Chapter 17 Personal Safety PDF

Because learning changes everything. ® Personal Safety Chapter 17 © McGraw Hill LLC....

Because learning changes everything. ® Personal Safety Chapter 17 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  Issues in Personal Safety Injuries caused almost 201,000 deaths in 2020: More than $4 trillion is spent each year for medical care and rehabilitation of injured people. Unintentional injury: an injury that occurs when no harm is intended: Motor vehicle crashes, falls, and fires Accounts for more years of potential life lost than any other cause of death Intentional injury: one that is purposely inflicted © McGraw Hill LLC 2  Table 17.1 Leading Causes of Deaths from Unintentional Injury, 2020 RANK ALL AGE GROUPS TOTAL 15–24 YEARS OLD 25–34 YEARS OLD 35–44 YEARS OLD 1 Poisoning* (97,034) Poisoning (7387) Poisoning (22,636) Poisoning (23,723) 2 Fall (43,292) Motor vehicle traffic Drowning (702) Motor vehicle traffic (6741) (6031) 3 Motor vehicle traffic Drowning (652) Motor vehicle traffic Fall (834) (40,698) (7929) 4 Suffocation (19,810) Fall (336) Fall (596) Drowning (635) *Mostly overdosing; also includes drug suicide, homicide, and other drug-induced causes. SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. 2022. “Underlying Cause of Death 1999–2020.” CDC WONDER Online Database (http://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html). © McGraw Hill LLC 3  Unintentional Injuries What causes an injury? Human factors: Risk-taking behavior and use of alcohol or drugs Psychological and emotional factors, including inadequate or inaccurate beliefs about what is safe or unsafe Environmental factors: Natural Social Work-related Home-related © McGraw Hill LLC 4  Home Injuries 1 Home injuries are the result of poisonings, falls, fires, choking, drownings, and unintentional shootings. Poisoning comes in many forms. Opioid overdose is a major and increasing cause of poisoning deaths. Carbon monoxide poisoning: Never run a car in an enclosed space. Have your furnace inspected yearly. Use caution with anything that produces potentially toxic fumes. National poison hotline: 800-222-1222 © McGraw Hill LLC 5  Home Injuries 2 Falls: Leading cause of death among people aged 65 and over, and a significant cause of unintentional death and injury for people ages 44–64. Most occur on stairs, and alcohol is often a factor. Strategies for preventing falls: Install handrails and nonslip mats. Keep floors, stairs, and outside areas clear. Install proper lighting. Use a ladder safely. Don’t use chairs to reach things. Use gates on stairs if small children are in the home. © McGraw Hill LLC 6  Home Injuries 3 Fires: Cooking is the leading cause of home fire injury. Careless smoking is the leading cause of fire death. Fire prevention: Properly dispose of all cigarettes. Maintain fireplaces, furnaces, heaters, chimneys, electrical outlets, cords, and appliances. Keep portable heaters at least 3 feet from anything that might catch fire. Preparation: Plan escape routes. Install and maintain smoke detectors. © McGraw Hill LLC 7  Home Injuries 4 The strategies that can help prevent injuries in a fire: Get out as quickly as possible. If you’re trapped in a room, if smoke is coming in, don’t open the door. Use the alternative escape route. If you can’t, shout for help through the window. To avoid inhaling smoke, crawl along the floor away from the heat and smoke. Remember: stop–drop–roll. Suffocation and choking: Particular danger to children Small items in the mouth Getting tangled in crib bedding Becoming trapped in airtight appliances Adults can also become choking victims: Know the Heimlich maneuver, which is used to help force an obstruction from the airway. © McGraw Hill LLC 8  Home Injuries 5 Firearms: People who use firearms should remember the following: Always treat a gun as though it is loaded. Never point a gun at anything you don’t intend to shoot. Always unload a gun before storing it and store it under lock and key. Inspect firearms carefully before handling. Take a firearms safety course before handling a gun. Buy and use a gun lock designed specifically for your weapon. © McGraw Hill LLC 9  Table 17.2 Lifetime Odds of Death Due to Selected Types of Injury INJURY TYPE LIFETIME ODDS Suicide 1 in 88 Opioid overdose 1 in 92 Motor vehicle crash 1 in 107 Fall 1 in 106 Homicide (assault by firearm) 1 in 289 Pedestrian incident 1 in 543 Motorcycle rider incident 1 in 899 Drowning 1 in 1128 Exposure to fire, flames, or smoke 1 in 1547 Choking on food 1 in 2535 Exposure to excessive natural heat 1 in 8248 Accidental gun discharge 1 in 8571 Electrocution, radiation, extreme temperatures, and pressure 1 in 13,394 Contact with sharp objects 1 in 29,334 Hornet/bee/wasp sting 1 in 59,507 Cataclysmic storm 1 in 58,669 Being bitten or attacked by a dog 1 in 86,781 Lightning strike 1 in 138,849 Airplane incident Too few deaths in 2019 to calculate odds SOURCE: National Safety Council. 