Software Project Management (Coursework)

Software Project Management (Course Code:- 19BaBbcU504) Class:- T.Y.B.B.A(CA) Semester – V 2024 - 2025 Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal, Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune...

Software Project Management (Course Code:- 19BaBbcU504) Class:- T.Y.B.B.A(CA) Semester – V 2024 - 2025 Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal, Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune -05  Chapter 4 Monitoring And Control Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Table of Content Monitoring and Control: Managing Managing people in software Contracts: environments:  Introduction  Creating the Framework  Introduction  Introduction  Collecting the Data, Review  Types of Contract  Understanding Behavior  Visualizing Progress  Stages in Contract  Organizational Behaviors  Cost Monitoring Placement  Stress  Earned Value Analysis  Typical Terms of a  Stress Management  Prioritizing Monitoring Contract  Getting the Project Back to  Contract Target Management  Change Control  Software Configuration Management (SCM). Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Introduction to Monitoring and Control  Monitoring and Control in software project management are critical processes that help ensure the successful planning, execution, and delivery of software projects.  These processes are essential for managing resources, controlling costs, meeting deadlines, and ensuring the quality of the software being developed.  Key Components 1) Performance Metrics 2) Project Plans 3) Status Reporting 4) Change Management 5) Issue Identification and Resolution 6) Scope Control 7) Quality Assurance Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Introduction to Monitoring and Control (Continue….) 1) Performance Metrics:  Defining key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics to measure project progress and quality. 2) Project Plans:  Creating detailed project plans that outline tasks, milestones, schedules, and resource allocations. 3) Status Reporting:  Regularly collecting and reporting project status, including accomplishments, issues, and risks. 4) Change Management:  Managing and documenting changes to project scope, requirements, or objectives. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05 Introduction to Monitoring and Control (Continue….) 5) Issue Identification and Resolution:  Identifying project issues and taking corrective actions to address them promptly. 6) Scope Control:  Ensuring that project scope remains aligned with the initial project objectives. 7) Quality Assurance:  Implementing quality control measures and conducting testing to maintain software quality. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Creating the Framework  Creating a framework for Monitoring and Control in software project management is a structured and essential step to ensure the success of your projects.  The framework provides a set of guidelines, processes, and tools to systematically monitor project progress and maintain the desired project outcomes.  Here are the steps to create a Monitoring and Control framework for software project management: 1) Define Project Objectives and Scope 2) Identify Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) 3) Develop a Project Plan 4) Define Roles and Responsibilities 5) Establish a Communication Plan 6) Implement Change Control Procedures 7) Set Up Risk Management Processes 8) Select Monitoring and Control Tools 9) Establish Quality Assurance Processes 10) Implement Monitoring Activities 11) Control Activities 12) Document Everything Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Creating the Framework (Continue….) 1) Define Project Objectives and Scope:  Clearly define the project's objectives, scope, requirements, and success criteria.  This forms the basis for monitoring and control activities. 2) Identify Key Performance Indicators (KPIs):  Determine the specific metrics and KPIs that will be used to measure project progress and quality.  Examples include:  Schedule obedience/ loyalty (means milestone completion)  Budget and cost performance  Bug tracking  Code review and testing metrics  Stakeholder satisfaction surveys Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Creating the Framework (Continue….) 3) Develop a Project Plan:  Create a detailed project plan that outlines tasks, milestones, schedules, resource allocations, and dependencies.  This plan will serve as a reference point for monitoring progress. 4) Define Roles and Responsibilities:  Clearly define the roles and responsibilities of team members involved in monitoring and control activities.  This includes project managers, quality assurance staffs, developers, and testers. 5) Establish a Communication Plan:  Develop a communication plan that outlines how project status updates, issues, and changes will be communicated to stakeholders, team members, and relevant parties. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Creating the Framework (Continue….) 6) Implement Change Control Procedures:  Define a formal process for requesting, evaluating, and approving changes to project scope, requirements, or objectives.  Ensure that scope changes are properly documented and assessed for impact. 7) Set Up Risk Management Processes:  Develop a risk management plan that identifies potential risks, their impact, and mitigation strategies.  