Chapter 13 European State Consolidation PDF

12/11/24, 7:49 PM Chapter 13 European State Consolidation - ppt video online download 1 Chapter 13 European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved....

12/11/24, 7:49 PM Chapter 13 European State Consolidation - ppt video online download 1 Chapter 13 European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 2 Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725), seeking to make Russia a military power, reorganized the country’s political and economic structures. His reign saw Russia enter fully into European power politics. The Apotheosis of Tsar Peter the Great 1672–1725 by unknown artist, Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia/E.T. Archive Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 3 Netherlands: The Golden Age – 1600’s As opposed to all other European nations at the time, it was a republic Holland dominated the States General, the central government of the Netherlands, but distrusted the House of Orange For a period of time ( ) the Netherlands became a monarchy under William III of Orange Dutch revert back to a republic in 1714 when war with France ended Home to great religious tolerance and a haven for Jews The Dutch had thriving farms, fish and textile industries, plus a trade industry that reached all the way to East Asia Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 4 The technologically advanced fleet of the Dutch East India Company, shown here at anchor in Amsterdam, linked the Netherlands’ economy with that of southeast Asia. Andries van Eertvelt (1590–1652), “The Return to Amsterdam of the Fleet of the Dutch East India Company in 1599.” Oil on copper. Johnny van Haeften Gallery, London, UK. The Bridgeman Art Library Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 5 Practically from the moment of its introduction into Europe tobacco smoking was controversial. Here a court jester is portrayed as exhaling rabbits from a pipe as three pipe-smoking gentlemen look on. © Christel Gerstenberg/Corbis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 6 Economic Decline in the Netherlands No strong stadtholder replaced William III after his death in 1702 Passed in naval supremacy by the British Fishing and trade industries declined Only financial institutions kept the Dutch from complete insignificance Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 7 Two Models of European Political Development in the 17th Century England – parliamentary monarchy – a limited monarchy where the monarch is subject to the law and the consent of parliament France – political absolutism – strong centralized monarchies, where the royal power is dominant Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 8 Stuart England – James I https://slideplayer.com/slide/4533657/ 1/8 12/11/24, 7:49 PM Chapter 13 European State Consolidation - ppt video online download Peacefully takes throne in 1603, a strong believer in the divine right of kings Levied new custom duties known as impositions to raise money Rebuffs Puritans and maintains Anglican episcopacy, causing religious dissenters to leave England for North America Court was center of scandal and corruption with his favorite duke (lover?) of Buckingham Doubts about James I commitment to Protestants Makes peace with Spain Tries to relax penal laws against Catholics Hesitant to support German Protestants in Thirty Years’ War Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 9 Stuart England – Charles I To fund a new war with Spain, Charles levied tariffs, duties, and taxes Parliament would only give Charles funds if he agreed to the Petition of Right stating that no forced loans or taxations could happen without the consent of Parliament Charles dissolved Parliament from 1628 to 1640 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 10 One of the key moments in the conflict between Charles I and Parliament occurred in January 1642 when Charles personally arrived at the House of Commons intent on arresting five members who had been responsible for opposing him. They had already escaped. Thereafter Charles departed London to raise his army. The event was subsequently often portrayed in English art. The present illustration is from an eighteenth-century engraving. The Granger Collection, New York Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 11 Charles I (cont’d) – Years of Personal Rule Makes peace with Spain and France to conserve limited resources His chief advisor Thomas Wentworth institutes strict efficiency and administrative centralization Scottish rebellion against his attempt to put in the English Episcopal system leads to the reinstallment of Parliament Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 12 Long Parliament and Civil War Parliament is divided over religion – extreme and moderate Puritans wanted to abolish the Book of Common Prayer, but conservatives wanted the Church of England to remain Charles invades Parliament, intending to arrest his rivals Civil war ensues between the king’s supporters (Cavaliers) and the parliamentary opposition (Roundheads) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 13 Oliver Cromwell Led parliamentary army in civil war Parliament wins civil war, and in response, executes Charles I and abolishes