Correction: Capitalization Rules PDF

Correction: Here are the corrected sentences with appropriate capitalization: 2. While in Dubai, the professors visited the Burj Khalifa. 2. Professor Karimi is teaching beginning reporting this semester. 3. Laily studied French in Paris. 4. My sister works for Google. 5. The radio st...

Correction: Here are the corrected sentences with appropriate capitalization: 2. While in Dubai, the professors visited the Burj Khalifa. 2. Professor Karimi is teaching beginning reporting this semester. 3. Laily studied French in Paris. 4. My sister works for Google. 5. The radio station is located on the corner of Main Street and Park Avenue. 6. His favorite food is Italian. 7. The professors toured many media outlets while they were in San Jose. 8. They visited the San Jose Mercury News, KQED News, and Bay Area TV. 9. This year’s Women in Media Conference will be held from January 2 to January 5 10. The keynote speaker for the conference will be Ms. Halima Kazem. Written Expression Techniques Lesson One- Part Two What makes a good paragraph? One main idea Topic sentence (statement of your idea) Supporting sentences (development of your idea) Unity Concluding sentence Topic Sentence and Supporting Sentences The topic sentence is usually found at the beginning of the paragraph and introduces the reader to the topic of the paragraph. It has two parts: the topic and the controlling idea. The topic states the subject, and the controlling idea tells what specific aspect of the subject the paragraph will discuss. Look at the following examples. What is the topic? What is the controlling idea? - Exercise is good for both mental and physical health. Exercise can be practiced from a very early age to a very old age. - Exercising in the outdoors has many benefits. - Arab weddings are expensive, especially for the groom. - Arab weddings require weeks of preparation and involve the work of many people. - What does the controlling idea do? It tells you what specific aspect of the subject the paragraph will be about. It narrows the focus. So if we look at the example about Arab weddings being expensive for the groom, everything that follows that sentence must be about wedding expenses paid by the groom. You cannot, for example, write about traditional wedding dances in that paragraph unless it is somehow related to the groom’s expenses. Likewise in the third example, you could not include information about exercising indoors. - Writing the Topic Sentence The topic sentence should be neither too general, nor too specific. It should express an idea that you can develop in one paragraph. (Remember, paragraphs in academic writing and feature writing usually have longer paragraphs than paragraphs in news writing.) Practice Exercise 1 Read the following sentences. Identify those that would make good topic sentences. Which sentences are too general? Which ones are too specific? 1. Everybody loves pizza.2. It is estimated that 5 billion pizzas are bought worldwide each year. 3. Though pizza has its roots in Italy, this much-loved fast food has become a true world traveller. 4. Springtime is a season that many people enjoy. 5. Springtime is the season of blossoms in Kabul. 6. Trees in Kabul usually start to blossom in early March. 6. Smartphones are very useful. 7. Smartphones have revolutionized workplace communications. 9. Smartphone usage in Afghanistan rose 40% in 2011. 8. Smartphones have changed the way teenagers communicate. Correction: Good Topic Sentences: "Though pizza has its roots in Italy, this much-loved fast food has become a true world traveler." This sentence introduces the topic of pizza and its global popularity, making it a good topic sentence. "Springtime is the season of blossoms in Kabul." This sentence introduces the topic of springtime in Kabul, making it a good topic sentence. "Smartphones have revolutionized workplace communications." This sentence introduces the topic of smartphones and their impact on workplace communications, making it a good topic sentence. Too Specific: 2. "It is estimated that 5 billion pizzas are bought worldwide each year." This sentence is too specific for a topic sentence as it delves into a specific statistic about pizza consumption. "Smartphones have changed the way teenagers communicate." This sentence is too specific for a topic sentence as it focuses on a specific demographic (teenagers) and their communication methods. "Smartphone usage in Afghanistan rose 40% in 2011." This sentence is too specific for a topic sentence as it provides a specific statistic related to smartphone usage in Afghanistan. Too General: "Everybody loves pizza." This sentence is too general as it states a broad opinion without providing a specific focus for the topic. "Springtime is a season that many people enjoy." This sentence is too general as it mentions that springtime is enjoyed by