Regularly review and update this plan as the project progresses. 8) Select Monitoring and Control Tools:  Choose appropriate tools and software to facilitate project monitoring and control.  This may include project management software, version control systems, bug tracking tools, and testing frameworks. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Creating the Framework (Continue….) 9) Establish Quality Assurance Processes:  Define quality assurance processes, including code reviews, testing procedures, and quality checkpoints.  Ensure that these processes are integrated into the project lifecycle. 10) Implement Monitoring Activities: -  Continuously monitor project progress against the established KPIs and project plan.  Use automated tools and regular status meetings to collect data and assess performance. 11. Control Activities: -  When issues are identified during monitoring, take corrective actions promptly.  This may involve adjusting the project plan, reallocating resources, or implementing changes as needed. 12. Document Everything: -  Maintain detailed records of project progress, issues, changes, and corrective actions. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Collecting the Data, Review, Visualizing Progress  Collecting data, reviewing progress, and visualizing that progress are essential components of the monitoring and control framework in software project management.  These steps help project managers and stakeholders understand how the project is progressing, identify potential issues, and make informed decisions.  Collecting Data:  Collecting relevant data is the foundation of effective monitoring and control.  Data provides insights into various aspects of the project, such as progress, quality, and resource utilization.  Here are some key steps for collecting data: 1) Identify Key Metrics 2) Automated Data Collection 3) Regular Reporting 4) Data Sources 5) Data Quality Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Collecting the Data, Review, Visualizing Progress (Continue….) 1) Identify Key Metrics:  Determine which metrics and key performance indicators (KPIs) are essential for tracking project progress and quality.  This can include metrics related to schedule, budget, scope, code quality, and testing. 2) Automated Data Collection:  Whenever possible, automate the collection of data using project management software, version control systems, testing tools, and other relevant software tools.  This reduces manual effort and ensures data accuracy. 3) Regular Reporting:  Establish a schedule for collecting and reporting data. Depending on the project's size and complexity, this can be daily, weekly, or monthly.  Ensure that data is collected consistently at these intervals. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05 Collecting the Data, Review, Visualizing Progress (Continue….) 4) Data Sources:  Identify the sources of data, which may include project management tools, source code repositories, bug tracking systems, and testing platforms.  Ensure data is collected from all relevant sources. 5) Data Quality:  Verify the accuracy and reliability of collected data.  Inaccurate or incomplete data can lead to incorrect assessments and decisions. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05 Collecting the Data, Review, Visualizing Progress (Continue….) Reviewing Progress:  Once data is collected, it's essential to review it regularly to gain understandings into project performance and identify any abnormalities from the plan. Here's how to review progress effectively: 1) Scheduled Reviews 2) Performance Analysis 3) Identify Deviations 4) Risk Assessment Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Collecting the Data, Review, Visualizing Progress (Continue….) 1) Scheduled Reviews:  Schedule regular progress review meetings with the project team.  During these meetings, discuss key metrics, accomplishments, challenges, and upcoming tasks. 2) Performance Analysis:  Analyze collected data against the project plan and KPIs.  Assess whether the project is on track, exceeding expectations, or falling behind. 3) Identify Deviations:  Identify any deviations from the project plan or quality standards.  Determine the root causes of these abnormalities and their potential impact on the project. 4) Risk Assessment:  Assess the impact of identified issues or abnormalities on project risks.  Prioritize issues based on their severity and potential to interrupt the project. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Collecting the Data, Review, Visualizing Progress (Continue….)  Visualizing Progress:  Visualizing project progress through charts, graphs, and dashboards can make complex data more accessible and help stakeholders quickly understand the project's status.  Here are some visualization techniques: 1) Gantt Charts 2) Burndown Charts 3) Pie Charts and Bar Graphs 4) Dashboard Tools 5) Traffic Light Indicators 6) Trend Analysis Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Collecting the Data, Review, Visualizing Progress (Continue….) 1) Gantt Charts:  Use Gantt charts to visualize project timelines, milestones, and task dependencies.  They provide a clear timeline view of project progress. 2) Burndown Charts:  Burndown charts show the remaining work and progress towards completing tasks or features over time.  They are useful for Agile projects. 