Cell Division and Cancer Biology

A disease of unregulated cell division, genetic mutation often main cause

Asexual and sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are identical to the original cell or organism, while sexual reproduction produces varying offspring similar to the parent but with traits.

<p>A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms where one cell divides into two cells of the same size</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosome after duplication with two copies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narrowed waist sister chromatid's are joined</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Series of stages from when cell is first born until own division</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Division of cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins that stimulate division</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Density dependent inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need for cells to be in contact with a solid surface to divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change in nucleotide sequence within DNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substances known to cause or increase chances of cancer forming</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cycling set of molecules within cell that triggers and coordinates key events in cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Critical control points where stop and go signals regulate the cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Programmed cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separate chromosomes composed of microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specialized protein structure on centromere of sister chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell equator, imaginary plane equal distance from two poles of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deepens to separate contents of 2 cells, contracting ring of microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vesicles with cell wall material that grow outward and separate two cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote cell division in presence of appropriate signals from growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutated proto-oncogene that are genes that promote cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encode proteins that pause cell division, repair DNA, or initiate cell death, cause cancer when inactivated by mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth of new blood vessels, to acquire oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spread of cancer cells beyond original site</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using toxic chemicals to kill rapidly dividing cells, affect cancer cells that are spread throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-energy ionizing radiation to kill targeted cells, kills cells by damaging the DNA in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kill cancer cells by exploiting weakness caused by mutations/oncogenes, normal cells unaffected because gene expression is normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, and its purpose is to pull chromosomes to the poles of the cell during mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes necessary for proper function and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benign tumors remain at the original site without spreading, while malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and can spread to other parts of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To obtain sufficient oxygen and nutrients to support their rapid growth and survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking, infections, UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that the cell is ready to proceed to the next stage, preventing errors that could lead to uncontrolled cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell may pause and attempt to repair the problem, or if the damage is irreparable, the cell may undergo apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as signals that stimulate cell growth and division, particularly in the presence of appropriate signals from growth factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer develops through a series of mutations that gradually accumulate in cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations in BRCA genes compromise the DNA repair system, leading to a lower ability to repair damaged DNA, increasing the risk of developing breast cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proto-oncogenes normally promote cell division in the presence of appropriate signals from growth factors. However, when mutated, they can become permanently activated and stimulate uncontrolled cell division, leading to cancer. An example of a proto-oncogene is HER2, which is frequently mutated in certain types of breast cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tumor suppressor genes normally encode proteins that pause cell division, repair DNA, or initiate cell death, preventing uncontrolled cell growth. When mutated, these genes can become inactivated, allowing unchecked cell division and contributing to cancer development. Examples of tumor suppressor genes include BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer typically takes time to develop, often requiring a series of mutations that accumulate in cells over time. As people age, they are more likely to have accumulated these mutations, increasing their risk of developing cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tumor begins with the transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous one, often due to mutations in genes that control cell growth and division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cleavage furrow, a pinching inward of the cell membrane that eventually separates the two daughter cells. In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cell plate, a new cell wall that grows between the two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stages of mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two genes that have been identified as indicators of breast cancer risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lifestyle factors play a significant role in cancer prevention. Maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, avoiding smoking, and minimizing exposure to known carcinogens can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer is a disease of unregulated cell division, often caused by genetic mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are identical to the original cell or organism, while sexual reproduction produces offspring similar to the parent but with variation in traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They promote cell division in the presence of appropriate signals from growth factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They become permanently activated, causing uncontrolled cell division. An example is the HER2 gene, which is frequently mutated in some types of breast cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They normally encode proteins that pause cell division, repair DNA, and initiate cell death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be inactivated, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and potentially the development of cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemotherapy uses toxic chemicals to kill rapidly dividing cells, which include cancer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radiation therapy uses high-energy ionizing radiation to damage the DNA in targeted cells, leading to their death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers