Rocks Chapter 5 PDF

0 5 Rocks 5. Rocks Learning Intentions You will be able to:  Describe how each type of rock changes into another type as it moves through the rock cycle  Name the three rock groups and give examples of ea...

0 5 Rocks 5. Rocks Learning Intentions You will be able to:  Describe how each type of rock changes into another type as it moves through the rock cycle  Name the three rock groups and give examples of each  Explain the formation of each rock group  Describe how we extract rocks and use them, and evaluate the environmental, economic and social consequences of rock exploitation  Evaluate the environmental, economic and social consequences of mining in Galmoy Mine. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks Key Word s Mineral Rock cycle Permeable Compressed Intrusive Soluble Natural Inorganic Extrusive resources Igneous Crystals Drilling Sedimentary Strata Quarrying Metamorphic Deposits Shaft mining CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.1 Uses of rock As you stand on the surface of the earth, underneath your feet is rock. Rocks can differ in their colour, texture (how they feel), hardness and mineral content. They can be made of a single mineral or many minerals compressed (crushed) together. Minerals are inorganic materials – they do not come from an animal or a plant. Rocks make up our landscapes and provide us with many essential resources. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks Make a list of anything not referred to in figure 1 that you use or see every day that may be made from a rock or mineral. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.2 The Rock Cycle Based on their origin or how they were formed, rocks are divided into three groups: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Rocks are constantly changing in a process known as the rock cycle. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks WATCH | Rocks (Colin Stuart) CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.2 The Rock Cycle 1. Magma rises from the mantle. Some becomes trapped below the surface and begins to cool very slowly. This slowly cooled molten material is known as intrusive igneous rock. Example: granite The magma that reaches the surface flows outwards. Once it hits the open air it begins to cool and forms extrusive igneous rock. Example: basalt CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.2 The Rock Cycle 2. Rocks on the surface of the earth are worn down. Broken pieces are dropped in layers on the sea floor. They become pressed and cemented together, mixing with dead sea creatures CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.2 The Rock Cycle 3. Metamorphic rocks are formed when igneous or sedimentary rocks are put under great heat or pressure. This changes the rock into a new, harder rock. Examples: marble, CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 1.What are rocks made of? 2.List three uses of rocks in everyday life. 3.Copy and complete this table: CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.3 Distribution of Rocks in Ireland This is a geological map of Ireland. It shows the distribution (spread) of the most common rock types found in the country. Examine the map and answer the questions on the next slide. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 1.What is the most common rock type found in Ireland? 2.Approximately what percentage of Ireland is made up of this most common rock type? 3.Name the rock type found in your county. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 4.Copy the table below and fill it in by estimating what percentage of Ireland is covered by each rock listed. Once complete, compare your figures with a classmate’s. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.4 Rock Groups Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks are formed from the magma found in the mantle just below the crust. When magma is forced up into the crust and becomes trapped, it begins to cool very slowly. Rocks formed in this way are known as intrusive igneous rock. Igneous rocks that form when lava CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.4 Rock Groups Granite Formation: Granite is an intrusive igneous rock. Granite As it cooled very slowly over millions of countertop years, the minerals in the magma formed very large crystals. These crystals include quartz, mica and feldspar. Granite is a hard rock and has a rough texture. Granite is multi-coloured. How it is used: monuments, gravestones, CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.4 Rock Groups Basalt Formation: Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock. Lava cools very quickly when it reaches the surface. Because it cooled so fast, basalt has very small crystals that can only be seen using a microscope. Basalt is grey to black in colour. It is very hard and has a smooth texture. How it is used: Crushed basalt – in road- building. The Giant’s Causeway Location: the Antrim–Derry plateau. The CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks WATCH | How the Giant’s Causeway was formed CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 1.Explain why large crystals form in granite and small crystals form in basalt. 2.Igneous rocks have many uses. Can you give some examples? 3.Name one igneous rock and explain how it was formed. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.4 Rock Groups Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks make up about three- quarters of the rocks at the earth’s surface. They are made up of pieces (sediments) of other rocks and the remains of dead plants and animals. Over time, these formed layers (strata) that became compressed and cemented together to form rock. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.4 Rock Groups Sandstone Formation: Sandstone was formed when large amounts of sand were worn away from the earth’s crust. This sand was then carried away by wind or rivers and deposited on the beds of rivers and lakes Sandstone is laid or on the seafloor. The grains of sand built down in layers up and the deposits became compressed called strata. and cemented together. Sandstone is Can you see typically yellow/brown to red in colour. these layers in How it is used: tiles, monuments thisCYCLONE image?(2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.4 Rock Groups Limestone Formation: Formed when the remains of dead sea creatures, shells and fish bones pile up on the bed of the sea. Over millions of years, under great pressure, these remains become compressed and cemented together, forming strata. Some remains are preserved in the rock as fossils. Limestone is a permeable rock, which means that water can pass through it. Limestone is also soluble, meaning that it dissolves in water. It CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.4 Rock Groups Limestone How it is used: as a base for Fossils in limestone building roads, in monuments, to create agricultural lime used in farming Location: the Burren, Co. Clare. The most common rock type in Ireland. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 1. Explain the following words: (a) strata, (b) permeable, (c) soluble. 2. Name two uses of sandstone. 3. Describe the formation of one sedimentary rock. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.4 Rock Groups Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks began life as igneous or sedimentary rock. When these two rock groups come into contact with great heat (from magma) or great pressure (due to folding), they can be changed into completely new rocks known as metamorphic rocks. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.4 Rock Groups Marble Formation: A metamorphic rock. It is formed when limestone is placed under great heat and pressure. In its pure form, marble is white, but it can also be green, red or black. Marble has a hard texture but can shatter if dropped. Marble is a smooth rock. How it is used: headstones, fireplaces, monuments, sculptures, tiles. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.4 Rock Groups Marble Location: The Taj Mahal white marble – Rathlin Island green marble – Connemara red marble – Cork black marble – Kilkenny CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks WATCH | The Taj Mahal – Architecture of a Love Story CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks WATCH | The Rock Cycle CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.4 Rock Groups Quartzite Formation: Formed when sandstone comes under great heat and pressure. This is usually during periods of folding, when the sandstone comes into contact with magma within the crust. Quartzite is smooth, grey to white in colour and extremely hard in texture. How it is used: for surfacing of roads, in watches, in glass. Location: on the top of some mountains, such as the Sugarloaf in Co. Wicklow and Croagh Patrick in CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 1.Name the two processes that are involved in the formation of metamorphic rock. 2.(a) Select one metamorphic rock, and using a diagram/diagrams, describe how it was formed. (b) State two uses of your chosen metamorphic rock. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 5.5 Human Interaction with Rocks: Environmental and Economic Consequences Rocks provide us with important natural resources (resources that come from nature and that humans can use). CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks How We Use Natural Resources Oil is used as a fuel source and to produce petrol, tar and plastic products. Natural gas is used in the heating of homes and for cooking. Coal is burned to generate heat in Gravel, stone and sands are our homes and in industry. used as building materials. They are used in concrete and some decorative stones are used on the front of buildings. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks How We Use Natural Resources Gold is used in jewellery and in the medical, electronics and automotive industries. Diamonds, metals and precious stones are all used in jewellery. Metal ores such as copper and lead are used in pipes and batteries. Copper is used in the plumbing industry. Zinc is used to rust-proof cars. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks These resources can be mined or extracted from the earth in three different ways. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 1.Drilling Drilling is the process of boring down into the earth’s crust to extract oil or gas. This can happen on land or out at sea. Reserves of fossil fuels such as oil and gas are located underground. When drilling takes place, they are pumped to the surface. Oil and gas are used as fuel sources in cars, homes and industry. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 1.Drilling Oil spills can cause damage to the local environment. Birds and animals can ingest (swallow) the oil, or it can cover their bodies, resulting in damage to the animal or death. Oil spills can Oil and gas exploration can create employment. destroy the natural plant and animal life in the area However, this must be weighed up against the of the spill. potential risks involved such as accidents or oil spills. The Corrib Oil and Gas Field project off the Mayo coast has had investment of almost €4.3 billion from three companies. At full production, Corrib has the potential to provide up to 60% of Ireland’s gas needs and is expected to supply fuel until CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 2.Quarryin g Quarrying is the process of removing rock, sand, gravel or minerals from the ground. Also known as open-cast mining, quarrying happens at or near the surface of the earth. The materials extracted are used by the construction industry to build roads and buildings. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 2.Quarrying Quarrying produces large amounts of dust, which can cause air pollution. Quarrying can be a very noisy process, from the actual breaking of the rock to trucks coming and going. This results in noise pollution for those living close to a quarry. Quarrying has an important impact on the Irish economy. There are approximately 10,000 people employed in quarrying in Ireland. Quarrying and mining in Ireland generate over €1 billion for the Irish economy. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks WATCH | Social Consequences of Quarrying CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 2.Shaft mining Shaft mining is the process of drilling vertically into the earth to gain access to minerals beneath the surface. Coal, lead and zinc can be accessed in this way and brought to the surface. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 2.Shaft mining Large amounts of dust are created when materials are brought to the surface, which are then carried by the wind. These dust particles can cause many health problems for people who breathe them in. The landscape above the mines can be vulnerable to sinkholes if the mines below are not correctly managed. This can put people’s land or homes at risk. The Tara Lead and Zinc Mines in Co. Meath employs 580 people directly and many more indirectly. The company pays €38 million in taxes annually, which provides the government with revenue (money) to pay for services, such as healthcare and education. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks 1.Name the three types of mining. 2.Select one type of mining mentioned in Q1 and describe how it takes place. 3.Explain the environmental impacts of (a) quarrying, (b) drilling and (c) shaft mining. 4.Describe the economic impacts of (a) quarrying, (b) drilling and (c) shaft mining. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks Case Study: Galmoy Mines The Galmoy zinc, lead and silver mines are located in north-west Co. Kilkenny, on the border of counties Laois and Tipperary. This is a rural area. The lands surrounding the mine site are mainly used for livestock grazing. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks Case Study: Galmoy Mines The mine began operating in 1997. The lead, zinc and silver from the mine were transported by truck to New Ross Port, Co. Wexford. It was then shipped to many countries in Europe and around the world. The mine closed in 2014. In 2022, planning permission was granted to reopen the mine. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks Case Study: Galmoy Mines Positives When the mine was being closed, an artificial wetland was built with four ponds. This caused certain types of birds to migrate to the area and new animal and plant life to grow. Negatives There were two reported events of sinkholes appearing on local land. The land on the surface collapsed due to the mining activity below. The land in those areas could not be used for some time. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks Case Study: Galmoy Mines Positives The Galmoy Mines were involved in local community sponsorship to support local activities. Many employees at the mine had opportunities to be trained and upskilled in certain areas, which improved their own skill sets. Negatives When the plant started operating, the extra traffic to and from the area caused increased noise pollution and vibrations that could be felt by locals. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks Case Study: Galmoy Mines Positives The mine provided over 200 direct jobs for local people. The majority of people working at the mine lived within 30 km of the site. Almost as many jobs were created indirectly by businesses who were local suppliers to the mine. Negatives The mine exported its lead and zinc from New Ross Port. When the mine closed, it had a negative impact on the port as it lost income and many people lost their jobs. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks WATCH | Sinkhole appears near Co Kilkenny mine CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks Sample Questions 1.(i) Name one example of a rock that forms when molten rock cools. (ii) Indicate whether the following statement is true or false: ‘Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks that were changed by heat and/or pressure.’ 1 2 3 Shale 2. Match the correct rock type named in the box below Marble with the numbered images. Granite CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks Sample Questions 3. Describe the formation of one of the rock types listed below. (a) Limestone (b) Basalt (c) Marble Exam hints! For this question, we will use FEED (Feature, Explanation of formation, Example, Diagram). Start by naming the rock that you have selected. Next, give a full explanation of its formation. Sample Then state where an example of this rock starter type is seen. CYCLONE (2nd Edition) 5. Rocks Sample Questions 4.Rock exploitation in Ireland provides many advantages and disadvantages. Explain one advantage and one disadvantage. Exam hint! For this question, start by naming one advantage and one disadvantage. Then for each one, you must explain why it is a disadvantage or an advantage. You must develop your answer. You could use information learned in your case studies here as Sample evidence and an example. This answer Complete the answer starterin your has been started for you. You should copy. CYCLONE (2nd Edition)