3) Pie Charts and Bar Graphs:  Use these types of charts to represent data related to resource allocation, budget utilization, defect distribution, or testing results. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Collecting the Data, Review, Visualizing Progress (Continue….) 4) Dashboard Tools:  Consider using project management software with built-in dashboard capabilities to create customized visualizations that reflect project KPIs and metrics. 5) Traffic Light Indicators:  Use color-coded indicators (e.g., green for on track, yellow for caution, red for behind schedule) to quickly convey project status. 6) Trend Analysis:  Track trends over time to understand whether project performance is improving. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Cost Monitoring  Cost monitoring is a critical aspect of project management, including software project management.  It involves tracking and managing the expenses associated with a project to ensure that it stays within budget and that resources are allocated efficiently.  Effective cost monitoring helps in controlling project costs, preventing overruns, and ensuring that the project remains financially viable.  Here's a guide to cost monitoring in software project management: 1) Establish a Budget 2) Identify Cost Categories 3) Cost Estimation 4) Track Actual Cost 5) Compare Actual vs. Budget 6) Implement Cost Control Measures 7) Forecast Future Costs 8) Regular Reporting 9) Document Cost Changes 10) Continuous Improvement Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Cost Monitoring (Continue….) 1) Establish a Budget:  Before you can monitor costs, you need to establish a clear and comprehensive project budget.  The budget should include all expected expenses related to the software project, including personnel costs, hardware and software purchases, licensing fees, infrastructure costs, and any other relevant expenditures.  It's important to account for both fixed and variable costs. 2) Identify Cost Categories:  Break down the project budget into specific cost categories.  This helps you track expenses more accurately and allows for better control.  Common cost categories in software project management include labor costs, software development tools, testing and quality assurance, hardware, third-party services, and overhead costs. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Cost Monitoring (Continue….) 3) Cost Estimation:  Estimate the costs associated with each cost category as accurately as possible during the project planning phase.  This estimation should take into account historical data, industry benchmarks, and expert judgment.  It's crucial to have realistic cost estimates to serve as a baseline for cost monitoring. 4) Track Actual Costs:  Once the project is underway, track actual costs regularly.  This involves collecting data on expenses as they occur.  Use financial records, invoices, receipts, and expense reports to ensure you have an accurate account of all project-related costs. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Cost Monitoring (Continue….) 5) Compare Actual vs. Budget:  Regularly compare actual costs to the budgeted amounts for each cost category.  This comparison will reveal any cost variances.  When a cost variance occurs, investigate the reasons behind it.  It might be due to scope changes, resource overruns, unexpected expenses, or other factors. 6) Implement Cost Control Measures:  If cost variances are identified, take appropriate actions to control costs and bring them back in line with the budget.  This might involve:  Revising project scope to reduce unnecessary expenses.  Adjusting resource allocation to optimize resource usage.  Negotiating with vendors or suppliers for cost reductions.  Implementing stricter cost management processes Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Cost Monitoring (Continue….) 7) Forecast Future Costs:  Based on the actual costs and cost variances observed, forecast future costs for the remainder of the project.  This allows you to project the final project cost and make adjustments if necessary to avoid budget overruns. 8) Regular Reporting:  Create cost reports that summarize the project's financial status, including actual costs, budgeted costs, cost variances, and forecasts.  Share these reports with key stakeholders, including project sponsors, to keep them informed about the project's financial health. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Cost Monitoring (Continue….) 9) Document Cost Changes:  Keep a detailed record of any changes to the project budget or scope.  Document the reasons for these changes and ensure they are approved through proper change control procedures. 10) Continuous Improvement:  Throughout the project, continuously review and improve your cost monitoring processes.  Learn from past projects to refine cost estimation techniques and enhance cost control strategies for future endeavors. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Earned Value Analysis (EVA)  Earned ValueAnalysis (EVA) is a project management technique used to assess and measure the performance of a project in terms of its cost and schedule.  It provides valuable understandings into whether a project is on track, over budget, ahead of schedule, or behind schedule.  EVAintegrates data on project scope, schedule, and costs to help project managers make informed decisions.  