ethnic unrest threatened and even- tually toppled these empires. The Breakup of the Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire brought together Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians. In 1866, Prussia defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian War. With its victory, Prussia gained control of the newly organized North German Confederation , a union of Prussia and 21 smaller German political units. Then, pressured by the Hungarians, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split his empire in half, declaring Austria and Hungary independent states, with himself as ruler of both. The empire was now called Austria-Hunga ry or the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Nationalist dis- putes continued to weaken the empire for more than 40 years. Finally, after World War I, Austria-Hung ary broke into several separate nation-states. The Russian Empire Crumbles Nationalism also helped break up the 370-year- old empire of the czars in Russia. In addition to the Russians themselves, the czar ruled over 22 million Ukrainians, 8 million Poles, and smaller numbers of Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, and others. Each group had its own culture. The ruling Romanov dynasty of Russia was determined to maintain iron control over this diversity. They instituted a policy of Russification, forcing Russian culture - ')EA' Making on all the ethnic groups in the empire. This policy actually strengthened ethnic nationalist feelings and helped to disunify Russia. The weakened czarist empire Inferences finally could not withstand the double shock of World War I and the communist rev- ~ Why might olution. The last Romanov czar gave up his power in 1917. ~ apolicy like The ottoman Empire Weakens The ruling Turks of the Ottoman Empire controlled Russification pro- duceresults that Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians. In 1856, under pressure from the are opposite those British and French, the Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all the people under intendecfl their rule. That measure angered conservative Turks, who wanted no change in the sit- uation, and caused tensions in the empire. For example, in response to nationalism in ◄ Driven from their homes, Armenians beg for bread at a refugee center. USE STUDY 259  from I 894 to 1896 and Arme nia, the Ottomans massacred and deported Armenians broke apart soon after again in 1915. Like Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire World War I. CASE Sruov: ITALY Cavour Unites Italy Italy was one of the While nation alism destroyed empir es, it also built nation s. Betwe en 1815 and count ries to form from the territo ry of crumb ling empir es. n rulers. 1848, fewer and fewer Italian s were conten t to live under foreig for leadership from Cavour Leads Italian Unification Italian nationalists looked ful of the Italian states. the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the largest and most power to the liberal Italian The kingdom had adopted a liberal constitution in 1848. So, a good plan. middl e classes, unification under Piedmont-Sardinia seeme d Camillo di Cavour In 1852, Sardinia's king, Victor Emma nuel II, named Count man who worked (kuh V OOR) as his prime minister. Cavou r was a cunni ng states l diplom acy and well- tirelessly to expan d Piedm ont-Sardinia's power. Using skillfu for Sardinia. chose n alliances he set about gainin g control of northe rn Italy to annex ing northe rn Italy Cavou r realiz ed that the greate st roadb lock d to help drive Austria was Austria. In 1858, the French emper or Napoleon lll agree out of the northe rn Italian provinces. Cavou r then provo ked a war with / the Austri ans. A comb ined French- ~50° N - Sardin ian army won two quick victo- ries. Sardin ia succe eded in taking all of northe rn Italy, excep t Venetia. \ FR ~ Garibaldi Brings Unity As Cavour ,- SWITZE RLAND ' AUSTR IAN EMPIRE was unitin g northe rn Italy, he secretly ~.. LPS I. ~- started helpin g nation alist rebels in ilan (i VENETI southe rn Italy. In May 1860, a small army of Italian nation alists led by a bold and vision ary soldie r, Giuseppe OTTOM AN 1 Garib aldi (GAR uh BAW L dee ),...., EMPIRE I captur ed Sicily. In battle , Garibaldi \~SJ Fr. A ~~\ !; Ro'tne ~ always wore a bright red shirt, as did his follow ers. As a result , they Medit errane an · 42° N I becam e known as the Red Shirts. Sea From Sicily, Garib aldi and his Naple I forces crosse d to the Italian main- Tyrrhe11ia11 land and march ed north. Eventually, OF ~ - - -"'- - -~ - a Kingdom of Sardinia, 1858 - - Sea Garibaldi agreed to unite the south- D Add e d to Sardinia, 1859--1860 ern areas he had conqu ered with D Added to Italy, 1866 the kingd om of Piedmont-Sardinia. D Added to Italy, 1870 - Papal States N Cavou r arrang ed for King Victor A 200 