many people but lacks a specific focus. "Smartphones are very useful." This sentence is too general as it mentions the usefulness of smartphones without a specific focus. Practice Exercise 2 Read the following paragraphs and circle the best topic sentence for each one. Paragraph 1 Everyone knows you can buy bagels everywhere in the US, but anyone who’s ever tried a New York bagel will tell you there is no comparison. Texans love their barbecued meat, and in southern California, fish tacos are a specialty. In Maryland and Virginia you can enjoy crab cakes, while a little further north, in the state of Maine, you can order a lobster sandwich or New England clam chowder. Wisconsin, a state with over 11,000 dairy farms, is known for numerous varieties of cheese. No matter which part of the US you travel to, you’re sure to find regional food that’s worth tasting. a. There is a variety of food in the United States. b. Food in the United States varies from beef to crab cakes. c. Different cities and regions of the United States have their own special food. d. Food in the United States in quite delicious. Paragraph 2 The grapefruit diet, which has been around at least since the 1930’s, promises a weight loss of 10 pounds in 12 days. The cabbage diet surfaces frequently, and advises people to eat cabbage soup with most meals. In the 1980’s, the Atkins diet was popular. Dieters who follow this regime are supposed to eat mostly protein and vegetables, and no carbohydrates. The South Beach diet, which became popular in the 1990’s, is a healthier version of the Atkins. Carbohydrates are forbidden in the first two weeks of the diet, but then are re-introduced in small amounts. Whatever kind of diet you can think of, it’s sure to be out there, if not today, then some day soon. a. Many popular diets promise rapid weight loss. b. Over the years, several different diets have been popular with people trying to lose weight. c. Low carbohydrate diets are popular with people who want to lose weight quickly. Correction: Paragraph 1: The best topic sentence is: b. Different cities and regions of the United States have their own special food. This sentence introduces the central theme of regional food in the United States and sets the stage for discussing the various types of food in different regions. Paragraph 2: The best topic sentence is: b. Over the years, several different diets have been popular with people trying to lose weight. This sentence introduces the central theme of popular diets over time and lays the foundation for discussing the different diets mentioned in the paragraph. Use of Apostrophes in English Contractions: Apostrophes are used in contractions to indicate missing letters. Contractions are used frequently In speaking and informal writing, but not in academic writing. In journalism, contractions are used only in quotations. There are many contractions in English. Here are a few examples. He’s ; He is / Won’t ; Will not / They’d ; They would or they had / It’s ; It is Possessives: Possessives are words that show ownership. There are two ways to do this in English. Use an apostrophe followed by s. E.g. That is Diane’s camera. (the camera belongs to Diane.) Use a prepositional phrase with of Examples: The house of my neighbor (the house that belongs to my neighbor) The roof of my house (the roof that belongs (or is attached) to my house) **When you use a person’s name, you must use an apostrophes to show possession. Susan’s computer – correct The computer of Susan – incorrect - Rules for using apostrophes to show possession 1. Singular noun that does not end in “s” Add apostrophe + s e.g friend ; My friend’s sister car ; My car’s headlights 2. Plural noun that does not end in “s” Add apostrophe + “s”e.g. Children ; The children’s teacher Women ; the Women’s soccer team 3. Plural noun that ends in “s” Add apostrophe only e.g. students ; the students’ classroom horses ; the horses’ stable 4. For singular nouns or names ending in s, AP style uses an apostrophe only. e.g. Kansas’ new governor Thomas’ cat (There is much disagreement on this rule; it changes depending on which publication you’re writing for.) Practice Exercise A Change each of the following phrases to the possessive using an apostrophe or an apostrophe + s. 1. The poems of Rumi 2. The capital city of Afghanistan 3. The president of CNN 4. The assignments of the students 5. The dresses of ladies 6. The perfume of the flowers 7. The brother of Chris 8. The members of the UN 9. The orders of the doctor 10. The questions of the reporters 11. The votes of the people. Correction:  Afghanistan's capital city  CNN's president  The students' assignments  Ladies' dresses  The flowers' perfume  Chris's brother  The UN's members  The doctor's orders  The reporters' questions  The people's votes Written Expression Techniques Lesson Two Commas Commas can be frustrating for English