2022. Lifetime Odds of Deaths for Selected Causes, U.S. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council. © McGraw Hill LLC 10  Motor Vehicle Injuries Around 4.5 million Americans were injured and 38,680 were killed in motor vehicle crashes in 2020. Factors: Distracted driving Speeding Aggressive driving Fatigue and sleepiness Alcohol and other drugs Lack of seat belts, airbags, and child safety seats © McGraw Hill LLC 11  Preventing Motor Vehicle Injuries Strategies: Check rearview and side mirrors frequently. Be aware of the driving behaviors of other drivers. Don’t follow others too closely. Never assume other drivers see you or can anticipate your actions; use your turn signals, make eye contact, and allow space and time. Take special care at intersections. Always allow enough following distance. Slow down if weather or road conditions are poor. © McGraw Hill LLC 12  Motorcycles and Motor Scooters Motorcycles are involved in one in seven traffic fatalities: Injuries tend to be more severe. Motor scooters have less power for maneuverability, especially in an emergency. Safety strategies: Wear light-colored clothing and drive with headlights on. Develop the necessary skills. Wear a helmet with the symbol DOT. Wear eye protection. Drive defensively, and never assume that other drivers can see you. © McGraw Hill LLC 13  Bicycles 1 Bicycle injuries are most often the result of: Bicycle injuries are most often the result of: Not understanding the rules of the road Failing to follow traffic laws Not having sufficient skill or experience Being intoxicated Wearing a helmet reduces risk of head injury by 66–88 percent. © McGraw Hill LLC 14  Bicycles 2 Safety strategies: Wear safety equipment, including a helmet, eye protection, gloves, and proper footwear. Wear light-colored, reflective clothing. Ride with the flow of traffic. Ride defensively. Stop at all traffic lights and stop signs. Know and use hand signals. © McGraw Hill LLC 15  Pedestrians Since a low in 2009, motor vehicles deaths involving a pedestrian have increased 51 percent and now make up 17 percent of traffic fatalities. About one in seven motor vehicle deaths involves pedestrians. Pedestrian deaths make up a larger proportion of traffic fatalities than they have in the past 33 years: Pedestrian intoxication plays a significant role. Walkers and runners should face traffic and cross only at marked crosswalks and intersections. © McGraw Hill LLC 16  Leisure Injuries Leisure injuries are a significant health-related problem. Safety strategies: Don’t swim alone; use caution in unfamiliar or cold water; check depths before diving. In water activities, use personal flotation devices. Make sure facilities are safe, follow the rules, and practice good sportsmanship. Use safety equipment and avoid excessive speeds. Use proper precaution when exercising in hot and humid weather. Do no use alcohol or drugs during recreational activities. © McGraw Hill LLC 17  Weather-Related Injuries Heat: Extreme heat is the leading weather-related killer: Heat stroke and heat exhaustion can be fatal. Cold: Cold can also be deadly: Hypothermia and frostbite. Wind: Windy conditions can make it difficult to walk or stand: In extreme wind, move to the lowest point or an interior room. Lightning: Lightning can strike even when it’s not raining, and it often strikes with no warning: Take precautions when you hear thunder. Flooding: Stay away from rapidly rising or moving water: Don’t attempt to drive or walk through flooded streets. © McGraw Hill LLC 18  Work Injuries A significant factor in the decline in work injuries has been the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. To avoid back injuries, use proper lifting techniques: Bend at the knees and hips, not at the waist. Place feet securely about shoulder-width apart; grip the object firmly. Lift gradually, with straight arms. If you have to turn, change the position of your feet. Repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) involve repeated strain on a body part: Carpal tunnel syndrome is one type that has increased in recent years. © McGraw Hill LLC 19  Violence and Intentional Injuries 1 Factors contributing to violence: Social factors: Rates of violence vary by geographic region, neighborhood, and socioeconomic level. College campuses can contribute because they are transitory communities. Violence in the media: Mass media plays a major role. Because of exposure, people come to see violence as an effective means of solving problems. Gender: Violence is most often committed by men. © McGraw Hill LLC 20  Violence and Intentional Injuries 2 Interpersonal factors: Majority of victims are acquainted with their attacker. Alcohol and other drugs: These are consistently associated with violence and suicide. On college campuses, alcohol is involved in about 95 percent of all violent crimes. Firearms: Most victims of assaults with other weapons don’t die. Use of a handgun can change a suicide attempt to a completed suicide and a violent assault to a murder. © McGraw Hill LLC 21  Violence and Intentional Injuries 3 Assault: Use of physical force to inflict injury or death on another. Homicide: Firearm homicide rates are highest among teens and young adults 15–34 years of age, and among Americans of African, Indigenous, and Hispanic ancestry. Most homicides are committed with a firearm, during an argument, among people who know each other. Although not technically classified as homicides, about 1000 people per year lose their lives in law enforcement–related incidents. © McGraw Hill LLC 22  Violence and Intentional Injuries 4 Gang-related violence: Most common in areas where residents experience the most violent crime, have low income, and have high unemployment rates, population density, and crime rates. Hate crimes: When a bias against another person’s race or ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, or disability motivates a criminal act Hateful talk in the media, by politicians, or by others in our daily lives can escalate to racist sentiments and scapegoating in times of economic and social upheaval. © McGraw Hill LLC 23  Violence and Intentional Injuries 5 School violence: Approximately 423 homicide incidents between 1994 and 2016 occurred in relation to schools. Workplace violence: Has decreased by 35 percent over the past decade, but still, nearly 2 million Americans workers are victims of workplace violence. Workers at greater risk include those who exchange money with the public or work alone in small groups. Also, health care professionals, public service workers, customer service agents, and law enforcement personnel have the most dangerous jobs. Terrorism: The unlawful use of force or violence against people or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives. © McGraw Hill LLC 24  Family and Intimate-Partner Violence 1 Family violence: generally, refers to a broad range of abusive acts committed by one family member toward another. Intimate-partner violence (IPV): Physical, sexual, or psychological harm imposed by a current or former spouse, or boyfriend, girlfriend, or other romantic or sexual partners Physical violence: The need to control another person is at the root of much abusive behavior. Stalking and cyberstalking Stalking: repeatedly harassing or threatening a person through behaviors such as following a person, appearing at a person’s residence or workplace, leaving written messages or objects, making harassing phone calls, or vandalizing property; frequently directed at a former intimate partner Cyberstalking: the use of the internet, email, chat rooms, Facebook, Instagram, and other electronic means to stalk another person © McGraw Hill LLC 25  Family and Intimate-Partner Violence 2 Guidelines for staying safe online: Use an age- and gender-neutral identity. Avoid using information that could be used to identify you. Don’t share personal information in public spaces. Learn how to filter unwanted email messages. Always use unique passwords with many characters. In social networking, set your profile to “private.” If you experience harassment, don’t respond to the harasser; save all communications for evidence, and contact your ISP and your local police department. © McGraw Hill LLC 26  Family and Intimate-Partner Violence 3 Violence against children: In 2018, one in seven children