Communication Studies V2.1 Nonverbal Communication PDF

Communication in the Real World: An Introduction to Communication Studies, V2.1 By Richard G. Jones, Jr. ©FlatWorld 2020 PUBLISHED BY: FLATWORLD ©2020 BY FLATWORLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. YOUR USE OF THIS WORK IS SUBJECT TO THE LICENSE AGREEMENT AVAILABLE HERE. NO PART OF THIS WORK MAY BE USED, MODI...

Communication in the Real World: An Introduction to Communication Studies, V2.1 By Richard G. Jones, Jr. ©FlatWorld 2020 PUBLISHED BY: FLATWORLD ©2020 BY FLATWORLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. YOUR USE OF THIS WORK IS SUBJECT TO THE LICENSE AGREEMENT AVAILABLE HERE. NO PART OF THIS WORK MAY BE USED, MODIFIED, OR REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM BY ANY MEANS EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY PERMITTED UNDER THE LICENSING AGREEMENT. ©FlatWorld 2020 CHAPTER 3 Nonverbal Communication ©FlatWorld 2020  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 3.1 1. Define nonverbal communication. 2. Compare and contrast verbal communication and nonverbal communication. 3. Discuss the principles of nonverbal communication. 4. Provide examples of the functions of nonverbal communication. ©FlatWorld 2020  NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Nonverbal communication: Process of generating meaning using behavior other than words Paralanguage: The vocalized but not verbal part of a spoken message, such as speaking rate, volume, and pitch ©FlatWorld 2020  PRINCIPLES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Compared to verbal communication, nonverbal communication: Conveys more meaning Is more involuntary Is more ambiguous Is more credible ©FlatWorld 2020  FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION Nonverbal communication conveys meaning by reinforcing, substituting for, or contradicting verbal communication Mixed messages—messages in which verbal and nonverbal signals contradict each other Nonverbal communication influences others Examples: deception, tone ©FlatWorld 2020  FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION Nonverbal communication regulates conversational flow Nonverbal communication affects relationships Examples: tie signs, immediacy behaviors Nonverbal communication expresses our identities Example: artifacts ©FlatWorld 2020  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 3.2 1. Define kinesics. 2. Define haptics. 3. Define vocalics. 4. Define proxemics. 5. Define chronemics. 6. Provide examples of types of nonverbal communication that fall under this category. 7. Discuss the ways in which personal presentation and environment provide nonverbal cues. ©FlatWorld 2020  KINESICS Kinesics: the study of hand, arm, body, and face movements Gestures include adaptors, emblems, and illustrators Head movements and posture acknowledge others and communicate interest/attentiveness ©FlatWorld 2020  KINESICS Eye contact (oculesics): Face and eyes are the main point of focus during communication Along with our ears, our eyes take in most of the communication information around us Facial expressions: Faces are the most expressive parts of the body Core group of facial expressions: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust ©FlatWorld 2020  HAPTICS Haptics: the study of communication by touch Functional-professional touch Social-polite touch Friendship-warmth touch Love-intimacy touch Sexual-arousal touch ©FlatWorld 2020  VOCALICS Vocalics: the study of paralanguage Paralanguage provides important context for verbal content of speech Example: volume and pitch can communicate intensity Verbal fillers are sounds that fill gaps in our speech while we think about what to say next ©FlatWorld 2020  PROXEMICS Proxemics: the study of how space and distance influence communication Four distance zones for U.S. Americans Public: 12+ feet from body Social: 4–12 feet from body Personal: 1.5–4 feet from body Intimate: 0–18 inches from body Territoriality: an innate drive to take-up and defend spaces ©FlatWorld 2020  CHRONEMICS Chronemics: the study of how time affects communication Biological time Personal time Physical time Cultural time Polychronic Monochronic ©FlatWorld 2020  PERSONAL PRESENTATION AND ENVIRONMENT Physical characteristics include body shape, height, weight, attractiveness, etc. We do not have much control over how these cues are encoded Artifacts and environment are easier to control and change Artifacts include clothes, body art, jewelry Environment includes objects such as furniture and decor ©FlatWorld 2020  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 3.3 1. Identify strategies for improving competence with sending nonverbal messages. 2. Identify strategies for improving competence with interpreting nonverbal messages. ©FlatWorld 2020  SENDING NONVERBAL MESSAGES Nonverbal encoding competence can help create more positive impressions Nonverbal communication is multi-channeled Nonverbal congruence: refers to consistency among different nonverbal expressions within a cluster Nonverbal communication affects our interactions ©FlatWorld 2020  SENDING NONVERBAL MESSAGES Nonverbal communication creates rapport: Mirroring—refers to the often-subconscious practice of using nonverbal cues in a way that match those of others around us Nonverbal communication regulates conversations ©FlatWorld 2020  SENDING NONVERBAL MESSAGES Nonverbal communication relates to listening Active listening: combines good cognitive listening practices with outwardly visible cues that signal to others that we are listening Nonverbal communication relates to impression management Increase competence in specific channels ©FlatWorld 2020  INTERPRETING NONVERBAL MESSAGES There is no nonverbal dictionary Messages are relative to the individual, social, and cultural contexts in which an interaction takes place Read nonverbal cues in clusters Read nonverbal cues in context Increase competence in interpreting cues within specific channels ©FlatWorld 2020  DETECTING DECEPTION There is no set profile of deceptive behaviors Truth bias: Leads us to believe that people are telling the truth, especially if we know and like that person Nonverbal leakage: Nonverbal behaviors that “leak out” as we try to control the cognitive and physical changes that occur during states of cognitive and physical arousal ©FlatWorld 2020  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 3.4 1. Discuss the role of nonverbal communication in relational contexts. 2. Discuss the role of nonverbal communication in professional contexts. 3. Provide examples of cultural differences in nonverbal communication. 4. Provide examples of gender differences in nonverbal communication. ©FlatWorld 2020  RELATIONAL CONTEXT Nonverbal communication: Increases our expressivity, which increases our chances of initiating interpersonal relationships Helps maintain relationships by helping us communicate emotions and seek/provide social and emotional support ©FlatWorld 2020  PROFESSIONAL CONTEXT Professionals need to be aware of how context, status, and power intersect with specific channels of nonverbal communication Managers and mentors with nonverbal decoding skills can exhibit sensitivity to others’ nonverbal behavior and better relate to employees and mentees ©FlatWorld 2020  NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE Norms for nonverbal communication vary from country to country and among cultures of a particular country Examples: Contact cultures Noncontact cultures Monochronic cultures Polychronic cultures ©FlatWorld 2020  NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND GENDER Men and women have more communication similarities than they do differences Examples of differences: Women use more gestures, men use larger gestures Women are socialized to use more vocal variety Men are socialized to take up more space ©FlatWorld 2020