learners because the rules seem to change a lot. And in fact this is true; they do change a lot. The thing to remember about commas is that there a few basic rules that most people follow and then there variations and other rules that people use more subjectively. Keep in mind that you will always find exceptions to the rules, and different publications will have slight differences in how they apply rules. My advice is to learn some basic punctuation rules, and if you are writing for a publication, consult their style guide. It may make you feel good to know that because there are so many variations in English punctuation, even native English speakers use style guides. As always, your goal should be to make your writing clear for the reader. Below are three common rules for comma usage in English. The first two are relatively simple. We will go over these very briefly. The third rule sometimes causes difficulties for learners of English, so we will spend most of our efforts there. 1. Words or phrases in a series of 3 or more. e.g. The stripes on the Afghan flag are black, red and green. The three most populous cities in the US are New York, Los Angeles and Chicago. If you want to be healthy, you should eat a good diet, exercise regularly, and enjoy time with your friends and family. Is it necessary to use a comma before “and” in a list? It depends. If the items in the list are short, as in the examples about the Afghan flag and the cities in the US, a comma is not required. When the items in a list are longer, you should include a comma before “and.” 2. After most transition words at the beginning of sentences. (You can find in-depth explanation of this in most good grammar books.) e.g. first, next, finally, also, furthermore, in addition however, on the other hand, for example, therefore, Examples: We decided to have a picnic tomorrow. First, we need to get some food. Next, we need to find a good place to have the picnic. Also, we should check the weather forecast. Unfortunately, Faisal can’t go to the picnic because he has a lot of work to do. Therefore, we will bring him back some food from the picnic. 3. Two independent sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction. Which sentence has correct punctuation? a. He works as a lawyer in New York, his brother works as a lawyer in San Jose. b. He works as a lawyer in New York and his brother works as a lawyer in San Jose c. He works as a lawyer in New York, and his brother works as a lawyer in San Jose. The correct answer is C.  Types of sentences in English To understand when to use commas in English, it is helpful to understand the different sentence types and their structures. There are four sentence types in English: a) Simple sentence b) Compound sentence c) Complex sentence d) Compound-complex sentence In today’s lesson, we’ll look at simple and compound sentences. 1. Simple Sentence  Has one subject-verb pair.  Is a complete thought.  Can be independent. Examples of Simple Sentences: 1. The Department of Journalism received a large sum of money. SV 2. Students and professors attended the press conference. SSV 3. Bob Rucker and President Qayoumi spoke at the conference. SSV 4. Bob Rucker opened and closed the press conference. SVV All of the sentences above are simple sentences. In sentence #2, there are 2 subjects, but they are both connected to the same verb. Sentence #4 has two verbs, but they are both connected to the same subject. Thus, in both, there is only one subject-verb pair. Commas are not necessary before conjunctions in simple sentences. 2. Compound Sentence  Has two or more subject-verb pairs.  Is essentially two or more simple sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction.  This type of sentence requires a comma before the conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions join two sentences together. They are: For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so FANBOYS – this word can help you remember the coordinating conjunctions. Examples of Compound Sentences: 1. President Qayoumi opened the ceremonies, and Bob Rucker closed them. 2. The test was difficult, but it was fair. 3. He might move to New York, or he might move to Boston 4. Kelly wanted to learn Dari, so she moved to Afghanistan. On both sides of the conjunctions, there are complete sentences. For example, sentence #1 could be split into the following sentences: a) President Qayoumi opened the ceremonies. b) Bob Rucker closed them. When you join two simple sentences with a coordinating conjunction, you must use a comma before the conjunction. Comma or no comma? Find the conjunction. Is there a complete sentence on either side of the conjunction? If so, then you need a comma. 1. Faisal might study economics or business. He hasn’t decided yet. 2. He might study economics or he might join his father’s company. 3. The weather was hot and rainy. 