Miles Emma nuel II to meet Garibaldi in ~ ~d ,ntd 400 Kilometers Naple s. "The Red One" willingly ~ Hypothesitla# GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interp reting Maps agree d to step aside and let the WJ1al re 8 ht Garibaldi JI 1. Movem ent During what time p eriod was the greates t share of Sardin ian king rule..,!) rn1g dto ~,r territor y unified in Italy? In 1866, the A ustrian province of have ha !elt/11 , during 2. Region Which territor ies did the Italians lose to France Venetia, which includ ed the city of asideand. ,~', their proces s of unifica tion?. ·an 11n; sard1ni Venice, becam e part of Italy. In I 870, 260 Chapter 8  > Analyzing Political Cartoons. "Right Leg in the Boot at Last" In this. British cartoon, the kin g 0 f.. 1860 Sard im~ is r~ceiving control of lands taken by the nat1onahst Garibaldi. The act was one of the final steps in the unification of Italy. SKILLBUILDER: Analyzing Political Cartoons 1. Clarifying What symbol does the cartoonist use ~or the soon-to-be nation of Italy? 2 Making Inferences How is Garibaldi portrayed? 3. Analyzing Bias What does the title of the cartoon say about the cartoonist's view of Italian unification? tJ See Skillbuilder Handbook. page R29 Italian forces took over the last part of a territory known as the Papal States. With this victory, the city of Rome came under Italian control. Soon after, Rome became the capital of the united kingdom of Italy. The pope, however, would continue to govern a section of Rome known as Vatican City. 0 t ft.-. CASE STUDY: GER M ANY Bismarck Unites Germany Like Italy, Germany also achieved national unity in the mid-1800s. Beginning in 1815, 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation. The Austrian Empire dominated the confederation. However ' Prussia was ready to unify all the German states. Prussia Leads German Unification Prussia enjoyed several advantages that would eventually help it forge a strong German state. First of all, unlike the Austro- Hungarian Empire, Prussia had a mainly German population. As a result, nation- alism actually unified Prussia. In contrast, ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary tore the empire apart. Moreover, Prussia's army was by far the most powerful in central Europe. In 1848, Berlin rioters forced a constitutional convention to write up a lib- eral constitution for the kingdom, paving the way for unification. Bismarck Takes Control In 1861 , Wilhelm I succeeded Frederick William to the throne. The liberal parliament refused him money for reforms that would double the strength of the army. Wilhelm saw the parliament's refusal as a maj or challenge to his authority. He was supported in his view by the Junkers (YUNG kuhrz), strongly conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class. In 1862, Wilhelm chose a conservative Junker named Otto von Bismarck as his prime min- ister. Bismarck was a master of what came to be known as realpolitik. This CAsE STUDY 261  German term means "the politics of reality." The term is Hi story Makers used to describe tough power politics with no room for ide- alism. With realpolitik as his style, Bismarck would become one of the commanding figures of German history. With the king's approval, Bismarck declared that he.... would rule without the consent of parliament and without a. <. -~·~... ' legal budget. Those actions were in direct violation of the constitution. In his first speech as prime minister, he defi-. antly told members of the Prussian parliament, " It is not by , ' 1/. C ' means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great ¾... , r -~ issues of the day will be decided-that was the great mis- Hypothesizing take of 1848 and 1849- but by blood and iron." @ IQ Bismarck Otto von Bismarck ignored both the 1815- 1898 Prussia Expands In 1864, Bismarck took the first step parliament and To some Germans, Bismarck was the toward molding an empire. Prussia and Austria formed the constrtution, greatest and noblest of Germany's an alliance and went to war against Denmark to win two How doyou th·nl statesmen. They say he almost single- border provinces, Schleswig and Holstein. this actionWOuld handedly unified the nation and A quick victory increased national pride among affect Prussian raised it to greatness. To others, he governmentl Prussians. It also won new respect from other Germans and was nothing but a devious politician lent support for Prussia as head of a unified Germany. who abused his powers and led Germany into dictatorship. After the victory, Prussia governed Schleswig, while Austria His speeches, letters, and memoirs controlled Holstein. show him to be both crafty and Seven Weeks' War Bismarck purposely stirred up border deeply religious. At one moment, he conflicts with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein. The ten- could