Construction Methods and Operations PDF

CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND OPERATIONS Presented By : Henrabeth Monteverde CONPRO 403| 4A CONSTRUCTION - IS THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING A BUILDING OR INFRASTRUCTURE. CONSTRUCTION TYPICALLY TAKES PLACE ON LOCATION FOR A KNOWN CLIENT. CONSTRUCTION AS AN INDUSTRY, COMPRISES SIX T...

CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND OPERATIONS Presented By : Henrabeth Monteverde CONPRO 403| 4A CONSTRUCTION - IS THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING A BUILDING OR INFRASTRUCTURE. CONSTRUCTION TYPICALLY TAKES PLACE ON LOCATION FOR A KNOWN CLIENT. CONSTRUCTION AS AN INDUSTRY, COMPRISES SIX TO NINE PERCENT OF THE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. CONSTRUCTION METHODS 1. Surveying 8. Footing 15. Finishing/ 2. Clearing 9. Columns Partitions 3. Framing 10. Beams 16. Tapping Off/ 4. Signages 11. Slabs Roof Deck 5. Mobilization 12. Walls 17. Painting 6. Layout 13. Electrical/ 18. Power Supply 7. Excavation Mechanical 19. Testing 14. Plumbing 20. Demobilization 21. Handover  1. Surveying A Construction Survey is basically a survey that presents locations and marks for construction activities; the process of executing evaluation and estimation prior to or during construction activities. Construction surveying or building surveying is to stake out reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings. These markers are usually staked out according to a suitable coordinate system selected for the project. ❖ SITE BOUNDARY The surveyor must to determine the site boundary of the construction area to avoid trespass to the another construction area. The boundary had determine: Setting Out the Site Establish a base line from which the whole of the building can be set out. Marked on site clearly so that it can be re- established at any time Using steel tape (30 meters and not stretchable is more suitable) Marked each corner with a stout peg Check on the right angle and correct lengths (advisable using different method) 2. Clearing Site clearing is normally the first operation to be done when the alignment has been set out. It is done in order to prepare the site for the excavation and formation of the road. It consists of the removal and disposal of all bushes, trees, fences and loose boulders as well as the grass within the top soil. 3. Framing Framing, in construction, is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and shape. Framing materials are usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel. When it comes to new construction, framing is where your building begins to take shape. Once you have plans in hand, it's your building's framing that makes those blueprints come to life. A building's frame is the skeleton that supports all of the finishing features, like drywall, doors, windows, and even your roof. 4. Signages Safety signage is a requirement on all construction sites. Highly visible construction site signage can help prevent injuries on-site and ensure that all staff and visitors are aware of any dangerous hazards. Without construction site signage, employees could be left unaware of risks and employers might find themselves in significant legal and workplace health and safety trouble. What Are the Different Types of Construction Signs? These are a few of the main construction signs you should have present on your site: 1. Mandatory Signs These signs are specific to an action that must take place in certain areas of your site. These could have actions such as headgear must be worn or high visibility vests must be worn.  2. Prohibition Signs These signs are specific to actions that are not permitted on your site. These could be actions such as smoking on site. 3. Warning Signs These signs are specific to warn of hazards or potential hazards that are not life- threatening. These could be hazards such as uneven surfaces or the risk of an electric shock. 4. Fire Signs 5. Emergency Information Signs These signs are specific to These signs are specific to the help workers and visitors location of specific emergency identify the location of fire facilities. These could be facilities extinguishers. such as emergency exits, first aid kits and so on. 5. Danger Signs These signs are specific to warn of hazards or potential hazards that are likely to be life-threatening. Why Would You Need Construction Signage? This is not to say that site safety signs should be solely relied on; there is no substitute for well-trained staff. Instead, the signs have a purpose to serve as a reminder and be of use to those who aren’t familiar with your construction site or process. 