BIOL 103 Chapter 10: Cell Division And Cancer PDF

BIOL 103 Chapter 10 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e94kvq Disease of unregulated cell division, genetic mutation often main Cancer cause...

BIOL 103 Chapter 10 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e94kvq Disease of unregulated cell division, genetic mutation often main Cancer cause Reproduction at cellular level, which duplicate chromsomes to Cell division create 2 Daughter Cells Produces offspring that are identical to the original cell or organ- Asexual reproduction ism, inheritance of all genes from parent Produced offspring similar to parent but with variations in traits, Sexual reproduction: inheritance of unique sets of genes from two parents A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by Binary fission which one cell divides into two cells of the same size Chromatin DNA and Proteins which make up chromsomes. structures that contain most of the cell's DNA and genetic infor- Chromosome mation Sister chromatids Chromosome after duplication with two copies Centromere narrowed waist sister chromatid's are joined Cell cycle Series of stages from when cell is first born until own division Cytokinesis Division of cytoplasm Growth factor Protein that stimulate division Density dependent inhibition crowded cells stop dividing Anchorage dependence Need for cells to be in contact with solid surface to divide Mutation Change in nucleotide sequence within DNA molecule Substances known to cause or increase chances of cancer form- Carcinogen ing Cycling set of molecule within cell that triggers and coordinates Cell cycle control system key event in cell cycle Checkpoint Critical control points where stop and go signals regulate cycle Apoptosis Programmed cell death Mitotic Spindle separate chromosomes, composed of microtubules Kinetochore Specialized protein structure on centromere of sister chromatin Metaphase plate Cell equator, imaginary plane equal distance from two poles of cell Deepens to separate contents of 2 cells, contracting ring of micro- Cleavage furrow filaments vesicles with cell wall material that grow outward and separate two Cell plate cells Promote cell division in presence of appropriate signals from Proto-oncogene growth factors Oncogene Mutated "proto-oncogene" that are genes that promote cancer Encode proteins that pause cell division, repair DNA, or initiate cell Tumor suppressor gene death, cause cancer when inactivated by mutation Tumor Abnormally growing mass of body cells Angiogenesis growth of new blood vessels, to acquire oxygen and nutrients Metastasis Spread of cancer cells beyond original site using toxic chemicals to kill rapidly dividing cells, affect cancer Chemotherapy cells that are spread throughout the body High-energy ionizing radiation to kill targeted cells, kills cells by Radiation therapy damaging the DNA in cells Stimulate the immune system to find and fight cancer cells, can Immunotherapy have serious immune-related side effects 1/4  BIOL 103 Chapter 10 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e94kvq Kill cancer cells by exploiting weakness caused by muta- Targeted therapy tions/oncogenes, normal cells unaffected because gene expres- sion is normal What are the causes of cancer? Genetic mutations Cancer is one disease. True/False False Asexual reproduction: producing offspring identical to original cell/organism (yeast cell, sea star regenerating arm, African violet Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. List exam- reproducing after cutting); ples Sexual reproduction: offspring similar to parents with variation in traits (Humans with babies) To reproduce self for growth and development, cell replacement, Why do cells divide? heal wounds, reproduction Duplicate chromosome and separate copies, continue elongation Discuss the steps involved in binary fission. of cell and movement of copies, divide into 2 daughter cells Prokaryotes typically have a single chromosome that is circular. True True/False Each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of only DNA. False True/False Sister chromatids are very different from one another. False; they're identical Why is it important for a cell to duplicate its chromosomes before Each cell has the same number of chromosomes it divides? Interphase: most of cell time, duplicates cell contents G1: growth, increase in cytoplasm S Phase: duplication of chromosomes Discuss the stages of the cell cycle. In which stage does a cell G2: growth, prepare for division spend most of its time and why? Mitotic Phase: Division of nucleus, nucleus and contents divide and evenly distribute to 2 daughter nuclei Cytokinesis: divide cytoplasm, 2 daughter cells physically seper- ate Adult nerve cells divide frequently, while skin cells and cells lining nerve cells never divide; labile cells always divide the digestive tract rarely divide. True/False The DNA replication process is perfect - Mistakes are never made. False True/False List some environmental factors that can cause mutations. Smoking, infections, UV radiation What is the purpose of a checkpoint? Regulate the