Chapter 16 pt 2 PDF

Thyroid and largestpure endocrinegland in the body located on trachea inferior to larynx isthmus Efitiiiiii TITITI.FI...

Thyroid and largestpure endocrinegland in the body located on trachea inferior to larynx isthmus Efitiiiiii TITITI.FI hyroid ÉfÉÉF1fff tI by ÉÉ bet ffffff ÉÉ oh Fall ml s le f e In Follicular cells line large extracellular spaces called Follicles andproducethyroglobin fffFf F Iyff ÉlÉÉ 8thdo.ptirnoiathenofpnlliqlescfqpsistof thyroglobulinplus iodine a long term storage 1 fes Yara n'gthe epigguce hormone calcitonin and are situatedbetween the 111 fI Foleyart intimone Iii IE iioi i I.FI L.fiir ifi ii I i f II iif.it 11 II fipiiiifiii 8es o i ThyroidHormone Majormetabolichormoneof thebody affecting nearly all cells TH ifpqrfqhbiengti.gg of 2aminehormones Triiodothyronine Ts in let lipidsoluble enterstargetcells tergiffattetslg.sn binds to intracellularreceptor TH release from follicles is controlled by thyroid stimulatinghormone TSH THis transported in the bloodstream bythyroxinebinding globulins TBGs ThyroidHormone Effects increasing basalmetabolic rate BMR  body heat production calorigenesis regulatingtissuegrowth development skeletalnervous andreproductivesystems increasingnumberofadrenergicreceptors inbloodvessels whichhelpsmaintainbloodpressu and enhanced sympathetic nervous system Hypothalamus Thyrotropin releasingHormone TRH AnteriorPituitaryGland ThyroidstimulatingHormone TSH ThyroidGland ThyroxFectaTHdothyronine Ts X c ir iiiiinines epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroidhormone Disorders Ha thofrgfaff da.gscan resultfromthyroiddefects inadequateTRH or TSHrelease or Myxedema Hypothyroid syndrome includes lowmetabolicrate chills constipation edema lethargy andmentalsluggishness tionalTHprevents legatee enabarcks suit giteinledggetshffilmcaansferh.fifuit ffsthyhfet.IEckisInginueinfannt is cretinism with symptoms of mental retardation Hyperthyroid Disorder Graves Disease is an autoimmune hyperthyroid condition antibodies targetthyroid andmimic TSH causing excessive TH release symptomsincludeelevatedmetabolicrate sweating rapidheartbeat anxiety weightloss and protruding eyeballs ThyroidGland Calcitonin produced byparafollicular c cells of thyroidGland Secreted in response to elevatedbloodcalcium Ca levels hypercalcemia csaygpifnicqnegs.in humans especially adults is unclear but functions toreduceblood  Calciumlevels stingyatsfeogast.uattiffyIthickleavescatinbone matrix Antagonist to parathyroid hormone PTH ParathyroidGlands yyf.fi pnaryn Thyroid Four tinyglands embedded on posteriorthyroid ff or more ÉIÉEÉÉÉ Parathyroid secrets Parathyroidhormone PTH Esophagus important for calcium Cat homeostasis in blood trachea t in response to low blood Ca parathyroidglandssecrete PTH IE iiiiii i EE n n ma increasedblood Ca'tinhibits PTHrelease F iii Paired pyramid shaped glands ontopof kidneys iiiiiiii.it Each is two functionalglands iii.EE I iiiiiiiiiii Yog whithmoffs produced butgeneral function is to iii Hogated Capsule Aldosterone 6103 9sa Ef Fast data cortisol Androgens Refilharis Adrenal Epinepherine EE Medulla Norepinephrine Adrenal Cortex  synthesizescorticosteroid hormones from cholesterol Threelayers Superficial toDeep ZonaGlomerulsaproduces mineralocorticoid aldosterone ZonaFasciculataproduce glucocorticoids cortisol ZonaReticularisproduces gonadocorticoids sex hormones Mineralocorticoids from Zona Glomerulosa 19,9419 electrolyte mineral salt concentration in extracellularfluids ECF especially Natis the most abundantcation in ECFanddetermindsfluidvolume of ECF because water follows Nat changes in Nat cause changes inbloodvolumeandbloodpressure K homeostasis is critical to activity of neurons and musclecells Primary Mineralcorticosteroid is Aldosterone me andbloodpressurebystimulating Natreabsorption andwater Teteetties 11,9 44 Also causes elimination of kttriggeredbyhighbloodkt Lowbloodvolume andlowblood pressuretriggerthe renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism ReninAngiotensin Aldosterone controls bloodpressure inresponsetofallingBloodPressure L Yac ate'sYosoedtfashafrlot.fi angiotensinogen which leads to formation of hormone angiotensin11 3 Angiotensin l stimulates glomerulosa cells ofadrenalcortex torelease aldosterone Retension ofNatandwater by kidneysincreasesbloodpressure Glucocorticoids from zona fasciculata influence energy metabolismandhelpresiststressorsincludinghomeostasis of blood glucose and blood pressure cortisollevels followdaily rhythm peakingearly Ill ngonthqldofaegpnttnganaftngt.tt Primary Glucocorticoid is cortisol hydrocortisone  Acute stressbleeding infection traumaincreasesrelease of cortisol CRH ACTHscortis increaseslevels ofbloodglucose fattyacids aminoacidsand formation ofglucose from fats and proteins increasesbloodpressure andenhances sympatheticnervous system Highlevels of glucocorticoids inhibitsinflammation B.EE simeTefaiecasrditascular neural anddigestive functions cortisone can be effective for anti inflammation butcause 9,9 95abEye Ex Glucocorticoid Disorders Excess