Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person PDF

Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person February 5, 2024 Aielyn G. Ali  Chapter 1: What is Philosophy? LEARNING COMPETENCIES 1.1 Distinguish a holistic approach perspective from a partial point of view 1.2 Recognize human activities that emanated from deliberate reflec...

Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person February 5, 2024 Aielyn G. Ali  Chapter 1: What is Philosophy? LEARNING COMPETENCIES 1.1 Distinguish a holistic approach perspective from a partial point of view 1.2 Recognize human activities that emanated from deliberate reflection 1.3 Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on life  ICE BREAKER  Tong Tong Tong Tong Pakitong Kitong Alimango sa dagat Malaki at Masarap Kay hirap Hulihin Sapangkat nangangagat Tong Tong Tong Tong Pakitong Kitong What philosophical question/s have you asked in the past or your asking right now?  Is it existence precedes essence or essence precedes existence?  What is Philosoph y? Formal Definition of Philosophy The word Philosophy derived from the Greek word Philia (love) and Sophia (wisdom) and it means the love of wisdom Pythagoras was said to be the first man to call himself a philosopher. Sage “those who know” Philosopher “ Attempting to find out” Keywords in Philosophy Love/desire/ want Search/pursuit/inquire/investigate Knowledge/wisdom/understanding Value/meaning/essence Life/living/existence The Triumvirate Greek Philosophers  SOCRATES “Athens Street-Corner Philosopher” “The unexamined life is not woth living for”. The Socratic method method of “Elenchus” is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals.  PLATO “ The Philosopher who would be a King” An Aristocrat man with plenty of money and superb psysique. As a crowning achievement: He wrote teh famous treatise about utopian image of an ideal society that ideally run by philosopher Allegory of the Cave Plato seeks to explain the difference between clear intellectual vision and the confused vision of sense of perception by an analogy of senses of sight. The eye is compared to the soul, and the sun, as the source of light to truth or goodness  ARISTOTLE “ A long walk to Golden Mean” Very well paid tutor of Alexander the Great--the highest paid philosopher in the history. This great thinker was called “peripatetic philosopher”  Happiness us the goal of life. The Golden means to avoid extremes  ARISTOTLE “ A walk to the Golden Mean” Very well paid tutor of Alexander the Great--the highest paid philosopher in the history. This great thinker was called “peripatetic philosopher” Hapinnes us the goal of life. The Golden means to avoid extremes Predecessors and Perspective “What is the world made of?” Predecessors and Perspective “The first Philosopher” 1. Thales of Miletus He was called as the one of the seven sages of Greece.  He believed that the world is composed of different forms if water.  Predecessors and Perspective “ Everything emerged from this boundless” 2. Anaximander of Miletus  as one of the first philosophers to propose a comprehensive cosmology or a systematic explanation of the origin and nature of the universe.  He proposed that everything emerged from this “apeiron” boundless substance and that it was eternal and indestructible.  Predecessors and Perspective “Air is the source of all things” 3. Anaximenes of Miletus In early Greek literature, air is associated with the soul (the breath of life) and Anaximenes may have thought of air as capable of directing its own development, as the soul controls the body  Predecessors and Perspective “Fire is the fundamental element or material of the world” 4. Heraclitus For him, change is a permanent aspect of human condition as he was credited with the saying, “ No man ever steps in the same river twice”. Heraclitus was known as the ''dark'' philosopher because his writings were difficult to understand and because he thought that the world revolved around conflict  Predecessors and Perspective “everything in the universe is composed of indivisible, indestructible particles called "atoms." 5. Democritus (460 BCE to 370 BCE). He was among the first to propose the matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms. The term "atom" itself is derived from the Greek word "atomos," meaning indivisible.  Predecessors and Perspective "The foundation of every state is the education of its youth." 6. Diogenes of Sinope (414 BCE to 323 BCE) He was known as the advocate of living of simple and virtuous life. One should not only talk of virtue but should show it in words and actions.  Predecessors and Perspective "Happiness is man’s greatest aim in life. Tranquility and rationality are the cornerstones of happiness.”  7. Epicurus(341 BCE to 270 BCE) He believed that philosophy could enable man to live of life of happiness.  Epicurus' philosophy aimed at achieving a state of ataraxia (peace of mind) and aponia (the absence of pain).  Predecessors and Perspective 7. Parmenides He is called the Father of Metaphysics, because he was the first who spoke about the nature of existence.  Doctrine of Permanence: Parmenides proposed that what is real must be permanent and unchanging.  Predecessors and Perspective 8. Empedocles Four Elements: Empedocles proposed that everything in the universe is composed of four basic elements: earth, water, air, and fire.  