5. Mobilization Consists of preparatory work and operations necessary for the movement of personnel, equipment, supplies, and incidentals to the project site; for the establishment of offices, buildings, and other facilities necessary for the work; for premiums on bond and insurance for the work; and for other operations... Mobilization refers to the initial stage of a construction project where preparations occur onsite prior to the commencement of any work. At this point in a project, the contractor has been selected and building plans have typically been approved by the governing municipality. 6. Construction Staking and layout Is the process of interpreting construction plans and marking the location of proposed new structures such as roads, buildings, slab edges, elevator openings or structural columns. The layout of a site varies from location to location and covers a huge number of variables. Some important factors in site layout include: site access utility locations soil conditions safety and health considerations temporary services or temporary structures. A site layout plan, sometimes called a block plan, shows a detailed layout of the whole site and the relationship of the proposed works with the boundary of the property, nearby roads, and neighbouring buildings. Most applications should include both an existing site layout plan and a proposed site layout plan. 7. Excavation and trenching Are among the most hazardous construction operations. OSHA defines an excavation as any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in the earth's surface formed by earth removal. 8. Footings Are an important part of foundation construction. They are typically made of concrete with rebar reinforcement that has been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of footings is to support the foundation and prevent settling. A footing is placed below the frost line and then the walls are added on top. What is difference between footing and foundation? The foundation is general expression for structural element that support the superstructure as well as the supported soil, while the footing is represent the shallow structural element that support the superstructure. ❖ The foundation is general expression for structural element that support the superstructure as well as the supported soil, while the footing is represent the shallow structural element that support the superstructure. 9. Column A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. A column is used to support the weight of the roof and/or the upper floors. Now days, many columns are used for decorative purposes. A column along with load bearing beams can support a lot of weight. 10. Beams Beams are used to support the weight of A beam is a structural element that primarily floors, ceilings and roofs of a building and resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. to transfer the load to a vertical load bearing element of the structure. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support points. In building construction, a beam is a horizontal member spanning an opening and carrying a load that may be a brick or stone wall above the opening, in which case the beam is often called a lintel (see post-and-lintel system). The timber beam is generally used in the wooden roof truss construction. They are used in combination with columns and posts which support beams in the wooden frame structure. The timber beam runs horizontally between two posts on both sides of the wooden truss. They are also used to support floor slabs in old houses made of timber materials. Timber is a strong and durable building material if proper treatment and care are taken. But, With the introduction of advanced construction materials like concrete, their application is now limited. https://civiconcepts.com/blog/types-of-beam Steel Beams are manufactured from molten steel poured into molds and rolled out in a variety of shapes like Beams. Steel beams are strong, durable and high-strength material compares to other construction materials. Steel beams are used in different types of construction like building, workshops, steel roof trusses, bridges, ropeway, etc.  The RCC beam is As we know that the generally designed to concrete is strong in support the loads compression and very from slabs, other weak in tension. beams, walls, and Therefore, to counteract columns and transfer balance these defects the loads to the the Steel reinforcement columns supporting is used to take up them. tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams. A simply supported beam is one of the important and simple types of beam. As its name suggests, it is supported on both the end, at one end it is pinned and the other is either pinned or rollers are used. This beam is generally experienced both bending and shearing and sometimes translational moment only when the roller end is used. According to the type of such as UDL (uniformly distributed load), UVL (uniformly varying load), concentrated load, etc., beams bending and shearing will liable