Chapter 3 - IPv4-IPv6 PDF

Binary Number System © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2 Binary Number System Binary and IPv4 Addresses Binary numbering system consists of 1s and 0s, called bits Decimal numbering system consists of digits 0 through 9...

Binary Number System © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2 Binary Number System Binary and IPv4 Addresses Binary numbering system consists of 1s and 0s, called bits Decimal numbering system consists of digits 0 through 9 Hosts, servers, and network equipment using binary addressing to identify each other. Each address is made up of a string of 32 bits, divided into four sections called octets. Each octet contains 8 bits (or 1 byte) separated by a dot. For ease of use by people, this dotted notation is converted to dotted decimal. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3 Binary Number System Binary Positional Notation Positional notation means that a digit represents different values depending on the “position” the digit occupies in the sequence of numbers. The decimal positional notation system operates as shown in the tables below. Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones Radix 10 10 10 10 Positional Value 1000 100 10 1 Position in Number 3 2 1 0 Decimal Number (1234) 1 2 3 4 Calculate 1 x 1000 2 x 100 3 x 10 4x1 Calculate (103) (102) (101) (100) Add them up… 1000 + 200 + 30 +4 Position Value 1000 100 10 1 Result 1,234 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4 Binary Number System Binary Positional Notation (Cont.) The binary positional notation system operates as shown in the tables below. Radix 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Position in Number 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Calculate (27) (26) (25) (24) (23) (22) (21) (20) Position Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Positional Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary Number (11000000) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Calculate 1x128 1x64 0x32 0x16 0x8 0x4 0x2 0x1 Add Them Up… 128 + 64 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 Result 192 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 5 Hexadecimal Number System © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6 Hexadecimal Number System Hexadecimal and IPv6 Addresses To understand IPv6 addresses, you must be able to convert hexadecimal to decimal and vice versa. Hexadecimal is a base sixteen numbering system, using the digits 0 through 9 and letters A to F. It is easier to express a value as a single hexadecimal digit than as four binary bit. Hexadecimal is used to represent IPv6 addresses and MAC addresses. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7 MAC Address © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 8  MAC Address 00 -15-58-E3-DC-E9 0 0 1 5 5 8 E 3 D C E 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | 0000 0000 0001 0101 0101 1000 1110 0011 1101 1100 1110 1001 48 bits in length 24 bits 24 bits Vendor ID Hardware ID Eg: D Link, Net link, TP link © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 9  MAC Address  First 24 bits identified the Vendor id  Second 24 bits identified Hardware id 00 – 15 - 58 E3 – DC – E9 Vendor id Hardware id This is called Unique MAC address. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10 IPv4 Address Structure © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11  How to form a Logical Network  Make a LAN communication need MAC Address.  Make a Global communication need IP address. Above diagram need a IP address which is called global network.(Without IP address can’t communicate).IP Address Where + Who Location + Identity Network + Host © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12  Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) IP address Version 4 Version 6 Also using present Developed for future also using present. IP address (V4) 32-bit Length 0.0.0.0 Total number of IP address = 2^32 = 4294967296 = 4.3 billion of IP address. 0. 0.0.1 0. 0.0.2 0. 0.0.3 4.3 billion........ © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13 255. 255. 255.255 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Host id Network id Network id © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 14  Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) 1stoctet 2ndoctet 3rdoctet 4thoctet 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0. 0. 0 There are 4 octet ( 0.0.0.0)  It is called dotted decimal format. Each octet has 8 bits 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 | | | | 255 255 255 255 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15 Class of an IP Address © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16 Address Classification © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 17  Range of IP address in “CLASS A” Fixed | 0|0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 1st Octet Range | (0-127) (0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255) 0|1 1 1 1 1 1 1 127 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 18  Range of IP address in “CLASS B” Fixed | | 1 0 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0  128 2nd Octet Range | (128-191) (128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255) 1 0 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 191 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19  Range of IP address in “CLASS C” Fixed | | | 1 1 0 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 0 | 0 0 0 0 0  192 3rd Octet Range | (192 - 223) (192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255) 1 1 0 | 1 1 1 1 1 223 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20  Range of IP address in “CLASS D” Fixed | | | | 1 1 1 0 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 0|0 0 0 0  224 4th Octet Range | (224 -239) (224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255) 1 1 1 0|1 1 1 1 239 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 21  Range of IP address in “CLASS E” Fixed | | | | 1 1 1 1 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 |0 0 0 0  240 5 th Octet Range | (240 -255) (240.