Here's how Earned ValueAnalysis works: 1) Key Concepts 2) Calculate Earned Value 3) Calculate Cost Variance (CV) 4) Calculate Schedule Variance (SV) 5) Calculate Cost Performance Index (CPI) 6) Calculate Schedule Performance Index (SPI) 7) Interpret the Results 8) Take Corrective Actions Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Earned Value Analysis (Continue….) 1. Key Concepts:  Before diving into the process, it's essential to understand the key concepts of Earned ValueAnalysis: Planned Value (PV): The planned value represents the authorized budget for the work scheduled to be completed by a specific point in time. It is essentially the baseline cost of the planned work. Earned Value (EV): Earned value represents the value of the work that has been completed as of a certain date. It is expressed in terms of the budgeted cost of the work that was actually performed. Actual Cost (AC): Actual cost represents the actual expenses incurred to complete the work as of a certain date. It includes all costs, whether they are above or below the budgeted amount. 2. Calculate Earned Value:  To perform Earned Value Analysis, you need to calculate the Earned Value (EV) at specific points in time. EV is calculated based on the following formula:  EV = % of work completed (expressed as a decimal) x Total budget (Planned Value, PV)  For example, if a project task was planned to cost $10,000, and you determine that 50% of the work is completed, then the Earned Value (EV) would be $5,000. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Earned Value Analysis (Continue….) 3. Calculate Cost Variance (CV):  Cost Variance (CV) measures whether the project is under or over budget at a specific point in time. It is calculated as follows:  CV = EV – AC A positive CV indicates that the project is under budget. A negative CV indicates that the project is over budget. 4. Calculate Schedule Variance (SV):  Schedule Variance (SV) measures whether the project is ahead of or behind schedule at a specific point in time. It is calculated as follows:  SV = EV – PV A positive SV indicates that the project is ahead of schedule. A negative SV indicates that the project is behind schedule. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Earned Value Analysis (Continue….) 5. Calculate Cost Performance Index (CPI):  The Cost Performance Index (CPI) is a ratio that assesses the efficiency of cost spending. It is calculated as follows:  CPI = EV / AC A CPI greater than 1.0 indicates cost efficiency (i.e., you're getting more value for your money). A CPI less than 1.0 indicates cost overruns (i.e., you're spending more than planned). 6. Calculate Schedule Performance Index (SPI):  The Schedule Performance Index (SPI) is a ratio that assesses the efficiency of time spent. It is calculated as follows:  SPI = EV / PV An SPI greater than 1.0 indicates that work is being completed ahead of schedule. An SPI less than 1.0 indicates that work is behind schedule. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Earned Value Analysis (Continue….) 7. Interpret the Results:  Analyzing the results of these calculations provides valuable insights into the project's performance.  It allows project managers to identify whether the project is on track, whether cost or schedule issues exist, and whether corrective actions are needed. 8. Take Corrective Actions:  Based on the results of Earned ValueAnalysis, project managers can make informed decisions and take corrective actions as necessary.  For example, if the CV is negative, indicating a cost overrun, measures can be taken to reduce costs and get the project back on budget. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Prioritizing Monitoring  Prioritize monitoring is the process of organizing the order in which tasks and activities need to be monitored.  This helps to ensure that the most important tasks and activities get the most attention and that resources and efforts are being used efficiently.  This type of monitoring is particularly important when it comes to safety related tasks and activities, as they are often more time-sensitive and require higher levels of attention.  Steps involved for prioritizing monitoring: 1) Collection – you must collect and gather all the data about your projects. 2) Ranking – you must develop and use a ranking model that includes criteria for prioritizing. 3) Verification – you must approve the ranked projects. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Getting the Project Back to Target  Getting a project back on track when it differs from its target, whether in terms of schedule, budget, or quality, requires a systematic and proactive approach.  Steps for get project back on target 1) Identify the areas of the project that are off track and create a concrete plan to address each one. 2) Monitor progress, adjust resources, and adjust the overall timeline as needed. 3)Communicate regularly with stakeholders to keep them informed, and identify any potential problems before they become major issues. 4) Make sure the team is properly motivated and mobilized to get the project back on track. 5)Utilize project management tools and techniques to ensure that information and tasks flow efficiently, and that deadlines are being met. 6) Prioritize tasks and focus on the most important issues first. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Change Control  Change control is a methodology used to manage any change requests that impact the baseline of your project.  