4. The weather was hot and it rained every day. 5. She studied hard but she didn’t pass the test. 6. Laily studied hard and passed the test. 7. Maria was not tired so she went to bed late. Correction: 1. Faisal might study economics or business. He hasn't decided yet. (No comma needed) The conjunction is "or" but there is not a complete sentence on either side of it. 2. He might study economics, or he might join his father's company. (Comma needed) The conjunction is "or" and there are complete sentences on both sides. 3. The weather was hot and rainy. (No comma needed) The conjunction is "and" and the two words together form a compound predicate. 4. The weather was hot, and it rained every day. (Comma needed) The conjunction is "and" and there are complete sentences on both sides. 5. She studied hard, but she didn't pass the test. (Comma needed) The conjunction is "but" and there are complete sentences on both sides. 6. Laily studied hard and passed the test. (No comma needed) The conjunction is "and" but the second part is not a complete sentence on its own. 7. Maria was not tired, so she went to bed late. (Comma needed) The conjunction is "so" and there are complete sentences on both sides. Practice Exercise 1 Add commas where necessary. 1. Maria Laily Parwana and Shafiqa all cooked dinner for us. 2. It was delicious and very filling. 3. The women went for a walk after dinner and the men stayed back and watched TV. 4. Therefore the men were a little sleepy and the women were full of energy. 5. Everyone had tea when the women returned from their walk. 6. Finally Susan drove everyone back to the hotel. 7. The professors were tired but they stayed up late to work on their packages. 8. The professors have several classes tomorrow: Video Editing English News Writing and Editing. Correction: 1. Maria, Laily, Parwana, and Shafiqa all cooked dinner for us. 2. It was delicious and very filling. 3. The women went for a walk after dinner, and the men stayed back and watched TV. 4. Therefore, the men were a little sleepy, and the women were full of energy. 5. Everyone had tea when the women returned from their walk. 6. Finally, Susan drove everyone back to the hotel. 7. The professors were tired, but they stayed up late to work on their packages. 8. The professors have several classes tomorrow: Video Editing, English, News Writing, and editing. Lesson Three From Paragraph to Essay For the last lessons we looked at paragraphs; now we’ll shift our focus to essays. Essay Structure 1- Introduction and thesis statement Here you catch the attention of your reader and introduce your topic. 2- Body (You can have as many paragraphs as you want; we will write an essay with three body paragraphs.) Supporting paragraph  Topic sentence  Supporting sentences (2-5 sentences) Supporting paragraph  Topic sentence  Supporting sentences Supporting paragraph  Topic sentence  Supporting sentences 3- Conclusion The conclusion signals the end of your essay. There are different ways to write a conclusion, depending on whether you are writing, for example, a research paper or a feature essay. Essay Writing Process Everyone has his or her own process for writing, but the essay-writing process below works for many people. Process for writing a 5-paragraph (intro, 3-P body, conclusion) essay:  Choose and limit your topic o You need to choose an aspect of a topic that you can develop in 3 paragraphs. The topic, Afghan weddings, for example, is too big (too general) for 3 paragraphs. You need to narrow the focus and choose an angle. You need to choose a specific aspect of Afghan weddings.  Write the thesis statement (What is your essay about?) o You can always change this later, but starting with a thesis statement will help you focus your research and writing,  Gather information and brainstorm ideas for supporting details  Organize your material o Look at your notes and decide what each paragraph will be about. o Make an outline.  Write the introduction/finalize the thesis statement (Some people like to write the introduction before they write the body; others like to write it after.)  Write the draft body  Write the conclusion  Revise – Here you look at content. Does the essay make sense? Is there unity in each paragraph? Do you need to change the order of sentences so that your writing flows better? Do you have a strong introduction and a good conclusion?  Edit and polish – Now you look at details: grammar, punctuation, and word choice. Narrowing your topic: developing an angle Funnel (Draw a funnel shape around the topics below.) At the top, you have a topic so general that you could fill several books about it. As you go down the funnel, you continually narrow your topic until you come to a topic that is suitable for the size of essay or article you are writing. At each stage ask, “What about the topic?” What about Arab weddings? What about preparation for Arab weddings? Etc. Weddings Arab weddings Preparation for Arab weddings Clothing preparation for Arab weddings Develop thesis statement here Tree – sketch tree with Dubai as trunk and subtopics as branches Dubai (HUGE topic)  Life in Dubai o Life for immigrants in Dubai  Life for Indian immigrants in Dubai  Shopping in Dubai o Modern shopping centers o Shopping in the Souks  Shopping for gold in the Souks – how to find a good deal.  Other ideas.  Tourism in Dubai o 7-star hotels in Dubai  Who stays at 7-star hotels?  How does a hotel become a 7-star hotel?  Architecture o Other Ideas. Practice Activity 1 Work with a partner. Use either the tree method or the funnel method to find an angle suitable for a 5-paragraph essay. Use one of the topics below. Algeria University Coding Computer Science Some points about the thesis statement: 1. It introduces the main idea of the essay. 2. It limits the topic to a size that is appropriate for the length of the essay / article. 3. Experienced writers often imply the main idea without stating it directly in one particular sentence. For beginning writers, or for writers working in a new language, stating your thesis will help make your essay clearer. 4. As a writer, you have the choice of where to put your thesis statement. However, for beginning writers, the most common place to put the thesis statement is after the introduction / lead. The thesis statement can be the last sentence in the first paragraph, or can stand alone, as its own paragraph. Practice Activity 2 Look at the following thesis statements. They are written for a 5-paragraph essay. Which do you think are most successful? Which ones are not successful, and why? 1. My hometown was founded in 1652. 2. My hometown has several interesting historical sites that visitors should see. 3. Speaking more than one language has several advantages. 4. Learning a new language is difficult. 5. Improving your pronunciation in a different language can be difficult, but there are a few tips that will help you become a better speaker. 6. I’m going to tell you about people from my country. 7. People in Afghanistan come from different ethnic backgrounds, but they share two common characteristics: they are extremely sociable and have a good sense of humor. Correction: Successful Thesis Statements:  My hometown has several interesting historical sites that visitors should see. This thesis statement is specific and provides a clear indication of what the essay will focus on. It suggests that the essay will explore various historical sites in the hometown.  Speaking more than one language has several advantages. This thesis statement is clear and indicates that the essay will discuss the advantages of being multilingual. It provides a specific direction for the essay.  Improving your pronunciation in a different language can be difficult, but there are a few tips that will help you become a better speaker. This thesis statement is effective as it not only acknowledges a potential challenge but also promises to provide solutions. It sets the stage for a practical and informative essay.  People in Afghanistan come from different ethnic backgrounds, but they share two common characteristics: they are extremely sociable and have a good sense of humor. This thesis statement is successful as it clearly outlines the main characteristics that will be explored in the essay, providing a focused direction. Less Successful Thesis Statements:  My hometown was founded in 1652. While this statement provides historical information, it is not clear what the essay will focus on. It lacks specificity and does not suggest a clear direction for the essay.  Learning a new language is difficult. This thesis statement is too broad and lacks specificity. It states a general fact without indicating what aspects of learning a new language will be discussed in the essay.  I’m going to tell you about people from my country. This thesis statement is weak as it is too vague and does not provide any indication of what aspects of people from the country will be discussed. It lacks specificity and focus. Practice Activity 3 Write a thesis statement for the angle that you developed in practice activity 1. Remember, the thesis statement should present the main idea that the author will develop in his or her essay. Homework Using the thesis statement that you developed in today’s class as a guide, brainstorm some ideas and make a list of possible support points. Write more ideas than you will need so that you can choose the best. In the next class, we will work on outlines and introductions. In the last class we will work on conclusions. Written Expression Techniques Lesson Four Outlining  What is an outline? Do you use them? When and why? As you begin to write longer pieces, outlining  becomes increasingly important. Why?  