declare, "It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong:' sions provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia in 1866. At another moment he might claim, This conflict was known as the Seven Weeks' War. The "We Germans shall never wage Prussians used their superior training and equipment to win a aggressive war, ambitious war, a war devastating victory. They humiliated Austria. The Austrians of conquest:' lost the region ofVenetia, which was given to Italy. They had to accept Prussian annexation of more German territory. '5i" hmhsocialstudies.com With its victory in the Seven Weeks' War, Prussia took con- INTERNET ACTIVITY Go online to create an interactive time line of trol of northern Germany. For the first time, the eastern and Bismarck's actions to unite Germany. western parts of the Prussian kingdom were joined. In 1867, the remaining states of the north joined the North German Confederation, which Prussia dominated completely. The Franco-Prussian War By 1867, a few southern German states remained independent of Prussian control. The majority of southern Germans were Catholics. Many in the region resisted domination by a Protestant Prussia. However, Bismarck felt he could win the sup- port of southerners if they faced a threat from outside. He reasoned that a war with France would rally the south. Bismarck was an expert at manufacturing "incidents" to gain his ends. For example, he created the impression that the French ambassador had insulted the Prussian king. The French reacted to Bismarck 's deception by declaring war on Prussia on July 19, 1870. The Prussian army immediately poured into northern France. In September 1870, the Prussian army surrounded the main French force at Sedan. Among the 83,000 French prisoners taken was Napoleon IJJ himself. Parisians withstood a German siege until hunger forced them to surrender. The Franco-Prussian War was the final stage in German unification. Now the nationalistic fever also seized people in southern Germany. They finally accepted Prussian leadership. On January 18, 1871, at the captured French palace of 262 Chapter 8  Versailles, King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned kaiser (KY zuhr), or emperor. Germans called their empire the Second Reich. (The Holy Roman Empire was the first.) Bismarck had achieved Prussian dominance over Germany and Europe "by blood and iron." A Shift in Power The 1815 Congress ofVienna had estab- lished five Great Powers in Europe- 'I Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. In 1815, the Great Powers were nearly equal in strength. The wars of the mid- l 800s greatly strengthened one of the Great Powers, as Prussia joined with Annexed by Prussia, 1866 other German states to form Germany. B:fl Joined Prussia in North German By 1871 , Britain and Germany were Confederation, 1867 clearly the most powerful, both militarily ID South German States.. (joined Prussia to form and economically. Austria and Russia ~ Jf German Empire, 1871) - Conquered from France, lagged far behind. France struggled 1871 along somewhere in the middle. The.; ' 5~ European balance of power had broken down. This shift also found expression in ;;.:.a;;--.._._.;... '""> n.. the art of the period. In fact, during that GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps J ~ 1. Location What was unusual about the territory of Prussia 1 '!~f · \a.,... century, artists, composers, and writers as it existed in 1865? t&.!.~ pointed to paths that they believed 2. Movement After 1865, what year saw the biggest European society should follow. expansion of Prussian territory? _5 I NAMES 1.For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. 1lussification Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi Junker Otto van Bismarck realpolitik kaiser - _YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING. Ill event that made 3. Which aging empires suffered 6. CLARIFYING How can nationalism be both a unifying and nilication of Italy or from the forces of nationalism? a disunifying force? sible. 7. FORMING GENERALIZATIONS Why did the Austrian, 4. What role did Garibaldi play in the unification of Italy? Russian, and Ottoman Empires face such great challenges to their control of land? 5. What advantages did Prussia have in leading the German 8. EVALUATING COURSES OF ACTION Many liberals wanted states to unify? government by elected parliaments. How was Bismarck's approach to achieving his goals different? 9. WRITING ACTIVITY IPOWER AND AUTHORITY J Write a one paragraph biographical essay on either Garibaldi or Cavour. -....w.a CREATING A MAP AND DATABASE on page 258. Research the names of nations that have emerged in the last ten e each nation's nationalist movement using the chart. Then create a database and e location of the new nations and the category into which each new nation falls. use Sruov 263