cell cycle to stop an event of signal event to proceed most important; checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and G1 Checkpoint DNA damage if conditions are not appropriate for the cell to divide or if it is not G0 checkpoint programmed to divide they are in this phase S Checkpoint checkpoint that determines if DNA has been replicated properly G2 checkpoint checks for cell size and DNA replication M checkpoint cell monitors spindle formation and attachment to kinetochores Cell pause and try to fix mistake or undergo apoptosis (severe, What does a cell do, if a problem is encountered at a checkpoint? irreparable damage) What role do growth factors play in cell division? Signal cell cycle control system Cells accumulate enough mutations to interfere with cell check- How does cancer develop? points, escape controls of cell cycle 2/4  BIOL 103 Chapter 10 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e94kvq Interphase: Prophase: Pro-metaphase: List the stages of mitosis. Metaphase: Anaphase: Telophase: Cytokinesis: What is the purpose of the mitotic spindle? What is it composed required to separate chromosomes; microtubules, microfilaments, of? intermediate filaments kinetochore microtubules pull chromosomes to the poles of the cell during mitosis Produces elongation of the cell as they slide past each other away nonkinetochore microtubules from the middle of the cell (anaphase) How does cytokinesis in animal cells differ from cytokinesis in animal cells have a cleaveage furrow whilst plant cells have a cell plant cells? plate List the genes that have been identified as indicators of breast BRCA1 and BRCA2 cancer risk. Only women can develop breast cancer since the BRCA1 and False BRCA2 genes are not found in men. True or False Mutations in the BRCA genes increase the risk of people devel- True oping other types of cancer. True or False A mutated BRCA gene compromises the DNA repair system, How does a mutated BRCA gene affect an individual? leading to a lower ability to repair damaged DNA, increasing the risk of developing breast cancer False; majority are combinations of genetic and environmental The vast majority of cancers are inherited. True/False factors Normally: promote cell division in presence of appropriate signals from growth factors. What do proto-oncogenes do normally? What happens when they Mutated: permanently activated and stimulate cell division contin- are mutated? Give an example of a proto-oncogene. uously even in absence of growth factors Example: HER2- frequently mutated in some types of breast can- cer, cancer cells= more copies of Her2 protein Normally: encode proteins that pause cell division; repair DNA; initiate cell death What do tumor suppressor genes do normally? What happens when they are mutated? Give some examples of tumor suppres- Mutated: cause cancer when inactivated by mutation sor genes. Examples: BRCA1, BRCA2, p53 Cancer involves a series of mutations that take time to accumulate Why does cancer affect people more as they age? in a cell lineage. transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous one, enabling it How does a tumor begin? to evade destruction by the body's immune system and leading to the abnormal growth of a mass of cells. Benign: remains at original site, What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors? Malignant: spread to neighboring tissues or other locations Why do cancer cells promote angiogenesis? In order to acquire oxygen and nutrients 3/4  BIOL 103 Chapter 10 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e94kvq Surgery: remove cancerous tissue, effective for solid tumors de- tected early, ineffective for widespread cancers Chemotherapy: Use toxic chemicals to kill rapidly dividing cells, affect cancer cells spread throughout body Radiation therapy: high-energy ionizing radiation to kill targeted cells, kill cells by damaging DNA in cells What are the treatments for cancer? Targeted therapy: Kill cancer cells by exploiting weakness from oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, normal cells unaffected because gene expression is normal Immunotherapy: cancer cells prevent immune system from killing them, uses body own immune system to find and fight cancer cells, drugs have serious immune related side effects pros- most effective for solid tumors detected early, remove can- cerous tissue; Cancer Surgery pros and cons cons- ineffective for widespread cancers pros- affect cancer cells spread throughout body; cons- side effects severe, kill cancer and healthy cells, routinely Chemotherapy Cancer Pros and Cons kills cells healthy frequently dividing cells lining intestinal tract, cells in hair follicles, and cells in bone marrow (side effects- nausea, hair loss, and infections) pros- kills cells by damaging DNA in cells; radiation therapy cancer pros and cons cons- side effects severe, kill both cancer and healthy cells Don't smoke or chew tobacco, eat healthy and maintain healthful weight, How can we reduce the risk of developing cancer? get vaccinated, avoid harmful environments, screen regularly, get tested for hereditary cancer 4/4