was abused or neglected in the United States. External stressors are most closely associated with neglect. Interpersonal stressors are more closely associated with physical abuse. Elder abuse: Most abusers are family members serving as caregivers. Abuse may become an outlet for frustration. The solution to elder abuse is greater social and financial assistance. © McGraw Hill LLC 27  Sexual Violence 1 Sexual assault: rape Sexual assault is any unwanted sexual contact. Rape is one type of sexual assault: Statutory rape: victim is younger than the age of consent Date rape or acquaintance rape: coerced sexual activity in which the victim knows or is dating the rapist People, in most cases men, who commit rape may be of any age from any socioeconomic group. About 19 percent of rapes are committed by strangers, but acquaintances, current or former intimate partners, and non-spouse relatives make up the majority of perpetrators. Factors contributing to date rape: Men and women also differ in their perception of romantic encounters and signals. Men who rape their dates tend to share certain attributes, including hostility toward women, a belief that dominance alone is a valid motive for sex, and an acceptance of sexual violence. © McGraw Hill LLC 28  Sexual Violence 2 Date rape drugs: Drugs are a factor in more than 60 percent of sexual assaults. Rohypnol, GHB, and “Special K.” Strategies that can help ensure your drink is not tampered with at a bar or party: Find out if drug-facilitated assault has occurred in your area. Drink moderately and responsibly, avoiding group drinking and drinking games. Be wary of opened beverages, alcoholic or nonalcoholic, and watch the bartender pour your drink. Let your date be the first to drink. If something is strange about your drink or you left it unattended, get a fresh drink—the same goes for food. When you go, go with friends and leave with friends. © McGraw Hill LLC 29  Sexual Violence 3 Dealing with a sexual assault: There is disagreement over whether women should fight back or not. Tell the first friendly person you meet what happened. Recommendations for dealing with sexual assault from Women Organized Against Rape (WOAR): If you feel you are in danger, trust your gut; don’t hesitate to run and scream. Yell—and keep yelling. If attacked from behind, use your elbows. Try kicking; aim low to avoid losing your balance. An attacker’s most vulnerable spot is his knee. Don’t try to kick a rapist in the crotch; men will have better protective reflexes there. Once you start fighting, keep it up and get away. Remember ordinary rules of behavior don’t apply. Effects of rape: Physical and psychological injury © McGraw Hill LLC 30  Child Sexual Abuse Any sexual contact between an adult and child who is below the legal age of consent: Incest—sexual activity between people too closely related to legally marry—is highly traumatic. Child sexual abuse is often unreported. Joining a support group of people who have had similar experiences, confiding in a partner or friend, or seeking professional help might help the victim. © McGraw Hill LLC 31  Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment is unwelcome sexual advances, request for sexual favors, and other conduct of a sexual nature, if such conduct explicitly or implicitly: Affects academic or employment decisions or evaluations Interferes with an individual’s academic or work performance Creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive academic, work, or student living environment © McGraw Hill LLC 32  What You Can Do about Violence Training for conflict resolution Identifying and targeting at-risk groups for intervention Reducing gun-related injuries: Adoption of consumer safety standards for guns. © McGraw Hill LLC 33  Providing Emergency Care Knowing first aid can help you respond appropriately. Learning what not to do in certain situations Heimlich maneuver Pulmonary resuscitation Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) You are the first link to the emergency medical services (EMS) system, which is designed to network community resources for providing emergency care. © McGraw Hill LLC 34  Review List the most common unintentional injuries and strategies for preventing them. Discuss violence and intentional injuries, and how to protect yourself. List strategies for helping others in an emergency. © McGraw Hill LLC 35  Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.