Chapter 11: Biology of Cancer PDF

CHAPTER 11 BIOLOGY OF CANCER CANCER TUMOR...

CHAPTER 11 BIOLOGY OF CANCER CANCER TUMOR a #abnormal cells divide who control growth of cell-benign or and are able to invade other tissues malignant BENIGN TUMORS ANAPLASIA shorter lipoma names and #the loss of cellular differentiation endw/-oMA meningioma ① can progress to Mutations lead to cancer Cancer , when a cell mutates , MALIGNANT It becomesstronger a TUMORS becomes independent detached from the In talk about the cell rest. type - gives the cancer cell the capabilityto # end in-carcinoma or -sarcoma Succeed over the other cells CARCINOMA IN SITU * Cancer in only epithelial cells , did not cross throughthe basement of invasion of stroma membrane I TRANSLOCATION : If of a a segment added chromosome is CANCER into another one - L HALLMARKS. & - & * SUSTAINED PROLIFERATIVE SIGNALING PROTO-ONCOGENS Stop Signs) &foremost hallmark of , can cancer * are normal when they mutate , each they become oncogenes uncontrollably divide , they give other signals When they are destroyed (mutated) they # self-motivated cause normal cellular proliferation & EVADING GROWTH SUPPRESORS GENOMIC INSTABILITY # tumor suppressor * caretaker genes genes (the breaks) regulate cell correct things for you if this one - - cycle , - inhibit proliferation doesn't work well, it will cause a huge increase in Step cell division if cells are damaged genomic - prevent mutations instability & of might happening be - because #2 mutations are necessary chromosome epigenetic silencing REPLICATIVE IMMORTALITY instability - normal body cells = not immortal, only divide limited # of times *telomeres : protective caps on each chromosome * Cancer cells can activate telomerase ANGOGENESIS growth of new blood vessels & cancerous tumors REPROGRAMMING ENERGY METABOLISM CANCER CELLS # Warburg effect Laerobic glycolysis = AEROBIC , ANAEROBIC Callows products of glycolysis Reverse to be used for rapid cell grauth) Warburg effect Cancer cells continue to generate - may ATD death Apoptosis programmed : cell TUMOR-PROMOTING INFLAMMATION #chronic inflammation - leads to cancer #Helicobacter pylori - in ar stomach-chronic inflammation associated with - pepticulcers - stanach carcinoma *Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAM) - mucosa associated lymphoid tissue · going to make macrophages work lymphomas for them · key cells that promote the survival of tumors · befriend cells & can't kill anymore because they have diminished a cutotoxic response Stop others from doing their job · EVADING IMMUNE SYSTEM * Immune system doesn't do its job here #our protective mechanism isn't we are working , so trying to make it stronger Immunotheraphy products : im mone system could be used to target these antigens destral tumors ACTIVATING INVASION METASTASIS # local invasion - > spread within the Tissue Stage 1- tumor on its own - Spreads locally Astage 234 Stage spreads through lymphatic vessels * Stage 4 - spreads through blood vessels · METASTASIS CANCER STAGES # STAGE I e no metastasis of from site of Spread cancer a primary STAGE 2- local invasion origin to a distant site initiate STAGE 3 - Spread to regional * changes in tumor microenvironment structures close to organs , - metastasis and cause cancer cells to evolve through lymphatics STAGEH-distant metastasis (travel has happened through SIGNS OF CANCER blood) Cachexia , pain, #anorexia fatigue , Paraneoplastic syndrome : Symptoms are not happening from the Tumor itself, happening from it things around