Networking Devices and Transmission Media - PDF

WEEK 3-4 Networking Devices & Transmission Media  Introduction to Networking Devices Calculating Subnets Routers: Function and Features Static vs. Dynamic IP Addressing Switches: Connecting Devices Dynamic Host Configuration Protoc...

WEEK 3-4 Networking Devices & Transmission Media  Introduction to Networking Devices Calculating Subnets Routers: Function and Features Static vs. Dynamic IP Addressing Switches: Connecting Devices Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Hubs vs. Switches Lab Overview: Network Setup Access Points: Extending Networks Configuring Switches: Basic Setup Agenda Wired Communication: Advantages and Disadvantages Router Configuration: Basic Setup Wireless Communication: Pros and Assigning IP Addresses in the Lab Cons Designing an IP Addressing Scheme Network Interface Cards (NIC) Home Assignment: Network Diagram IPv4 Addressing Basics Conclusion and Key Takeaways Subnet Masks and CIDR Notation Introduction to Networking Devices Routers Switches Hubs Access Points Routers connect different Switches connect devices Hubs serve as basic Access points extend networks and direct data within a single network, connection points for wired networks by packets between them, managing data flow multiple devices in a enabling wireless devices ensuring efficient between them by network, broadcasting to connect, allowing for communication and traffic forwarding data only to incoming data to all ports mobility and flexibility management across the the intended recipient without filtering, leading within the network internet. based on MAC addresses. to potential collisions. environment. Introduction to Networking Devices Networking Devices Routers: Function and Features Data Packet Forwarding Network Traffic Management Security and Protocol Support Routers analyze incoming data Routers manage and control Modern routers come equipped packets and determine the optimal network traffic by directing data to with security features such as path for forwarding them to their minimize congestion, optimize firewalls and VPN support, along destination, ensuring efficient bandwidth, and prioritize critical with compatibility for various communication within and data transmissions. communication protocols like between networks. TCP/IP and IPv6. Networking 01 Functionality Switches operate at the data link layer to of Switches connect multiple devices within a Local Area Network (LAN), directing data packets between devices efficiently. 02 Data Frame Switches use MAC addresses to forward data Switches: Forwarding frames only to the intended recipient device, Connecting minimizing unnecessary traffic and enhancing network performance. Devices 03 MAC Address Switches learn the MAC addresses of Learning connected devices by examining incoming frames, building a MAC address table to optimize data transmission. Networking Devices Hubs vs. Switches Pros of Switches Cons of Hubs Switches operate at the data link layer (Layer 2), Hubs operate at the physical layer (Layer 1), allowing them to intelligently forward data to broadcasting data to all connected devices, which specific devices based on MAC addresses. can lead to network congestion and collisions. They reduce network collisions and improve overall They lack the ability to filter data traffic, resulting network efficiency by creating a separate collision in inefficient use of bandwidth. domain for each connected device. Hubs have no management capabilities, making Switches support VLANs (Virtual Local Area them less flexible and scalable compared to Networks), enabling network segmentation and switches. improved security. Networking Devices Role of Access Access points connect wireless devices to a Points wired network, enabling seamless communication. They extend the coverage area of a wireless network, allowing users to connect from greater distances. Access points can handle multiple Access Points: connections, distributing network traffic efficiently. Extending Benefits of Using Increased mobility for users, allowing Networks Access Points connection from various locations within the coverage area. Improved network scalability, as additional access points can be added to expand coverage. Enhanced performance through load balancing across multiple access points. Networking Wired Communication: Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages High speed with lower latency, making it ideal Installation can be complex and costly, for data-intensive applications. especially in large buildings or retrofitting. More reliable and stable connection Limited mobility since devices must remain compared to wireless, less prone to tethered to the network. interference. Physical cables can be vulnerable to wear Enhanced security due to physical and damage, requiring maintenance. connection, making it harder for unauthorized access. Wireless Communication Pros Increased mobility allows users to connect to the network from