Chapter 3 Capitalization PDF

Chapter 3 Capitalization  General Rules for Capitalization Capitalize all of the following: Proper nouns (names of people, places, and things) Don Hudson, Max’s Restaurant, Eiffel Tower Names of cities, states, provinces, and countries Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philip...

Chapter 3 Capitalization  General Rules for Capitalization Capitalize all of the following: Proper nouns (names of people, places, and things) Don Hudson, Max’s Restaurant, Eiffel Tower Names of cities, states, provinces, and countries Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Names of specific oceans, rivers, mountains, lakes, etc. Pacific Ocean, Magat River, Mount Pulag, Taal Lake  General Rules for Capitalization Brand names Ford, Kleenex tissues, Sunbeam toaster the pronoun I Days of the week, months, specific courses in school Friday, March, Anthropology 2022  General Rules for Capitalization All important words of a title (books, plays, songs, magazines, and newspapers) The first word of a quotation and the first word of a sentence James said, "Nobody will ever believe you." Names of nationalities, languages, and races Many Eskimos live in Alaska. Anita is Greek, but she also speaks Russian.  General Rules for Capitalization North, south, east, west ONLY if it indicates a geographical region and NOT a direction; usually preceded by THE Nancy loves the climate of the Northwest. The Civic Center lies south of town. Names of holidays Easter, Memorial Day, Halloween, Thanksgiving With abbreviations, titles, streets I have an appointment with Dr. Lindsay today. Manuel lives at 5120 Clover Rd. ¨ Specific historical documents, political organizations The Constitution is the basis of our legal system.  Do not capitalize the following: when personal titles ¨seasons unless they are NOT followed are part of a title by a name aunt, I like summer best of all. The Long Hot Summer uncle, doctor, was a great movie. professor general areas of school, college, or study except university unless languages it is accompanied mathematics, history, by a proper name geography  Chapter 4 ABBREVIATIO N To abbreviate means to shorten a word or phrase  Chapter 4 ABBREVIATIO N To abbreviate means to shorten a word or phrase  Use the following abbreviations for non-military titles preceding or following personal names: Dr. (Doctor) Rev. (Reverend) Hon. (Honorable) Hon. (Right Honorable) Jr. (Junior) Sr. (Senior) Jr. (Junior) St. (Saint) Mr. /Mrs. / Ms. Prof. (Professor)  Use when referring to a woman unless a preference for has been indicated. Although not an abbreviation, Ms. is written with a period, by analogy with Mr. and Mrs. Note that Miss is not an abbreviation and does not take a period. Do not use Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr. or Esq. with any other abbreviated title or with an abbreviation denoting an academic degree or honour. Dr. Roberta Bondar or Roberta Bondar, MD Ms. Roberta Bondar, MD or Dr. Roberta Bondar, MD Mr. Paul Kelly or Paul Kelly, Esq. Mr. Paul Kelly, Esq. Abbreviate professional and official titles only when they are used with both first and last names, or initials and last names: Gen. Lewis MacKenzie but General MacKenzie Dr. Irene Taguchi but Doctor Taguchi Prof. A. N. Chomsky but Professor Chomsky  Abbreviating Academic Degrees B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) B.F.A. (Bachelor of Fine Arts) J.D. (Juris Doctor [Doctor of Law]) B.S. (Bachelor of Science) R.N. (Registered Nurse) M.S. (Master of Science) M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) M.A. (Master of Arts) C.P.A. (Certified Public Accountant) When an abbreviated academic reference is included, the abbreviation would follow the person’s full name and be set off by a comma. No other title should precede the name.  Correct: Tyra E. King, M.D. Correct: T.E. King, M.D. Incorrect: Dr. Tyra E. King, M.D. Incorrect: Doctor King, M.D. Correct: May Joy M. Racca, LPT Correct: Minette Andres, RN (R.N.)  Time and Historical Dates TIME Time before noon- A.M. or a.m. time after noon- p.m. or P.M. DATES before the birth of Christ - B.C. BC stands for “Before Christ.” After birth of Christ- A.D. AD stands for “Anno Domini” in Latin. “in the year of our Lord.” Here are examples of AD in a sentence: The Great Wall of China was completed in the 17th century AD. William Shakespeare was born in 1564 AD. The American Revolutionary War began in 1775 AD. The first iPhone was released in 2007 AD. The COVID-19 pandemic began in 2019 AD. Here are examples of BC in a sentence: The ancient Egyptians built the pyramids around 2500 BC. Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC. The Roman Republic was founded in 509 BC. The Great Wall of China was started in the 7th century BC. The first Olympic Games were held in 776 BC. Chapte r PUNCTUA 5 TION  End Punctuation There are three common punctuation marks that come at the end of a sentence: the period (. ) the question mark ( ? ) the exclamation point ( ! )  Uses of Period To end a complete sentence. use a period to end a declarative sentence. Johnson (1998) claimed that he had cured cancer. Sushi is delicious. Use a period to end an imperative sentence. Remember to pick up the dry cleaning today. Leave the book under my doormat.  Uses of Period To end a sentence that includes a citation or a quotation. It was clear that Hong Kong had been culturally colonized by the West (Gouper & Finn, 1987). Boomer and Watts (2003) insisted that "there was little that could save NATO in its current state" (p. 54). Between elements of reference list entries. Smith, J. (2009). Best book ever. HarperCollins. The main purpose of a question mark is to indicate that a sentence is a question. Direct questions often (but not always) begin with a wh- word (who, what, when, where, why). Why did the chicken cross the road? Who wants to know? Is it really that important? The main purpose of a question mark is to indicate that a sentence is a question. Direct questions often (but not always) begin with a wh- word (who, what, when, where, why). Why did the chicken cross the road? Who wants to know? Is it really that important?  I want to go outside. I want to go outside! Exclamation points go at the end of exclamatory sentences. An exclamatory sentence is one that expresses a strong or forceful emotion, such as anger, surprise, or joy. I got a perfect score on the SAT! Get out of my sight! Exclamation points are also commonly found with sentence fragments or sudden interjections. Occasionally, you might see one at the end of a sentence that is phrased as a question. Careful! That spider is poisonous. Holy cow! How could I have forgotten to pack underwear!  Other Common Punctation Marks Below are two simple complete sentences, each with its own subject and verb: I have a pet iguana. His name is Fluffy. To combine them into a compound sentence, we simply add a comma plus the coordinating conjunction and: I have a pet iguana, and his name is Fluffy. We can make a compound sentence by adding only a semicolon, and the sentence will still be correct: I have a pet iguana; his name is Fluffy.  Other Common Punctation Marks I alone cannot change the world, but I can cast a stone across the water to create many ripples. I came here to chew bubblegum and study grammar.  Other Common Punctation Marks I came here to chew bubble gum and study grammar, but I’m all out of gum. When creating compound sentences, there are two punctuation rules to keep in mind: 1.Place a comma before the coordinating conjunction. 2. If you’re not using a coordinating conjunction, place a semicolon between the clauses.  The comma is used to separate logical parts of a sentence. It includes ideas or elements that are inside the structure of a sentence. A comma can also be used to separate repetitive parts of a sentence, such as numbers, dates, or objects that are similar to each other. A comma is also used after a greeting and the end of a letter, before and after mentioning someone's name. To separate logical parts of a sentence: When he came home, the sun was shining. To separate repetitive parts: I love movies such as “Pretty Woman”, “When Harry met Sally”, and “You've got mail”. To indicate a salutation: Thanks for all your help, Mark.  Th e s e m i c o l o n ( ; ) i s u s u a l l y u s e d w h e n c o n n e c t i n g independent clauses. How will you know when to use commas or semicolons? A semicolon connects extra independent parts of a sentence. If you put a period between them, the sentence will still work. This will not be the case with a comma, where clauses depend on each other. Sylvia was happy; she knew that he would fall in love with her pretty soon.  A colon (:) can be used in three cases. 1.When you introduce a quotation, an explanation, an example, or a series. It was up to her to take the following actions: graduate, find a job, and become a partner at her law firm. 2. You can put a colon between independent clauses. It's like the case with a semicolon, but here the second part of the sentence explains the first. I didn't want to go to Brazil: I already had plans to go to Italy with my husband.  A colon (:) can be used in three cases. 3. The colon can also be used for emphasis when you want to single out one particular part of your sentence: She was sure of one thing: her friends.