glucocorticoids can result from a pituitary tumor Crushing's Syndrome adrenaltumor orglucocorticoiddrugs Symptoms swollenface redistribution of fat to abdomenand posteriorneck bruising and suppressed immunesystem Addison'sDisease deficiency of both glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids Symptoms weight loss lowblood glucose sodium dehydration andlow blood pressure hypotension Gonadocorticoids from zona recticularis Adrenalcortexproduceslowlevels of sex hormones Estrogen Testosterone inbothmales and females Effectspromotemusclemass bonedensity secondary sexual characteristics and sexdrive Mostly androgens but provideprimary source of estrogen forpostmenopausal women Hypersecretion can causemasculinizationandincreasedbodyhair AdrenalMedulla IEEnt spgftinterm stress as partof fightorflightresponseofthe sympathetic cellsaremodified postganglionicsympathetic neurons that synthesize catecholamines Epinephrine E Norepinephrine NE in a ratio of 80 Epinephrineto 20 Norepinephrine Etta'skeletal heusiaese.aahfnheh.ro th t89pressure bloodglucose bloodflowto nea Pineal Gland  mm secretes melatonin let causes drowsiness andregulates day night cycles light ÉÉÉ GF YYpinhfnfpedf.lyrhythms such as bodytemperature ÉÉÉÉÉfÉ foffii Éi i Éic Pancreas it Éi Both an ExocrinetEndocrineblandTated partlybehind stomach Acinarcells exocrine.is hgffi iEmsEt artatic Pancreaticislet Langerhans endocrinecells Alpha a cells orange.IEagnthdergaim Beta B cellsproduceinsulin hypoglycemic hormone decreasebloodsugar Ñ 7 f Pancreatic islets 91 99 isproducingcells 5088 Papeete ftp io qijgff 0 iancing 1 i Ff Pancreatic acinar cells exocrine Glucagon small polypeptide withpotenthyperglycemiceffect one glucagon molecule can release 100million glucose molecules into the blood Fallingblood glucose humoral stimulustriggers a cell to secrete glucagon Majortargetorganisliverwhere it can cause Breakdownof glycogen toglucose glycogenolysis YIthssisrefeagl.frmfeemr19 99,999,9 carbohydrates gluconeogenesis 1 Insulin Synthesized in pancreatic B dells from a larger polypeptide called proinsulin Effect is to reduce bloodglucose primarily after eating by Enhancing membranetransport of glucose into body cells especially muscle and fat Ing t S'saha fascia g s cgluconeogenesis Notneeded forglucose uptake in liverkidneys and brain After glucose enterstargetcellsinsulinfurthercauses 1 Oxidation of glucose for ATPproduction forenergy needs forcells p p gticose.geatfiea YsstIssEe'ak'oYi synthesis in muscletissue Insulinrelease is triggeredby multiple factors IsEffy glucose primaryfactor andelevatedbloodlevels ofaminoacids and ggntpaf.hn ienYrvpggsymsEmthetini sentient'reasset and digest 1 11 ie rinaetEh.eteyataenda'gTu'coortY c in ema e in bloodglucose InsulinDisorders DiabetesMellitus hyposecreation or are Tissuecells hypoactivityofinsulin asctoailutmopt.ge in glucose 111 is elevatedblood result glucose Paradoxically bodyresponds with fight orflightresponseandstress Éof a.ee ig ena hormonescausebloodglucose to rise stimulus p'balance even higher 0084 Balance normalblood aucose eatingloom Type IDiabetesmellitus MMashdhard stimulusBlooggycose Autoimmunedisorderthatdestroys Fancy m Beta B cells ofthepancreas resultingin serveinsulindeficiency nlleCgcreas Formerallycalledinsulindependentor hyper mdtP ofdiabetescases meason Type 2 DiabetesMellitus  involvesinsulinresistance lack of sensitivitytoinsulin Formerally called non insulindependentor adultonset diabetes Associatedwithobesity excess sugarconsumptionandlackof exercise canusually be managed by diet exercise Nearly 90 of diabetes cases conversly hyperinsulinismresults from excessinsulinsecretion oroverdose causes low blood sugar hypoglycemia Triggers release of hyperglycemia hormones resultingin anxiety tremors weakness and possiblelossof consciousness Gonads Ovaries ovaries.ae etemeatadindiiiiion tamian.me ExocrineFunctionis production of ova eggs individually secretedinto uterinetubes oviductsduringovulation poinfffffffffffordovary Sexhormones produced are estrogenand cervix progesterone vagina Estrogenspromote maturation of reproductive female secondary sex 191 heist p together promote breast developmentandcontrol the menstural cycle During pregnancy placentaalsosecretes estrogens progesteroneand human chorionic gonadotropin hCG Gonads Testes Testes pqireednamogtingp.gg bothexocrine ith Epididymis Exocrinefunctionis production of sperm stored into auctus crass mining testes Testesproduced testosterone promotes maturation of reproductive organs and development ofmale secondary sex characteristics atpuberty Alsofunction in sperm production Hormone secretion byother organs imine leptin Faggerigan Effect striattistitessappetites  Hormoneseveralpeptidehormones Flight In EffectDigestive regulatedigestion Heart HormoneAtrialnatriureticpeptide ANP Tai gefofgtarindtsefeftect.lkaheyheqtom elide n ofNatH2O reducingbloodvolume andBP ftpEe igtjpfifa E The marrow stimulates RBC production ftp igiiiiiiiniiacti i anaemia mail.it n irieiaiiiai ni ftp.ige gniiniEiiimii IEEE are andimmunity