virtually anywhere within the coverage area. Easy installation and setup, requiring minimal infrastructure compared to wired networks. Flexibility in adding new devices to the network without the need for physical cables. Wireless Communication: Cons Signal interference from physical obstructions or Pros and Cons competing wireless networks can degrade performance. Wireless networks are more susceptible to security threats, such as unauthorized access and data breaches. Generally lower data transmission speeds compared to wired connections, particularly in congested areas. Networking Definition of NIC Network Interface Cards A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a hardware component that enables devices to connect to a (NIC) network, either through wired or wireless means. Types of NICs NICs come in two main types: wired NICs, which connect via Ethernet cables, and wireless NICs, which connect to Wi-Fi networks. Role in Networking NICs facilitate communication between devices and the network, converting data into a format suitable for transmission and ensuring proper packet delivery. Networking IPv4 Addressing Basics IPv4 addressing is a method used to assign unique identifiers to devices on a network. An IPv4 address consists of four octets, separated by periods, where each octet is an 8-bit number ranging from 0 to 255. This allows for over 4 billion unique addresses, structured in a notation format such as 192.168.1.1, which facilitates communication between devices in an IP network. Networking Concepts Subnet Masks and CIDR Notation Subnet Masks CIDR Notation A subnet mask determines which CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain portion of an IP address is the Routing) notation expresses IP network and which part is for host addresses with a suffix indicating addresses. the number of bits used for the network prefix (e.g., /24). Common subnet masks include 255.255.255.0 for a Class C CIDR allows for more flexible and network, allowing 256 IP efficient IP address assignment addresses. than traditional classful addressing. Subnet masks enable efficient IP address allocation by dividing Using CIDR can reduce the size of larger networks into smaller routing tables and improve route subnets. aggregation. Subnetting Customize the examples by using different base IP addresses or subnet Calculating Subnets sizes to match specific scenarios in your presentation. Determine Requirements Calculate Subnet Mask Create Subnet Ranges Assign IP Addresses Identify the number of required Using 2^n >= number of Starting from the base IP address, Allocate IP addresses to devices subnets and hosts per subnet. subnets, find 'n'. For 4 subnets, allocate ranges based on the within each subnet, reserving For example, if you need 4 n = 2. Then, 2^m - 2 >= number subnet mask. For 192.168.1.0/25, the first for the network and the subnets and each should of hosts gives 'm'. For 30 hosts, the first subnet is 192.168.1.0 - last for broadcast. In 192.168.1.127, second is 192.168.1.0/25, usable IPs are support 30 hosts, calculate m = 5. Subnet mask = 32 - (n + 192.168.1.128 - 192.168.1.255. from 192.168.1.1 to accordingly. m) = 25. 192.168.1.126. List of required subnets Subnet mask in CIDR List of subnet ranges Assigned IPs for devices List of required hosts Subnet mask in decimal Usable IPs Reserved addresses IP Addressing Static vs. Dynamic IP Addressing Benefits of Static IP Addressing Limitations of Static IP Addressing Provides consistent and reliable IP addresses, Requires manual configuration, which can be time- making it easier for remote access and hosting consuming and prone to human error. services. Less flexible than dynamic addressing; changes in Facilitates DNS setup, as the IP address does not network topology necessitate reconfiguration. change, ensuring stability for web applications. Can lead to IP address conflicts if not managed Improves network security by allowing the properly, particularly in larger networks. assignment of IPs to trusted devices only. Networking Consider adding specific examples of DHCP configurations or scenarios Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) where DHCP is beneficial for network management. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses to devices within a local area network (LAN). When a device connects to the network, it sends a broadcast request for an IP address. The DHCP server receives this request and responds with an available IP address from a predefined pool. This process includes the assignment of additional network configuration parameters, such as subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server information, allowing devices to communicate effectively within the network. Lab Customize the bullet points by adding specific models of devices used in the Lab Overview: Network Setup lab or additional steps required for configuration. Setting Up a Simple Wired Network Setting Up a Wireless Network Connect computers to a