The change control process is part of the larger change management plan.  It is a way to capture that change from the point where it is been identified through every step of the project cycle.  That includes evaluating the request and then approving, rejecting or deferring it.  The purpose of this process is to make sure that you’re not changing things in the project that don’t need to be changed. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Software Configuration Management (SCM)  Software Configuration Management(SCM) is a process to systematically manage, organize, and control the changes in the documents, codes, and other entities during the Software Development Life Cycle.  The primary goal is to increase productivity with minimal mistakes.  SCM is part of cross-disciplinary field of configuration management and it can accurately determine who made which revision.  Why do we need Configuration management?  There are multiple people working on software which is continually updating.  It may be a case where multiple version, branches, authors are involved in a software config project, and the team is geographically distributed and works concurrently  Changes in user requirement, policy, budget, schedule need to be accommodated.  Software should able to run on various machines and Operating Systems  Helps to develop coordination among stakeholders Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Contracts  What is a contract in project management?  In project management, the contract outlines the agreement made by a buyer and a seller or supplier.  A contract is any agreement between two or more parties where one party agrees to provide certain deliveries or services, and the other party agrees to pay for those deliveries or services.  The contract dictates what work is required, who is responsible for completing the specified tasks, when the deadline for the project is, and how payment will be received. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Types Of Contracts (Continue….)  3 Types of contracts in project management :- 1) Fixed price (FP) contracts  Fixed price contracts are useful when the scope of the project is clearly defined and easy to understand.  The price is fixed and cannot be altered once the buyer agrees to the terms and conditions.  There are a few types of FP contracts, including:  Firm fixed price  Fixed price incentive fee  Fixed price with economic price adjustment Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Types Of Contracts (Continue….) 2) Time and material (T&M) contracts  With a T&M contract, the buyer contracts the seller based on rates for variables such as materials used and hours or days worked.  The contract should include all rates with possible markups on the cost of materials.  Once the contract is signed, the agreed upon rates remain in place throughout the course of the project and are used to calculate the final amount the buyer owes the supplies based on the work they do. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Types Of Contracts (Continue….)  3) Cost reimbursable (CR) contracts  A CR contract is often the best choice when there’s little information for all parties starting out on a project.  The responsibility falls solely on the buyer, guaranteeing the supplier that all material costs plus a fee for their services will be covered.  In the case of CR contracts, the buyer needs to closely monitor the expenses of the project because there is no obligation on the part of the seller or supplier to keep costs down to stay within a budget.  All costs incurred within the scope of work fall on the buyer.  The various types of CR contracts are:  Cost plus percentage of cost  Cost plus fixed fee  Cost plus incentive fee  Cost plus award fee (CPAF) Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stages in contract placement  Contract placement, also known as contract administration or contract execution, involves a series of stages that begin after the negotiation and approval of the contract terms and continue until the contract's completion or termination.  These stages ensure that the contract is properly executed, monitored, and managed throughout its lifecycle.  Here are the typical stages in contract placement: 1) Pre-Execution 2) Implementation 3) Performance Monitoring 4) Compliance and Documentation 5) Change Management 6) Performance Evaluation 7) Contract Renewal or Termination 8) Post-Contract Evaluation Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05 Stages in contract placement (Continue….) 1. Pre-Execution: i) Contract Review and Approval:  Before the contract is placed, it undergoes a thorough review and approval process.  Legal counsel, relevant stakeholders, and management review the contract to ensure it aligns with the organization's goals, complies with laws and regulations, and mitigates risks. ii) Contract Signature:  Once all parties agree to the terms, the contract is signed and executed.  This is a critical step in formalizing the agreement's commencement. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stages in contract placement (Continue….) 2. Implementation: i) Contract Kickoff:  After execution, a contract kickoff meeting is often held to introduce the project teams, clarify roles and responsibilities, and discuss key milestones and deliverables. ii) Set Up Contract Management System:  Implement a contract management system or process to track and manage the contract's progress, deadlines, and obligations. iii) Resource Allocation:  Allocate the necessary resources, such as personnel, budget, and equipment, to fulfill the contract's requirements. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stages in contract placement (Continue….) 3. Performance Monitoring: i) Tracking Obligations:  Continuously monitor and track all obligations/ Compulsions and deliverables outlined in the contract.  This includes timelines, quality standards, and any other requirements. ii) Communication:  Maintain open and effective communication channels with all parties involved, including the client, vendors, or subcontractors. iii) Issue Resolution:  Address any issues, disputes, or deviations from the contract promptly. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stages in contract placement (Continue….) 4. Compliance and Documentation: i) Regulatory and Contractual Compliance:  Ensure that the project complies with all relevant laws, regulations, and contractual obligations. ii) Record Keeping:  Maintain detailed records of all communications, changes, approvals, and deliverables associated with the contract. 5. Change Management: i) Change Requests:  If changes to the contract are necessary due to evolving circumstances, create and manage formal change requests.  These changes may involve scope changes, additional work, or adjustments to the contract's terms. ii) ChangeApproval:  The change requests are evaluated and approved, rejected, or modified through a formal process. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stages in contract placement (Continue….) 6. Performance Evaluation: i) Regular Reporting:  Provide regular progress reports to the client or relevant stakeholders.  These reports should detail project status, key performance indicators (KPIs), milestones achieved, and any issues or risks. ii) Performance Reviews: Conduct periodic performance reviews to assess whether the project is meeting its objectives and whether the contract is being fulfilled according to expectations. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stages in contract placement (Continue….) 7. Contract Renewal or Termination: i) Renewal:  If the contract is set to expire, evaluate whether to renew it.  The renewal process may involve renegotiating terms and conditions. ii) Termination:  If the contract is terminated, follow the procedures outlined in the contract for winding down the project, transferring responsibilities, and settling any outstanding matters. 8. Post-Contract Evaluation: i) Lessons Learned:  Conduct a post-contract evaluation to identify what worked well and areas for improvement in contract placement, execution, and management.  This information can be valuable for future contracts. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Typical terms of contract  The terms of a contract can vary significantly based on the type of contract, the parties involved, and the specific requirements and negotiations of each agreement.  However, there are several common elements and clauses that are typically found in many contracts.  Here are some typical terms and clauses you may encounter in a contract: 1) Identification of Parties 2) Scope of Work or Description of Services 3) Payment Terms 4) Term and Termination 5) Intellectual Property Rights 6) Confidentiality and Non-Disclosure 7) Notices Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Typical terms of contract (Continue….) 1) Identification of Parties:  The contract typically begins by identifying the parties involved, including their legal names and addresses.  This section may also specify the roles or titles of individuals representing the parties. 2) Scope of Work or Description of Services:  This section outlines the specific tasks, services, or deliverables that one party is obligated to provide to the other.  It may include details such as timelines, milestones, and quality standards. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Typical terms of contract (Continue….) 3) Payment Terms:  Contracts typically specify the payment terms, including the amount, frequency, and method of payment.  They may also address late fees, discounts, and any conditions for invoicing. 4) Term and Termination:  This clause outlines the duration of the contract, any renewal options, and the circumstances under which either party can terminate the contract.  Termination provisions may include notice periods and conditions for termination for cause.. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Typical terms of contract (Continue….) 5) Intellectual Property Rights:  Contracts involving intellectual property often address ownership, licensing, and usage rights.  This clause can be crucial in technology, creative, and software-related contracts. 6) Confidentiality and Non-Disclosure:  This clause obligates parties to keep certain information confidential and not disclose it to third parties.  It may also include restrictions on the use of confidential information. 7) Notices:  This section provides information about how and where the parties should send formal notices, communications, or legal documents related to the contract. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Contract Management  Contract management is a continuous process, starting with analysis and evaluation of the customer’s inquiry, and carrying on until contract closure, upon fulfilment of all contractual obligations.  