Let’s go back to our old example of Arab weddings, with the thesis statement, Arab weddings  are expensive, especially for the groom.  Let’s brainstorm together support for that statement. Think of examples, details, maybe even some  personal stories.  Does each of these ideas support the thesis statement? Cut those that do not support the thesis  statement.  Is there a logical way to group our ideas?  How could we write an outline for this essay? Is there an order that seems best? Introduction "The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing User Authentication Systems" Body A. Biometric Authentication 1. Facial Recognition 2. Fingerprint Scanning B. Behavioral Biometrics C. Machine Learning Algorithms in User Authentication 1. Continuous Learning and Adaptability 2. Real-time Threat Detection Conclusion Practice Exercise 1 Using your notes, make an outline for your essay. Look at your thesis statement. Does The outline support your thesis statement? Do the details support your thesis statement? If anything does not relate to the thesis statement, cut it! Correction: Example of an outline: Introduction "The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing User Authentication Systems" Body A. Biometric Authentication 1. Facial Recognition 2. Fingerprint Scanning B. Behavioral Biometrics C. Machine Learning Algorithms in User Authentication 1. Continuous Learning and Adaptability 2. Real-time Threat Detection Conclusion Introductions / Leads The introduction for an essay is much like the introduction or lead for a feature article. It is not like a news story lead. What kind of lead does a news story use? (A summary lead.) Can someone explain that to me? Do not use this type of lead for your introduction to your essay. People read a news story because they are looking for information. But people read a feature article or an essay because they are interested in the topic. If you cannot hook your audience with your introduction, they will not read further. So that means an interesting introduction is perhaps even more important in a feature article or essay than in a news article. Purpose of the introduction Capture the interest of the readers introduce the topic ** Do not use a summary lead for an introduction to a feature article or an academic essay. Introductions/Leads There are several types of leads. Here are some common ones:  Scenario sets the stage where the story takes place; is usually descriptive  Anecdote – a short story about a real person or incident that illustrates the main idea of the  essay/article  Direct address lead- writer speaks directly to the reader and his or her problems, often using “you.”  Quotation  Shocking or surprising information  Some combination of the above Practice Exercise 2 Read the following leads. Which approach does the writer use? 1. You’re driving on the freeway when the car in front of you slows down to 40 miles per hour. You finally manage to pass the car and you can’t resist glancing at the driver. He is busy texting. 2. From all the good news released in the recent Silicon Valley Health Report comes one disturbing fact: Although obesity rates have been steadily declining among the affluent, they are on the rise for both low income and middle class citizens. 3. “Do you want to be a cog in the wheel, or do you want to be one of the gears, turning the wheel?” Martin Zaun’s father asked him this question five years ago. Zaun says that question saved his life. 4. On a snowy day in Saint John, thousands gathered outside the courthouse to pay respects for former Mayor Tom Smith. Beside the podium, the flag snapped in the wind as Alderman John Maxwell took the stage. As he began to read the eulogy for Saint John’s longest reigning mayor, three men in black rushed to the podium. 5. Elisa Ramirez calls the San Jose Police Department and asks for backup. “We’re going in today,” she says. “We’ll be there from 10 a.m. until 12 noon.” Ramirez isn’t planning a police operation. She’s preparing for fresh produce delivery to a poor San Jose neighborhood that’s dominated by gangs. 6. Janice Goguen looked at the message on her Black-Berry. “Visas pending; Processing time unknown.” After months of planning, it looked like Goguen’s Trade mission to India, would have to be cancelled because of government bureaucracy. “This is ridiculous. We applied for visas well within the time-frame stipulated by the government,” said Goguen. “Everything is booked – hotels, conference rooms, flights. If it were a private company, you wouldn’t put up with it. But as it is now, a lot of people are going to be inconvenienced and lose a lot of money.” Correction: 1. Lead Type: Scenario The lead sets the stage by describing a scenario where the reader is driving on the freeway and encounters a distracted driver. 2. Lead Type: Shocking or surprising information The lead provides a surprising fact from the Silicon Valley Health Report, revealing a disturbing trend in obesity rates among different income groups. 