to vary. These are the types of beams in which both ends are fixed and the rotational movement is restrained. Also, The type of Beam in which has no freedom to rotate at ends is a Fixed Beam. The End Connections of beams are provided with reinforcements to restrict the end rotation or tilting. In reality, all the high-rise buildings are made of the fixed beam but the only way of fixing looks different. The 110 stories high world trade center building can be considered a fixed beam. This may not be seen clearly due to the presence of intermediate columns and beams. The overhanging beam is one like a simply supported beam, but it’s one end overhand or extended from support to some distance. Generally, every end of the beam is supported by the column. In the case of an overhanging beam, one end of a beam supported by a column and the other end is overhang without support. Overhanging beams generally used to make shades or balconies, can vary from 40–120 cm in common residential buildings. As its name suggests it is a double overhanging portion on both the ends of the beam. In short, These types of Beams will have overhang portion at both the support. There is roller support and rotational moment on both the ends of the beam A Beam that has more than two or more support is called a continuous beam. It is like a simply supported beam. A beam is called a continuous beam when it is simply supported at both ends with intermediate support too. These types of the beam have more than one span. Continuous beam is most commonly used in bridge construction. A beam of this type has more than two supports along its length. Advantages It has lesser maximum deflection than a simply supported beam. With a continuous beam, we can use span or distance as compared to simply supported beams. It has a lesser maximum positive bending moment than a simply supported beam. A cantilever beam can be defined as a beam that is fixed at one and free at the other end. In other words, Beam is fixed at one end and the other end is extended beyond to hang free in the air. In these types of the beam, the load coming on it transfers to the support where it can manage the moment of force and shear stress. The cantilever beam’s free end is the ability to move when the load is applied but no rotation or translation will occur at the end fixed end (end in the concrete). It is mostly used in car parking areas, construction of bridges, towers, etc. When the beam is reinforced with a truss, it is called a trussed beam. These types of beams are used mostly for making workshop sheds, warehouse sheds, and where there is a need for a long span and open space. The rectangular beam is those which have a cross-section rectangular shape. These types of beams generally experience tension at the bottom and compression at the top. Therefore, more reinforcement is provided at the bottom beam compare to the top portion of the beam. Rectangular beams are the most common types of beams used in building construction from small house construction to high-rise building construction. I – Beam is simple means beam has shaped like alphabet “I”. Also it a structural member in the shape of an “I”, meaning a central web with a crossbar at the top and bottom. I – Beam may be made of steel, concrete, or fiberglass. I Beam is generally used in the construction of manufacturing plants, multi- story buildings, etc. The beam has a cross-sectional shape like “T” which is called a T-Beam. This beam is generally cast monolithically with the slab. As a result, the slab acts as a part integral part of the beam and bends in the longitudinal direction of the beam. The slab portion is called a flange for T- beam. The beam portion below the flange is called the web. T-beam allows us to select a larger span compare to the rectangular span because the deflection of the beam is greatly reduced. Also, we can define as the end beams which have slabs only on one side are called L- beam. Generally, these beams are cast monolithically with the slab and hence act as L-beam but not a simple rectangular beam. These types of beams are generally found at the corners of buildings on which the roof/slab is not projected out of the beam, corners around the staircase, lift openings, etc. If the forces applied on the beam can be resolve or found out by applying static equilibrium equations, then it is called a statically determinate beam. Also, we can say that in statically determinate beam numbers of unknown forces are equal to the number of equations. Statically determinate structures are most commonly used in bridges, mainly due to the fact that temperature changes can induce large stresses in the bridge. If the forces applied on the beam can be resolve or found out by applying static equilibrium equations, then it is called a statically indeterminate beam. In types of the beam, the number