Contract management is the process of managing agreements, from their creation to their execution by the chosen party and the eventual termination of the contract.  In software project management, contract management is the process of systematically and efficiently managing the creation, execution, and analysis of contracts. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Managing people in software environments  Managing people in software environments involves effectively leading and coordinating teams of individuals engaged in the development, maintenance, and improvement of software systems and applications.  Key aspects of managing people in software environments: 1) Understanding the Software Development Team 2) Effective Communication 3) Project Planning and Execution 4) Skill Development and Training Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05 Managing people in software environments (Continue….) 1) Understanding the Software Development Team i) Multidisciplinary Teams:  Software teams typically comprise diverse professionals such as developers, designers, testers, project managers, and more.  Understanding the roles, skills, and expertise of each team member is essential. 2) Effective Communication: i) Clear Communication:  Ensuring that information flows clearly and effectively within the team and with stakeholders is critical for project success. ii) Active Listening:  Encouraging active listening among team members to understand concerns, address challenges, and promote collaboration. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05 Managing people in software environments (Continue….) 3) Project Planning and Execution: i) Project Scope and Goals:  Clearly defining the project scope, goals, objectives, and deliverables is essential to set the direction for the team. ii) Agile and Iterative Approaches:  Utilizing agile methodologies and iterative approaches to adapt to changing requirements and enhance flexibility in project execution. 4) Skill Development and Training: i) Continuous Learning:  Encouraging continuous learning and skill development to keep up with advancements in technology and methodologies within the software industry. ii) Training Programs:  Providing training programs to enhance both technical and soft skills, addressing gaps in knowledge and expertise. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Understanding Behaviour  Understanding behavior in software project management is critical for effectively leading and managing teams to deliver successful projects.  Here are key aspects of understanding behavior in the context of software project management: 1) Individual Behaviour and Motivation 2) Communication and Collaboration 3) Team Dynamics and Leadership 4) Time Management and Productivity 5) Adaptation to Change 6) Ethical and Professional Behaviour Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Understanding Behaviour (Continue….) 1) Individual Behavior and Motivation: i) Understanding Motivation Factors:  Recognize what motivates individuals in the software development team, whether it's the desire for technical challenges, opportunities for growth, or the drive to create impactful solutions. ii) Incentives and Rewards:  Structure incentive programs to reward exceptional performance and recognize the efforts of team members. 2) Communication and Collaboration: i) Effective Communication:  Understand the preferred communication styles of team members, whether they prefer written communication, face-to- face discussions, or virtual collaboration tools. ii) Active Listening:  Listen attentively to team members, considering their viewpoints and concerns when making decisions. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Understanding Behaviour (Continue….) 3) Team Dynamics and Leadership: i) Team Formation Stages:  Recognize the stages of team development (forming, performing) and adjust leadership strategies accordingly. ii) Empowering Teams:  Encourage autonomy and empowerment within the team, allowing them to take ownership of their work and decisions. 4) Time Management and Productivity: i) Prioritization and Time Blocking:  Teach effective time management techniques, such as prioritizing tasks and blocking time for focused work, to enhance productivity. ii) Avoiding Burnout:  Monitor workloads and recognize signs of burnout, implementing measures to prevent excessive stress and maintain a sustainable pace of work. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Understanding Behaviour (Continue….) 5) Adaptation to Change: i) Change Management:  Understand the psychological aspects of change and develop strategies to effectively manage and communicate changes within the team. ii) Flexibility:  Encourage adaptability among team members to respond positively to changes in project requirements or circumstances. 6) Ethical and Professional Behavior: i) Ethical Standards:  Reinforce adherence to ethical guidelines and professional standards within the software development process, emphasizing honesty, integrity, and respect. ii) Team Values and Norms:  Establish and promote a set of shared values and norms that guide ethical behavior and decision-making within the team. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Organizational Behaviour  Organizational behavior is the academic study of how people interact within groups.  