3. Lead Type: Direct address lead The lead directly addresses the reader, quoting Martin Zaun's father's question and highlighting its impact on Zaun's life. 4. Lead Type: Scenario The lead creates a scene of a snowy day in Saint John, describing the gathering for the former mayor's memorial. The introduction hints at a dramatic turn with the mention of three men rushing to the podium. 5. Lead Type: Scenario The lead presents a scenario where Elisa Ramirez is planning a fresh produce delivery to a gang- dominated neighborhood, creating an immediate sense of action and purpose. 6. Lead Type: Anecdote The lead shares Janice Goguen's personal experience with a message on her BlackBerry, illustrating the challenges and frustration of dealing with government bureaucracy in planning a trade mission to India. Practice Exercise 3 Write two different kinds of leads for the following thesis statement. If you choose to write an anecdotal lead, you can make something up for this exercise; the story doesn’t have to be true. Of course, in a real essay, the story should be true. "The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing User Authentication Systems" Homework Write the introduction and finish the body for your essay. English Writing Skills Lesson Five Writing Conclusions Your conclusion signals the end of your essay and should leave a lasting impression on the reader. It’s important to note that conclusions are different for academic writing, feature writing and news writing. - News writing --- this one is easy because there are usually no conclusions in news writing for print. - Academic writing (and report writing) – conclusion required  Summarizes main points of essay  Does not introduce new support  Sometimes restates thesis statement in a different way  Often includes a prediction or a recommendation for future action. - Feature writing-conclusion required  Does not usually summarize the main points  Does not introduce new support  Uses comments, anecdotes, quotes or observations in a way that highlight the main idea.  Leaves a strong impression in the mind of the reader – just as the lead creates strong interest in the story. Examples: Example 1 Let’s go back to our example of Arab weddings, with the following as our thesis statement. Arab weddings are expensive, especially for the groom. Academic Summary: In summary, the Arab groom has large payments to make in the areas of wedding preparation, the wedding ceremony itself and for household purchases. This financial obligation is a burden for many men, and indeed an increasing number must postpone marriage for lack of adequate resources. A recent study, however, indicates that the bride’s family is increasingly contributing to wedding costs. This new trend offers a glimmer of hope to those Arab men who simply cannot afford to get married. Feature Article Summary For many men in the Arab world, getting married is not a joyous rite of passage, but an enormous financial problem. In the words of Ahmed Karimi, “I want to get married, but my bank account won’t let me.” Example 2 Here is one more example, this time about the differences between Australian and American English. Academic Summary To summarize, Australian English and American English exhibit differences in three main areas: vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling. Though the differences are distinct enough to indicate a person’s nationality, they are minor, and rarely cause miscommunication. Further studies on people’s preconceived ideas associated with various Australian and American regional accents is an area worth investigating. Feature Article Summary If you find yourself speaking with someone and wondering if they are Australian or American, listen closely. Their words may give you the answer. Finalize your Essay Use the following checklist to help you finalize your essay. Checklist  Format  Title – Do you have a title that is properly capitalized?  Spacing – Is your essay double-spaced? Indentation – Are paragraphs indented?  Margins – Do you have a 1-inch margin around the text?  Does your essay have:  An introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs a concluding paragraph  Content  Thesis statement – Does your essay have a thesis statement? Do all paragraphs support the thesis statement?  Topic sentences – Does each paragraph have a topic sentence?  Do all paragraphs have unity?  Does each paragraph have good detail to support its topic sentence? Is there a logical flow between  sentences and paragraphs?  Grammar, etc.  Spelling – Do a spell-check on your computer.  Capitalization -Ccheck for capitalization; use the handout from lesson 1.  Subject-verb agreement – Do all verbs agree with their subjects in number? Verb tense shifts – Are  verb tenses consistent?  Punctuation – Check for correct usage of periods and commas.