of unknowns exceeds the number of equations, then the structure is statically indeterminate. When we provide more support to Advantages structure than required for static stability, it makes structure Stresses produced in indeterminate are generally lower than the indeterminate. determinate structure. The deflection of the beam is less compared to a determinate beam due to greater stiffness. Statically indeterminate beam has the capacity to redistribute the loads. In case any part or support structure fails, the entire structure will not necessarily collapse, and the loads will be redistributed to the adjacent portions of the structure. The beam that has a curved shape or profile is called a curved beam. It is generally used in case of circular or curved-shaped building construction. F. Based on Construction Methods 22. Cast In-situ Concrete Beam These are the beam which is cast on-site and cured. For the casting of the beam, form-work is fixed in a definite size, and the fresh concrete is poured in the forms, the compaction is done with the help of various vibratory equipment. The Precast beams are those which are cast or manufactured in a plant and away from the structure in a very controlled environment, and ideal conditions are provided to castings to ensure the maximum strength of the beam. They are cast at plants and cured in a very controlled manner with a high-quality check. These precast beams, then transported to construction to use. Just before concreting in the beam, tension wire is stressed as per the requirement with help of a hydraulic jack. After that concrete is poured into it and cured. This casted beam is called a prestressed concrete beam. As we know that concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. There is a constant affords to reduce the tension force on the concrete members. Therefore, the concrete beam is prestressed so that it will remain under compression more than in tension. Lintel beams are generally provided on the top of the door, window, and ventilation frame. It has main function is to restrict the load that can act on the door and window frame. It distributes the load from the upper part to the sidewall on which it is supported. The lintel beam is one of the essential components of the beam. A Beam that has more than two or more support is called a continuous beam. It is like a simply supported beam. A beam is called a continuous beam when it is simply supported at both ends with intermediate support too. These types of the beam have more than one span. Continuous beam is most commonly used in bridge construction. A beam of this type has more than two supports along its length. Advantages It has lesser maximum deflection than a simply supported beam. With a continuous beam, we can use span or distance as compared to simply supported beams. It has a lesser maximum positive bending moment than a simply supported beam. 11. Slabs A slab is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal surfaces such as floors, roof decks and ceilings. A slab is generally several inches thick and supported by beams, columns, walls, or the ground. Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal in building floors, roofs, bridges, and other types of structures. 12. Wall Wall, a structural element used to divide or enclose, and, in building construction, to form the periphery of a room or a building. Wall is a structure defining an exact area and providing safety & shelter. There are various types of walls used in the construction of buildings given below. 13. Electrical/Mechanical ❖ Electrical construction means work performed by an individual, firm, or business entity in which an electrical connection is made to a supply of electricity or in which electricity is supplied to any electrical equipment installation for which a permit is required by the authority having jurisdiction. ❖ Electrical site engineers direct and oversee electrical engineering projects at construction sites, resolving issues and ensuring that work is completed according to specifications. They balance project management and engineering tasks ranging from designing electrical plans to monitoring contractors. Mechanical ❖A mechanical contractor is in charge of heating or cooling systems, refrigeration, piping, and plumbing.... Mechanical contractors are also usually responsible for ongoing maintenance of the system they install. A contractor generally takes on a supervisor's role in a construction project. ❖They are responsible for the heating or cooling systems, refrigeration, piping, and plumbing of a building. While some contractors may work on a project during production and installation, others may manage the ongoing maintenance and repair throughout the building's lifecycle. 