The principles of the study of organizational behavior are applied primarily in attempts to make businesses operate more effectively.  The study of organizational behavior includes areas of research dedicated to improving job performance, increasing job satisfaction, promoting innovation, and encouraging leadership.  Each has its own recommended actions, such as reorganizing groups, modifying compensation structures, or changing methods of performance evaluation.  Importance of Organizational behavior  Organizational behavior describes how people interact with one another inside of an organization, such as a business.  These interactions subsequently influence how the organization itself behaves and how well it performs.  For businesses, organizational behavior is used to streamline efficiency, improve productivity, and spark innovation to give firms a competitive edge. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stress  Stress, in the context of work and organizational behavior, refers to the physical, mental, or emotional tension experienced by individuals when they observe that the demands of their roles or situations exceed their ability to handle.  Causes of Workplace Stress: 1) Workload:  Heavy workloads, tight deadlines, and excessive responsibilities can overwhelm employees, leading to stress. 2) Lack of Control:  Employees who feel they have little control over their work or decision-making may experience stress. 3) Job Insecurity: Fear of job loss or an unstable work environment can lead to chronic stress. 4)Work Relationships: Conflicts with colleagues, supervisors, or subordinates can contribute to workplace stress. 5) Organizational Change:  Mergers, reorganizations, or major shifts in job roles can be stressful due to uncertainty and disturbance. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stress Management  Stress management is crucial in software project management to maintain team productivity, ensure project success, and promote the well-being of both project managers and team members.  Here are effective stress management strategies 1) Prioritize and Set Realistic Expectations 2) Effective Communication 3) Stress-Reduction Techniques 4) Support and Collaboration 5) Training and Skill Development 6) Time Management & Planning 7) Wellness Programs 8) Encourage Flexibility Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stress Management (Continue….) 1) Prioritize and Set Realistic Expectations: i) Clear Goal Setting:  Define clear and achievable project goals.  Break down the project into manageable tasks with realistic deadlines. ii) Avoid Overloading:  Avoid overcommitting resources or overloading team members with excessive work.  Allocate tasks based on individual capabilities and capacity. iii) Regular Review of Workload:  Continuously monitor team workload and redistribute tasks to balance the load and prevent burnout. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stress Management (Continue….) 2) Effective Communication: i) Transparent Communication:  Ensure transparent and open communication within the team.  Keep everyone informed about project updates, changes, and challenges. ii) Encourage Open Dialogues:  Create an environment where team members feel comfortable discussing their concerns, challenges, or stress factors openly. iii) Active Listening:  Actively listen to team members, validate their concerns, and address any issues they may be facing. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stress Management (Continue….) 3) Stress-Reduction Techniques: i) Mindfulness and Relaxation:  Encourage mindfulness practices, relaxation exercises, or meditation to help team members manage stress and stay focused. ii) Physical Exercise:  Promote physical activities and exercises, which can significantly reduce stress levels and improve overall well-being. iii) Breaks and Time Off:  Encourage taking breaks and utilizing time off to recharge. Avoid a culture of constant work without rest. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stress Management (Continue….) 4) Support and Collaboration: i) Team Support System:  Foster a sense of community and support within the team, encouraging collaboration and mutual assistance. ii) Mentorship and Coaching:  Offer mentorship programs where experienced team members can provide guidance and support to those facing challenges 5) Training and Skill Development: i) Skill Enhancement:  Provide opportunities for training and skill development to boost team members' confidence and reduce stress related to technical challenges. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  Stress Management (Continue….) 6) Time Management and Planning: i) Effective Time Management:  Teach time management techniques to help team members prioritize tasks and allocate time appropriately for different project activities. 7) Wellness Programs: i) Wellness Initiatives:  Introduce wellness programs, workshops, or seminars focusing on stress reduction, mental health, and work- life balance. 8) Encourage Flexibility: i) Flexible Work Arrangements:  Allow flexibility in work schedules or remote work options to accommodate individual preferences and reduce stress related to commute or rigid work hours. Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05  End Of Chapter 4 Prepared by:- Vishal Shishupal,Asst. Professor, Modern College, Shivaji Nagar Pune - 05