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255) 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 255 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 22  IP Address Classes Prefix Number of Host Addresses Class Length First Byte A 8 1-126* 224 - 2 = 16,777,214 B 16 128-191 216 - 2 = 65,534 C 24 192-223 28 - 2 = 254 D N/A 224-239 IP multicast E N/A 240-255 Experimental *Addresses starting with 127 are reserved for IP traffic local to a host. Why minus two? All zeros = Network itself All ones = Broadcast © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23  Dotted Decimal Notation System  Naturally, the human mind finds it hard to memorize binary numerical.  The dotted decimal notation system makes an IP address easier to read. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24 Dotted Decimal Notation System © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25  IPv4 Address Structure Network and Host Portions An IPv4 address is a 32-bit hierarchical address that is made up of a network portion and a host portion. When determining the network portion versus the host portion, you must look at the 32-bit stream. A subnet mask is used to determine the network and host portions. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 26  The Subnet Mask To identify the network and host portions of an IPv4 address, the subnet mask is compared to the IPv4 address bit for bit, from left to right. The actual process used to identify the network and host portions is called ANDing. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27  The Prefix Length A prefix length is a less cumbersome method used to identify a subnet mask address. Subnet Mask 32-bit Address Prefix The prefix length is the number Length of bits set to 1 in the subnet 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /8 mask. 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /16 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24 It is written in “slash notation” 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /25 therefore, count the number of 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /26 bits in the subnet mask and 255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /27 prepend it with a slash. 255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /28 255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29 255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 /30 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 28  The Subnet Mask What is Subnet Mask? To determine how many network bits in an IP address Benefits: Avoid wastage of IP address. Eg: 10. 0. 0. 10 N. H. H. H 255. 0. 0. 0 Why ? It finds network id and broadcast ip using sub netmask Eg: 178. 45. 87. 10 N. N. H. H © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 29 255. 255. 0. 0  Class - C  Eg: 200. 23. 67. 2 N. N. N. H 255. 255. 255. 0 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30 IP address, Class and Subnet Mask Table IP address Class Subnet Mask 15.1.0.0 A 255.0.0.0 130.0.0.100 B 255.255.0.0 200.1.1.251 C 255.255.255.0 156.27.46.52 B 255.255.0.0 222.255.255.10 C 255.255.255.0 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31 IP address, Class Subnet Broadcast and Network Id Table IP Address Class Subnet Mask Network ID Broadcast IP 130.4.0.100 B 255.255.0.0 130.4.0.0 130.4.255.255 15.1.40.12 A 255.0.0.0 15.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 191.0.0.250 B 255.255.0.0 191.0.0.0 191.0.255.255 222.210.121.10 C 255.255.255.0 222.210.121.0 222.210.121.255 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32 Types of IPv4 Addresses © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 33  Legacy Classful Addressing RFC 790 (1981) allocated IPv4 addresses in classes Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8) Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16) Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24) Class D (224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0) Class E (240.0.0.0 – 255.0.0.0) Classful addressing wasted many IPv4 addresses. Classful address allocation was replaced with classless addressing which ignores the rules of classes (A, B, C). Eg: 172.123.24.78/ 24 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 34  Assignment of IP Addresses The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages and allocates blocks of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). RIRs are responsible for allocating IP addresses to ISPs who provide IPv4 address blocks to smaller ISPs and organizations. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 35 IPv6 Address Structure © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36  IPv6  128 bits length  Total no of IP address is 2^128 =>3.4 trillon trillon trillon.  Combination of network bits & Host bits  Overall Length 128 bits 64 Network Bits 64 Host Bits IPv6  Colen Hexa Decimal Format Eg: 2a03:2880:2110:df07:face:booc:0:1 IPv4  Dotted decimal format Eg: 10.0.0.10 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37  Structure of IP address  128 bits are divided into 8 blocks B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 : : : : : : : : : 4 Hexa 4 Hexa 4 Hexa 4 Hexa 4 Hexa 4 Hexa 4 Hexa 4 Hexa 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 128 bits ** 1 HEXA = 4 bits © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38