14. Plumbing ❖ Plumbing, system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution and use of potable (drinkable) water and the removal of waterborne wastes. It is usually distinguished from water and sewage systems that serve a group of buildings or a city. ❖ Plumbing system means the water supply and distribution pipes, plumbing fixtures and traps, soil, waste, and vent pipes, sanitary and storm sewers and building drains, including their respective connections, devices, and appurtenances within the premises, and water- treating equipment. 15. Finishes ❖ Finishes are used in the final part of the construction or manufacturing process, forming the final surface of an element. They can protect the element they finish from impact, water, frost, corrosion, abrasion, and so on, and/or they can be decorative. ❖ Finishing work is the concluding stage of construction; in many cases, the overall quality of a building or structure being put into service depends on the quality of its execution. The main types of finishing work include facing, plastering, flooring (and parquetry), painting, wallpapering, and glazing. Partitions Partitions are non-load bearing walls that separate spaces in buildings. As well as spatial division, they can provide; privacy, acoustic and fire separation and flexibility of layout. Partition walls can be solid, typically constructed from brick or blockwork, or can be a framed construction. A partition wall may be defined as a wall or division made up of bricks, studding, glass or other such material and provided for the purpose of dividing one room or portion of a room from another. Partition walls are designed as non-load bearing walls. 16. Tapping off/Roof deck ❖ In building construction, topping out (sometimes referred to as topping off) is a builders' rite traditionally held when the last beam (or its equivalent) is placed atop. ❖ A 'topping off' ceremony is a long- standing tradition of construction workers, particularly steel workers, to commemorate the completion of a building's structure – specifically the placement of the final steel beam. The roof deck is the roofing material between the structural components (the trusses and joists) and the insulation and weatherproofing layers (roof materials, coatings, layers, etc.). In short, the roof deck is the section of the roof onto which everything else is placed. 17. Painting Paint is a liquid or mastic material that can be applied to surfaces to colour, protect and provide texture. They are usually stored as a liquid and dry into a thin film after application. Paint is a substance used as the final finish to all surfaces and as a coating to protect or decorate the surface. Paint is a pigmented opaque material that completely covers and hides the surface to which it is applied.... Painting protects a surface from weathering effects and also prevents corrosion of metals. 18. Power Supply ❖ A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.... The source power may come from the electric power grid, such as an electrical outlet, energy storage devices such as batteries or fuel cells, generators or alternators, solar power converters, or another power supply. 19. Testing ❖Construction Materials Testing (CMT) primarily involves testing structural materials used to build new projects from the ground up, materials and components used to construct new additions or new components being added to an existing facility. ❖Testing may be necessary: As part of a quality control system. To verify that materials comply with the required specification. To achieve certification. 20. Demobilization Demobilization means removal from the Site of all of Contractor's, Subcontractors' and Sub- subcontractor's personnel, supplies, materials, rubbish, temporary facilities and construction equipment. 21. Handover ❖ A 'handover' comes at the end of the Handover Notes are documents project to install, construct, or modify an created by staff members who asset. It usually involves the client are about to leave their formally accepting the asset, the work positions, either temporarily or area, and relevant information from the permanently, to assist their contractor. successor to carry out their duties. ❖ The handover of the site to the client takes place once the contract administrator has confirmed that the works defined in the contract are complete. However, it should be planned well in advance, and any special requirements included in appointment documents and contracts. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2. INFRASTRUCTURE 3. INDUSTRIAL  BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential. Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations such as addition of a room or renovation of a bathroom often the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project although building construction projects typically include various common elements such as design financial estimating and legal considerations. Many projects of varying sizes reach and desirable and results such as structural collapse cost overruns and or litigation. COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL  INFRASTRUCTURE It is often called heavy or highway heavy civil or heavy engineering. It includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, water or wastewater, and utility distribution INFRASTRUCTURE/HEAVY CIVIL  INDUSTRIAL Industrial includes refineries, process chemical, power generation mills, and manufacturing plants. CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES CONPRO 403| 4A  DESIGN TEAM Construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and integrate those proceedings with the other parts. The design usually consists of drawings and specifications, usually prepared by a design team including architects, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engineers, fire protection engineers, planning consultants, architectural consultants, and archaeological consultants. Under the system, once the design is completed by the design team, a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor.  FINANCIAL ADVISORS Underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labor and materials, and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at the specific time, can arise even when the overall total is enough. Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field. Financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that the solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans or in the place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project. Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project.  LEGAL ASPECTS A construction project must fit into the legal framework governing the property. This include governmental regulations on the use of property, and obligations that are created in the process of construction. The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are in disputably bad --- bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to residential district.  INTERACTION OF EXPERTISE Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and interrelate. The design must be not only structurally sound in appropriate for the use and location, but must also be financially possible to build, and legal to use. The financial structure must accommodate the need for building the design provided, and must be amounts that are legally owed. The legal structure must integrate the design into the surrounding legal framework, and enforce the financial consequences of the construction process.  PROCUREMENT Procurement describes the merging of activities undertaken by the client to obtain a building. There are many different methods of construction procurement; however the three most common types of procurement are traditional (design-bid-build), design-build and management contracting. There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting with the emphasis is on a cooperative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project. New forms include partnering such as public private partnerships (PPPs) and private finance initiatives (PFIS) and alliances such as "pure" or "project" alliances and "impure" or "strategic" alliances. CONSTRUCTION PHASES CONPRO 403| 4A CONSTRUCTION PHASES VISION FANTASY/IDEA - A CONCEPT NEVER INTENDED TO BE BUILT, MAY BE AN AESTHETIC OR STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXERCISE PROPOSED - A BUILDING CONCEPT THAT IS UNDER REVIEW BY THE BUILDING OWNER AND BY GOVERNMENT APPROVED - A BUILDING CONCEPT THAT WILL BE CONSTRUCTED IN THE NEAR FUTURE. IF THE PROPOSED BUILDING IS NOT APPROVED THEN THE PROPOSAL MAY BE AMENDED AND RESUBMITTED, OR IT MAY BE DEFERRED OR CANCELLED. DESIGN - THE SPECIFICATION OF WHAT IS TO BE BUILT IN SUFFICIENT DETAIL TO BE USED AS THE BASIS AS A CONTRACT BETWEEN THE OWNER AND A CONTRACTOR CONSTRUCTION PHASES PROCUREMENT - THE SELECTION OF THE CONTRACTOR OR CONTRACTORS TO CARRY OUT THE CONSTRUCTION. THIS MAY BE BY COMPETITIVE TENDERING. DIVERSIONS - BEFORE CONSTRUCTION CAN START ANY SERVICES ON THE SITE WHICH, MUST BE KEPT OPERATIONAL TO SERVE OTHER ADJACENT SITES MUST BE DIVERTED SO THEY RUN OUTSIDE THE FOOTPRINT OF THE NEW BUILDING. THIS CAN INCLUDE DRAINAGE, WATER, GAS PIPED SERVICES, AND POWER AND COMMUNICATION CABLES UNDER-CONSTRUCTION - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING CURRENTLY BEING BUILT CONSTRUCTION PHASES 36 GROUND WORKS - CONSTRUCTION WORK BELOW GROUND LEVEL INCLUDING THE CONSTRUCTION OF BASEMENTS AND FOUNDATIONS TOPPED-OUT - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING WHERE CONSTRUCTION HAS REACHED THE HIGHEST POINT OF THE BUILDING FITTING OUT- INSTALLATION OF THE DECORATIVE, NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ONCE THE BUILDING MAIN STRUCTURE IS COMPLETE. THIS INCLUDES PAINTING, CEILINGS, LIGHT FITTINGS