The Endocrine System - Fall 2024-2025 PDF

Summary

This document presents an overview of the endocrine system, specifically focusing on the pancreas, hormones, and diabetes. It covers topics such as hormone overview, control of hormone release, stimuli of endocrine glands, and the pancreas's anatomy and physiology.

Full Transcript

The Endocrine System Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab (10) College of Health Sciences University of Sharjah Lab Instructor: Dana Salahat, MSc. Hormone Overview Hormones are produced by specialized cells - For example: alpha and beta cells in the pancreas Cells s...

The Endocrine System Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab (10) College of Health Sciences University of Sharjah Lab Instructor: Dana Salahat, MSc. Hormone Overview Hormones are produced by specialized cells - For example: alpha and beta cells in the pancreas Cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids Blood transfers hormones to target sites - In case of glucose, cells that need energy or glucose storage These hormones regulate the activity of other cells - Hormones are chemical messengers Control of Hormone Release Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by negative feedback: 1. A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone 2. This hormone release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is reached, in order to achieve homeostasis. Stimuli of Endocrine Glands (what stimulates hormonal release by endocrine glands?) Hormonal stimuli Hormones induce production of other hormones Humoral stimuli* Changing blood levels of certain ions/molecules stimulate hormone release The term humoral indicates various body fluids such as blood and bile Example: Insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose Neural stimuli Neural structures induce production of hormones - Sympathetic nervous system triggers the adrenal medulla to produce fight or flight hormones The Pancreas Anatomy Physiology Pancreas Anatomy Exocrine cells of pancreas Pancreatic islets (b) Figure 9.14b Is the pancreas an endocrine or an exocrine gland? Exocrine cells: -Produce digestive enzymes in the form of pancreatic juice. Endocrine cells: - Alpha cells: produce glucagon - Beta cells: produce insulin Insulin : glucose entry into cells Pancreas Physiology Glucagon: glucose exit from cells Pancreatic Islets The pancreas is a mixed gland and has both endocrine and exocrine functions. The pancreatic islets produce hormones: Insulin - Allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells - Produced by beta cells Glucagon - Allows glucose to enter the blood - Produced by alpha cells These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis Start Start What is Diabetes? Disturbance in blood glucose level  usually high level A condition where the body is unable to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood due to lack of insulin or the body’s inability to produce insulin. Can either be in the form of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Type 1 Diabetes also known as “juvenile diabetes” or “insulin-dependent diabetes” usually develops in children or young adults an autoimmune disease where the immune system is destroying the cells of the pancreas the body does not produce enough insulin to control the amount of glucose in the blood. people with type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily Type 2 Diabetes also known as “adult-onset diabetes” or “non-insulin dependent diabetes” usually a disease of adults, however it’s becoming more common in obese children a genetic disorder a disorder where there is high blood glucose due to insulin resistance or deficiency the body is not producing enough insulin to control the glucose in the blood or cells lack receptors to internalize it. Based on diet, exercise, and medicine, type 2 diabetics may not need to take insulin daily What is glucose? Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the chief source of energy for the body. Energy production Brain function RBC function Why monitor blood glucose? Reduces risk of developing complications with diabetes. Allows diabetics to see if the insulin and other medications they are taking are working. Gives diabetics an idea as to how exercise and food affect their blood sugar. May prevent hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia When to check blood glucose? When you wake up Before meals 1 to 2 hours after meals Before physical activity 15 minutes after physical activity Before bed Glucose in the Blood Glucose Test Person without Person with diabetes diabetes Fasting Test 70-100 mg/dL > 140mg/dL 2 hours after 200mg/dL eating Glucometer A glucometer is an electronic device used to test the amount of glucose in the blood. How a Glucometer Works Prick side of finger to get a small amount of blood. Place a drop of blood on the test strip. this strip interfaces with a digital meter, enabling it to read the strip. Within seconds, blood sugar will be displayed in the meter window. Glucose Control Benefits Keeping blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible: few or even no complications normal life span Short term benefits of glucose control feel better stay healthy have more energy reduce risk of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia Long term benefits of glucose control lower chances of having eye, heart and kidney disease and nerve damage enjoy a better quality of life

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