switch Install a wireless access point and using Ethernet cables. connect it to the router. Assign static IP addresses to each Configure the SSID and security device for stability. settings for the network. Test connectivity using ping Connect devices wirelessly and commands between devices. verify the connection by accessing the internet. Lab Customize the content by adding specific brand models of switches you Configuring Switches: Basic Setup are using in your lab. Include screenshots from the management interface to illustrate the steps. Access Management Connect Devices Interface Configure Basic Settings Set Up VLANs Connect devices to the switch Connect a computer to the Set the switch hostname, Create VLANs if needed. Assign using Ethernet cables. Ensure switch. Open a browser and configure the management ports to the appropriate VLANs each device is securely plugged enter the switch's default IP VLAN, and assign an IP address based on network design to into the switch ports. Check LED address. Log in with default for remote management. Save isolate traffic and enhance indicators for activity. admin credentials. the configuration. security. Connected devices Access to management Configured hostname Created VLANs LED indicators showing interface Assigned IP address Ports assigned to VLANs connectivity Successful login confirmation Management VLAN set Configuration Consider adding specific examples of router models and their interfaces to make the Router Configuration: Basic Setup content more relatable. You can also include common troubleshooting steps for connectivity issues after configuration. Access Configuration Connect to Router Interface Configure Basic Settings Save & Reboot Connect your computer to a LAN Open a web browser and enter Set the network name (SSID) for Save the changes and reboot port on the router using an the router's IP address (e.g., Wi-Fi, choose security type the router to apply the new Ethernet cable, or connect via 192.168.1.1). Log in using the (WPA2 recommended), and set settings. Verify that devices can Wi-Fi if already set up. default username and password a password. Ensure DHCP is connect to the network. found on the router's label. enabled for IP assignment. Physical connection established Router's configuration page Wi-Fi name & password set Changes saved Access to router's interface opened Basic settings configured Router rebooted and operational User logged in Consider creating a table to showcase Lab the assigned static IPs for each device, along with their respective functions in the network. Assigning IP Addresses in the Lab To assign static IP addresses in a lab, identify the device and choose an IP address within the same subnet as the router. Access the device's network settings and manually input the chosen IP address along with the subnet mask and default gateway. For dynamic IP address assignment, ensure that DHCP is enabled on the router. When devices connect to the network, they will automatically receive an IP address from the DHCP server, allowing for easy network management and configuration. IP Addressing Understand Network Requirements Customize this slide by including specific examples of addressing schemesand Assess the number of devices, types of devices, for different expectednetwork scenarios, such as small offices versus growth to determine the size of the IP address pool needed. large enterprises. Choose an Addressing Method Decide between static and dynamic addressing based on device Designing an IP type and network needs. For servers, static IPs are ideal, while DHCP is suitable for client devices. Addressing Scheme Implement Subnetting for Efficiency Divide the network into subnets to optimize performance and security. Use CIDR notation to allocate IP ranges efficiently. You can customize the diagram by Assignment adding specific devices you commonly use and adjust their positions according to your actual setup. Home Assignment: Network Diagram Create a detailed diagram of a home or office network. Include essential devices such as routers, switches, computers, access points, and any other relevant equipment. Justify the placement of each device based on its role in the network, considering factors like optimal performance, coverage area, and access needs for different devices. Explain how the layout enhances connectivity and efficiency within the network. Summary Understanding the roles of routers, switches, hubs, and access points is crucial for effective network design. Properly configuring network devices ensures reliable communication and optimal performance. IPv4 addressing, subnet masks, and CIDR notation Conclusion and Key are fundamental for efficient IP address allocation and management. Takeaways The distinction between static and dynamic IP addressing is essential for network administration and resource allocation. Lab exercises provide hands-on experience in setting up and configuring networking devices, reinforcing theoretical knowledge.