ETC. CONSTRUCTION PHASES 36 COMMISSIONING OR SETTING TO WORK - ONCE THE BUILDING MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, PLUMBING, COMMUNICATIONS, AND BUILDING CONTROL SYSTEMS ARE INSTALLED THEY THEN NEED TO BE TESTED AND ADJUSTED SO THEY DELIVER THE REQUIRED PERFORMANCE. IN MODERN BUILDINGS, THIS CAN TAKE SOME TIME DURING WHICH LITTLE SEEMS TO BE GOING ON BUT IF THIS IS NOT DONE PROPERLY THEN THESE SYSTEMS WILL NOT DELIVER THEIR DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEADING TO HOT AND COLD SPOTS, SPURIOUS ALARMS, HIGHER ENERGY BILLS, AND SYSTEMS FAILING DURING EMERGENCIES CONSTRUCTION PHASES 36 SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION /BENEFICIAL OCCUPANCY - A POINT WHEN THE WORK IS SUFFICIENTLY COMPLETE SO THAT THE OWNER CAN OCCUPY ‘ITEMS’ NOTED DURING INSPECTION ‘PUNCH LIST’ OR ‘SNAG LIST’ MAY STILL BE CORRECTED COMPLETE/BUILT - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING THAT HAS BEEN FULLY BUILT, EXCLUDING FUTURE EXPANSIONS (PUNCH LIST) ITEMS ALL COMPLETED. BUILDING OPERATION - ALL THOSE DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITIES NEED TO ENSURE THE BUILDING CAN BE USED. IN SIMPLE BUILDINGS, THIS MEANS LITTLE MORE THAN CLEANING BUT IN MORE COMPLICATED BUILDINGS THIS IS A LARGE SCALE OPERATION EMPLOYING A LARGE TEAM OF STAFF. CONSTRUCTION PHASES 36 MAINTENANCE - WORKS TO ENSURE THE BUILDING CONTINUES TO OPERATE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS DESIGN, INCLUDING REPLACING ELEMENTS WHICH ARE APPROACHING THE END OF THEIR USEFUL LIFE REPAIR - REPLACING BUILDING ELEMENTS WHICH HAVE BEEN DAMAGED OR WHICH HAVE FAILED TO RESTORETHE BUILDING TO ITS AS-BUILT STATE RENOVATION - MODIFICATION TO THE BUILDING. THIS CAN BE MINOR MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE CARRIED OUTWHILE THE BUILDING IS OCCUPIED OR MAJOR WORKS WHERE ONLY THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ARE KEPT AND THE BUILDING IS OUT OF USE FOR YEARS DEMOLITION - DESTRUCTION OF THE BUILDING WHICH MAY INCLUDE THE SALVAGE OF SOME ELEMENTS FOR REUSE ELSEWHERE MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION (MMC) CONPRO 403| 4A MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION THE CONCRETE INDUSTRY EMBRACES INNOVATION AND MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION (MMC) BY OFFERING CONCRETE SOLUTIONS WHICH CAN BE USED TO REDUCE CONSTRUCTION TIME AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL AS OFFERING COST SAVINGS.  PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM FLOOR AND WALL UNITS ARE PRODUCED OFF-SITE IN A FACTORY AND ERECTED ON-SITE TO FORM ROBUST STRUCTURES, IDEAL FOR ALL REPETITIVE CELLULAR PROJECTS. PANELS CAN INCLUDE SERVICES, WINDOWS, DOORS, AND FINISHES. BUILDING ENVELOPE PANELS WITH FACTORY FITTED INSULATION AND DECORATIVE CLADDING CAN ALSO BE USED AS LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS. THIS OFFERS FACTORY QUALITY AND ACCURACY, TOGETHER WITH SPEED OF ERECTION ON- SITE PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION (ALSO KNOWN AS MODULAR CONSTRUCTION) INVOLVES THE PRODUCTION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL UNITS IN CONTROLLED FACTORY CONDITIONS BEFORE TRANSPORTATION TO SITE. MODULES CAN BE BROUGHT TO THE SITE IN A VARIETY OF FORMS, RANGING FROM A BASIC STRUCTURE TO ONE WITH ALL INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FINISHES AND SERVICES INSTALLED, ALL READY FOR ASSEMBLY. THE CASTING OF MODULES USES THE BENEFITS OF FACTORY CONDITIONS TO CREATE SERVICE-INTENSIVE UNITS WHERE A HIGH DEGREE OF REPETITION AND A NEED FOR RAPID ASSEMBLY ON-SITE MAKE ITS USE HIGHLY DESIRABLE 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION THIS MODERN METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OFFERS THE INHERENT BENEFITS OF CONCRETE, SUCH AS THERMAL MASS, SOUND, AND FIRE RESISTANCE, AS WELL AS OFFERING FACTORY QUALITY AND ACCURACY, TOGETHER WITH SPEED OF ERECTION ON-SITE. TUNNEL FORM 36 TUNNEL FORM IS A FORMWORK SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS THE CONTRACTOR TO BUILD MONOLITHIC WALLS AND SLABS IN ONE OPERATION ON A DAILY CYCLE. IT COMBINES THE SPEED, QUALITY AND ACCURACY OF FACTORY/OFFSITE PRODUCED READY-MIX CONCRETE AND FORMWORK WITH THE FLEXIBILITY AND ECONOMY OF CAST IN-SITU CONSTRUCTION. THIS FAST-TRACK METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION IS SUITABLE FOR REPETITIVE CELLULAR PROJECTS, SUCH AS HOTELS, APARTMENT BLOCKS AND STUDENT ACCOMMODATION. IT OFFERS ECONOMY, SPEED, QUALITY, AND ACCURACY, AS WELL AS UTILIZING THE INHERENT BENEFITS OF CONCRETE, SUCH AS FIRE AND SOUND RESISTANCE. TUNNEL FORM 36 HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (HCC) COMBINES ALL THE BENEFITS OF PRECASTING WITH THE ADVANTAGES OF CAST IN-SITU CONSTRUCTION. COMBINING THE TWO, AS A HYBRID FRAME, RESULTS IN EVEN GREATER CONSTRUCTION SPEED, QUALITY, AND