the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Anglican Church Ran basically a military dictatorship which brutally conquered Catholic countries Scotland and Ireland Put in Puritan prohibitions against drunkenness, theatre going, and dancing Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 14 Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived English republic, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. Dorling Kindersley Media Library https://slideplayer.com/slide/4533657/ 2/8 12/11/24, 7:49 PM Chapter 13 European State Consolidation - ppt video online download Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 15 The Restoration of the Monarchy When Cromwell dies, the people are ready to reestablish the monarchy and the Anglican Church Charles II is named monarch and he puts in the status quo from before Cromwell Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 16 Charles II Believed in religious toleration and planned to convert to Catholicism In attempt to unite the people behind the war with Holland, issues Declaration of Indulgence suspending all laws against Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants Parliament forces Charles to rescind the act and passes the Test Act – requiring all civic and military officials to swear an oath against the doctrine of transubstantiation Popish Plot – believing there was an assassination plot against the king to put James in power, opposition Parliament members known as Whigs try and execute innocent Catholics Charles responds by executing Whig members for treason, converts to Catholicism on his death bed and leaves James a Parliament filled with royal friends Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 17 The Glorious Revolution James II – repeals the Test Act, puts Catholics in positions of power, and issues another Declaration of Indulgence permitting religious freedom Parliament, afraid of a Catholic heir to the throne, invite William of Orange to invade England James flees to France - William and Mary (James eldest Protestant daughter) succeed to the throne in the bloodless Glorious Revolution England becomes a limited monarchy and permits worship of all Protestants, but not Catholics (The Toleration Act of 1689) Act of Settlement puts King George I on the throne Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 18 The Act of Walpole Sir Robert Walpole dominated English politics from 1721 till 1742 based on his royal support, ability to handle the House of Commons and control over government patronage Promoted peace at home and abroad Spread trade from North America to India Built the military, especially the navy, making Britain a world power Walpole’s efforts result in England becoming a military power with both religious and political liberty Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 19 Sir Robert Walpole (1676–1745), far left, is shown talking with the Speaker of the House of Commons. Walpole, who dominated British political life from 1721 to 1742, is considered the first prime minister of Britain. Mansell/TimePix/Getty Images, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 20 Years of Personal Rule under Louis XIV Takes over country upon death of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661 Was an absolute monarch, but often conferred with councils and the regional judicial bodies call the parlements Later curtails parlements’ power, but is supported by some of them anyways https://slideplayer.com/slide/4533657/ 3/8 12/11/24, 7:49 PM Chapter 13 European State Consolidation - ppt video online download Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 21 Louis XIV of France came to symbolize absolute monarchy though such government was not so absolute as the term implied. This state portrait was intended to convey the grandeur of the king and of his authority. The portrait was brought into royal council meetings when the king himself was absent. Hyacinthe Rigaud ( ), “Portrait of Louis XIV.” Louvre, Paris, France. Photograph © Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, NY Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 22 Versailles – Louis XIV Huge palace that was built for Louis XIV and housed thousands of important nobles, royal officials and servants The Sun King was into items that were as lavish and ornate as you can get Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 23 Versailles Louis XIV constructed his great palace at Versailles, as painted here in 1668 by Pierre Patel the Elder (1605–1676), to demonstrate the new centralized power he sought to embody in the French monarchy. Pierre Patel, “Perspective View of Versailles.” Chateaux de Versailles et de Trianon, Versailles, France. Photo copyright Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, N.Y. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 24 Divine Right – Louis XIV Ruled by what was believed to be rule by God or “divine right of kings” Still, Louis was less of an absolute monarch than others, concentrating on making war and peace, the regulation of religion, and the oversight of economic activity Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 25 Louis’s Early Wars Wanted to secure France’s borders near the Netherlands, Spain, and the Hapsburg Empire Treaties signed to end wars with the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire expanded France’s territory to the north and east Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 26 Map 13–1 THE FIRST THREE WARS OF LOUIS XIV This map shows the territorial changes resulting from Louis XIV’s first three major wars (1667–1697). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 27 Louis’s Repression of Religion Suppression of the Jansenists – religious order that came from the Roman Catholic Church opposed to the teachings of the Jesuits – during Louis’s reign, both he and the Popes banned Jansenism and forced its followers underground Revocation of the Edict of Nantes – Huguenots were banned from certain professions, had churches and schools closed, ministers exiled and Protestant children baptized Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 28 Françoise d’Aubigne, Madame de Maintenon (1635–1719), a mistress to Louis XIV, secretly married him https://slideplayer.com/slide/4533657/ 4/8 12/11/24, 7:49 PM Chapter 13 European State Consolidation - ppt video online download after his first wife’s death. The deeply pious Maintenon influenced Louis’s policy to make Roman Catholicism France’s only religion. Pierre Mignard (1612–1695), “Portrait of Francoise d'Aubigne, marquise de Maintenon (1635–1719), mistress and second wife of Louis XIV,” c Oil on canvas, 128 × 97 cm. Inv.: MV Chateaux de Versailles et de Trianon, Versailles. Bridgeman- Giraudon/Art Resource, NY Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 29 Louis’s Later Wars Nine Years’ War ( ) – Louis went to war with the League of Augsburg (England, Spain, Sweden, Netherlands and major German states) and ended up having his expansion into Germany thwarted War of Spanish Succession ( ) – war over who would succeed Charles II to the throne in Spain ends in a bloody stalemate with France able to keep their choice to the throne, Philip V, but loses Gibraltar Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 30 France After Louis XIV The Duke of Orleans, regent for five-year old Louis XV, makes John Law financial manager of the kingdom Law organizes a monopoly on trading privileges in the French colony of Louisiana in North America – the Mississippi Bubble, as it was called, turns into a financial disaster and Law flees the country Parlement is reinstalled and becomes the center for popular resistance to royal authority for most of the century Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 31 Under Louis XV (r. 1715–1774) France suffered major defeats in Europe and around the world and lost most of its North American empire. Louis himself was an ineffective ruler, and during his reign, the monarchy encountered numerous challenges from the French aristocracy. CORBIS/Bettmann Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 32 The impending collapse of John Law’s bank triggered a financial panic throughout France. Desperate investors, such as those shown here in the city of Rennes, sought to exchange their paper currency, for gold and silver before the banks’ supply of precious metals was exhausted. Collection Musée de Bretagne, Rennes Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 33 Map 13–2 EUROPE IN 1714 The War of the Spanish Succession ended a year before the death of Louis XIV. The Bourbons had secured the Spanish throne, but Spain had forfeited its possessions in Flanders and Italy. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 34 Poland with No Central Authority Most Polish monarchs were foreigners and tools for foreign powers Had a central legislative body called the Sejm or diet, but it had no real power as any single veto, liberum veto, could stop a Sejm Poland disappears from map in 18th century as a result Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 35 The Hapsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction https://slideplayer.com/slide/4533657/ 5/8 12/11/24, 7:49 PM Chapter 13 European State Consolidation - ppt video online download Hapsburgs held onto the title of Holy Roman Emperor, but the title depended on help from many other German states and principalities Their territories, some outside of Germany, were so geographically and culturally diverse that there was no real central government Despite internal difficulties, the empire increases under Leopold I, Joseph I, and Charles VI Pragmatic Sanction – Charles VI’s legal basis for a single line of inheritance within the Hapsburg dynasty, putting his daughter Maria Theresa in charge Frederick of Prussia invades Hapsburg Empire and puts Maria at risk in1740 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 36 Map 13–3 THE AUSTRIAN HABSBURG EMPIRE, 1521–1772 The empire had three main units—Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. Expansion was mainly eastward: eastern Hungary from the Ottomans (17th century) and Galicia from Poland (1772). Meantime, Silesia was lost after 1740, but the Habsburgs remained Holy Roman Emperors. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 37 In 1683 the Ottomans laid siege to Vienna In 1683 the Ottomans laid siege to Vienna. Only the arrival of Polish forces under King John III Sobieski (r. 1674– 1696) saved the Habsburg capital. Dagli Orti/Picture Desk, Inc./Kobal Collection Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 38 Prussia under the Hohenzollern Family Rule of Frederick William, the Great Elector Raised taxes through force to build an army Junkers, the German noble landlords in return for obedience to Frederick could enforce serfdom Army and Elector become powerful allies Frederick William’s successors His son, William I, helps Hapsburgs in War of Spanish Succession and becomes King of Prussia Frederick William I – most successful Prussian leader – made the strongest army in Europe the symbol of power and unity, while staying out of war Frederick II or Great – did not have wisdom of his father and invaded Silesia starting long Austrian-Prussian rivalry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 39 Map 13–4 EXPANSION OF BRANDEBURG-PRUSSIA In the 17th century Brandenburg-Prussia expanded mainly by acquiring dynastic titles in geographically separated lands. In the 18th century it expanded through aggression to the east, seizing Silesia in 1740 and various parts of Poland in 1772, 1793, and 1795. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 40 Russia – The Romanov Dynasty Starting with a seventeen year-old boy Michael and his two successors, Aleksei and Theodore II, brought stability and modest bureaucratic centralization to Russia Russia needed this after the reign of Ivan the Terrible Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 41 Peter the Great – Early Years Came to power at age ten and believed that the power of the tsar must be secure from the jealousy and greed of the boyars, the old nobility, and the streltsy, the guards of the Moscow garrison https://slideplayer.com/slide/4533657/ 6/8 12/11/24, 7:49 PM Chapter 13 European State Consolidation - ppt video online download publicly executed rebellious streltsy and repressed and humiliated the boyars Wanted to increase Russian military power, so he drafted an army of 300,000 soldiers Built a navy on the Baltic Sea and went to war with the Ottomans The Great Northern War – Peter defeats the Swedes and takes control of Esonia, Livonia, parts of Finland St. Petersburg – built a capital in honor of himself with places forcibly built by the boyars that resembled small versions of Versailles Peter’s son, Aleksei, with Charles VI of Hapsburg, attempts a conspiracy against Peter and is sentenced to death; dies in prison under mysterious circumstances Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 42 Peter the Great built St Peter the Great built St. Petersburg on the Gulf of Finland to provide Russia with better contact with western Europe. He moved Russia’s capital there from Moscow in This is an eighteenth-century view of the city. The Granger Collection Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 43 Peter the Great – Later Years Peter realized he was faced with a lot of opposition, so he brings the nobility and the Russian Orthodox Church closer to the tsar Table of Ranks – made a person’s social position and privileges more important than lineage Abolishes the patriarch and puts in its place the Holy Synod, which consisted of several bishops headed by a layman called the procurator general 1725 – Peter dies and leaves no successor as Russia becomes unstable Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 44 The Ottoman Government Religious toleration existed more there than anywhere else in Europe Sultans governed their empire through millets – officially recognized religious communities Still some religious discrimination – dhimmis – non-Islamic persons in the Empire could worship, but couldn’t rise in power, had to pay a poll tax, could not serve in the military and were prevented from wearing certain colors Devshirme – Christian boys recruited and raised as Muslims and put into the military as infantry troops known as Janissaries; they were basically well-treated slaves Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 45 Map 13–5 THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY Map 13–5 THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. By the 1680s the Ottoman Empire had reached its maximum extent, but the Ottoman failure to capture Vienna in 1683 marked the beginning of a long and inexorable decline that ended with the empire’s collapse after World War I. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 46 An Ottoman portrayal of the Devshirme An Ottoman portrayal of the Devshirme. This miniature painting from about 1558 depicts the recruiting of young Christian children for the Sultan’s elite Janissary corps. British Library, London, UK/Bridgeman Art Library Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. 47 The End of the Ottoman Empire The Ottomans attempt to expand their empire into Europe, but fail https://slideplayer.com/slide/4533657/ 7/8 12/11/24, 7:49 PM Chapter 13 European State Consolidation - ppt video online download The power of the main political figure, the vizier, grows and splits up the empire Europe passes the Ottomans in learning, science, and military prowess Ottomans suffer military losses to the united European states and Russia and in consequence lose land and revenue Europe sees the Ottoman Empire as one in decline and Islam as an inferior religion Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. https://slideplayer.com/slide/4533657/ 8/8