OVERALL ECONOMY. HCC CAN ANSWER CLIENT DEMANDS FOR LOWER COSTS AND HIGHER QUALITY BY PROVIDING SIMPLE, BUILDABLE AND COMPETITIVE STRUCTURES THAT OFFER CONSISTENT PERFORMANCE AND QUALITY. HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (HCC) THIN JOINT MASONRY THIN JOINT MASONRY ALLOWS THE DEPTH OF THE MORTAR TO BE REDUCED FROM 10MM TO JUST 3MM OR LESS, RESULTING IN FASTER LAYING AND IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY, PARTICULARLY ON LONG RUNS OF WALLING. CONSTRUCTION SPEED CAN BE FURTHER INCREASED BY SOME 13.5 PERCENT USING LARGE-FORMAT CONCRETE BLOCKS, WHICH HAVE A FACE SIZE EQUIVALENT TO TWO TRADITIONAL CONCRETE BLOCKS. THE MORTAR CURES RAPIDLY, ACHIEVING FULL BOND STRENGTH WITHIN ONE TO TWO HOURS, ELIMINATING THE PROBLEM OF ‘FLOATING’ THEREFORE ENABLING MORE COURSES TO BE LAID PER DAY. THIN JOINT MASONRY INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK (ICF) SYSTEMS CONSIST OF TWIN-WALLED, EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE PANELS OR BLOCKS THAT ARE QUICKLY BUILT UP TO CREATE FORMWORK FOR THE WALLS OF A BUILDING. THIS FORMWORK IS THEN FILLED WITH FACTORY- PRODUCED, QUALITY-ASSURED, READY-MIXED CONCRETE TO CREATE A ROBUST STRUCTURE. THE EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE BLOCKS REMAIN TO PROVIDE HIGH LEVELS OF THERMAL INSULATION AND THE CONCRETE CORE PROVIDES ROBUSTNESS AND GOOD LEVELS OF SOUND INSULATION. INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK PRECAST FOUNDATIONS PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS CAN BE USED TO CONSTRUCT FOUNDATIONS RAPIDLY. THE ELEMENTS ARE USUALLY TO A BESPOKE DESIGN AND CAST IN A FACTORY ENVIRONMENT, GIVING ASSURED QUALITY FORTHE FINISHED PRODUCT. THE FOUNDATIONS ARE OFTEN SUPPORTED BY CONCRETE PILES AND CONNECTED. THESE SYSTEMS IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY, ESPECIALLY IN ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS, AND REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF EXCAVATION REQUIRED - PARTICULARLY ADVANTAGEOUS WHEN DEALING WITH CONTAMINATED GROUND. PRECAST FOUNDATIONS CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS CONPRO 403| 4A CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS CURRENTLY 3D-MODELLING IS THE TREND IN THE SIMULATION AREA. HOWEVER, DEVELOPING 3D MODELS OF CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS IS VERY COMPLEX AND TIME CONSUMING. IN GENERAL, THE STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS REQUIRES A TOOL THAT PROVIDES SOLUTIONS WITHOUT REQUIRING THE INPUT OF COPIOUS AMOUNTS OF DATA. IN ORDER FOR A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY TO USE A SIMULATION TOOL, THE METHODOLOGY HAS TO BE PRESENTED IN A VERY SIMPLE AND GRAPHICAL CONTEXT. PICTORIAL AND SCHEMATIC TOOLS ARE EASILY ACCEPTED PROSIDYC PROSIDYC IS A SYSTEM FOR SIMULATING CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS JOINTLY DEVELOPED BY THE PLANNING AND METHODS UNIT OF DRAGADOS Y CONSTRUCTION, MADRID, SPAIN, AND THE DIVISION OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING, 3 MANAGEMENT AT PURDUE UNIVERSITY. IT IS A COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEM ANALYZING CONSTRUCTION JOB SITE PRODUCTION PROCESSES. IT IS USED TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY IN THE FIELD BY STUDYING RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND CYCLE TIMES IDENTIFYING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRODUCTION IMPROVEMENT PROSIDYC HIERARCHICAL LEVEL IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENTS  ORGANIZATIONAL- COMPANY STRUCTURE AND BUSINESS FOCUS, HEAD OFFICE AND FIELD FUNCTIONS, PORTFOLIO OF PROJECTS, GROSS PROJECT ATTRIBUTES. PROJECT- PROJECT DEFINITION, CONTRACT, DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, COST, TIME, BREAKDOWN INTOPROJECT ACTIVITIES. ACTIVITY - ATTAINMENT OF PHYSICAL SEGMENT OF PROJECT EQUATED TO TIME AND COST CONTROL. OPERATION- CONSTRUCTION METHOD FOCUS. MEANS OF ACHIEVING CONSTRUCTION COMPLETE. PROCESS- BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL SEQUENCE FOCUS, LOGICAL COLLECTION OF WORK TASKS AND RECOGNIZABLE POTION OF CONSTRUCTION OPERATION. WORK TASK-FUNDAMENTAL FIELD ACTION AND WORK UNIT FOCUS, SKILL AT CREW MEMBER LEVEL AND BASIS OF WORK ASSIGNMENT TO LABOR  BUILDING PROCESS MODELS THE RELATIVE SEQUENCE AND LOGIC OF THE WORK TASKS AND PROCESSES THAT MAKE UP CONSTRUCTION OPERATION CONSTITUTE THE TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE OPERATION. THE MODELING ELEMENTS CAN BE USED IN A VARIETY OF PATTERNS TO MODEL CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS. AS AN EXAMPLE, CONSIDER THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR AN EARTH-MODELING OPERATION THAT INVOLVES THE LOADING OF TRUCKS WITH EARTH TRANSPORT TO A DUMP AREA BUILDING PROCESS MODELS  CONPRO 403| 4A THANK YOU Presented By : Henrabeth Monteverde