The eternal interplay of love and strife determines the state of the cosmos.  Predecessors and Perspective 9. George Berkeley (1685-1753) Summarized his view in the Latin slogan ‘esse est percipi’ which means ‘to exist is to perceive’ He is often associated with empiricism, a philosophical tradition that emphasizes the role of sensory experience and observation as the foundation for knowledge  Predecessors and Perspective 10. Sun Tzu (771–256 BC)  He was a Chinese military general, strategist, philosopher, and writer who lived during the Eastern Zhou period. famously known for his book The Art of War, a guide on how to successfully engage in conflict and battle  Predecessors and Perspective 11. Lao Tzu  The foundational text of Taoism along with the Zhuangzi. The Dao (Tao): The central concept in Daoism is the Dao, which represents the fundamental principle or cosmic force that underlies and unites everything in the universe  Predecessors and 12. Confucius Perspective Philosophy and Teachings: Confucius focused on ethical conduct, moral virtue, and the cultivation of a harmonious society.  His teachings emphasized the importance of virtues such as benevolence (ren), righteousness (yi), propriety (li), wisdom (zhi), and faithfulness (xin).  ICE BREAKER  Duwa koy lima Duwa koy lima-diwang, kawanan Ilaya niyo ka lumpiyo Dawpay tano isa, dowa, tlo Mapiyay paras so lima a Branches of Philosophy  Polyandry Ethics  (ethos “custom” or “habit”) It is a study of moral virtue and evaluates human Polygamy action. Example Questions:  Are moral values Polyamory absolute or relative?  What is right?  Aesthetic  Derives from the greek word ‘aisthetikos’ meaning ‘of sense of perception’is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations— including the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic, and ugly. It has also been defined as “critical reflections of art, culture and nature. Example questions:  What makes it beautiful?  Epistemology It is the study of knowledge and what we can know Example Questions: How do we know that we percieve through our senses?  How do we know that we that we perceive through our senses are correct?  Is knowledge acquired exclusively through the sense or by some other  Metaphysics It is the study of reality or what is real Example Questions:  What is the fundamental nature of time?  What is the cause?  Logic  Logic (from the Greek word ‘logike’ which means word)  Logic is centered in the analysis and construction of arguments. Example Question: 1. What makes it logical arguments?  Difference between western Philosophy and Western Philosophy A. WESTERN PHILOSOPHY 1. Referred to as the school of thought from the Greek Philosophy that influenced the greater part of Western Civilization 2. “The nail that stand out gets hammered down” 3. Individualism trying to find the meaning of life here and now with self at the center as it is already given and part of the divine. B. EASTERN PHILOSOPHY 1. Based mainly in Asia, more specifically Chinese Philosophy (Taoism, Confucianism) 2. “The squeaky wheel gets the grease” 3. Collectivism drawn much more into groups or society or peoples actions and thoughts as one in order to find meaning in life as they try to get rid of the false ‘me’ concept and find the meaning in discovering the true ‘me’ in relation to everything around them.  Filipino Thinking: From Local to Global 1. Loob: Holistic and Interior Dimensions Kahagandahang loob, kabutihang loob, and kalooban are terms that show sharing of one’s self to others. For Mercado (1992), interiority manifests itself in freedom. Loob puts one touch with his fellow beings. Great Philippine Values, in fact, are essentially interpersonal. Example: Hospitality 2. Filipino Philosophy of Time The Filipino---whether Ilokano(Ti tao kasla kulintaba, no agtayab,ngumato, bumaba, or kapampangan (Bie keti ang yatu, mengari yang ruweda, mibabo, milalim, ing Dios nung burin a) (A human being is like a bird who flies up and goes down)— Proves that he believes in the gulong ng palad (literally, “wheel of fortune”) and hence, looks at life as a series of ups and downs (Timbreza 1992).  3. Bahala Na The Filipino subconsciously accepts the bahala na attitude as part of life. Bahala na literally means to leave everything to God who is Bathala in the Vernacular. The bahala na philosophy puts complete trust in the Divine Providence; it contains the element of resignation. Thus, the Filipino accepts beforehand whatever the outcome of his problem might be (Mercado 2000). Bahala na (come what may) nonetheless, is one of the most outstanding Filipino virtues. It  4. Filipino Thought and values: Positive and Negative aspects It is believed that Philippines values and system, in line with Filipino philosophy, are in dire need to be used as positive motivation. Reciprocating debts of gratitude between coordinates and subordinates holds the whole group together—superordinate and subordinate (utang na loob)We should stress the positive Filipino values such as bayanihan or helping others in times of need. Bayanihan is another moving spirit of the Filipino people. Why there is need to philosophize?  Plato traced man’s need to philosophize to his sense of wonder. Rene Descartes traced man’s need to philosophize to his sense of Karl Jaspers saw the need to philosophize because of experience. How do we characterize the study of philosophy?  As an analysis of frameworks - A framework is defined as a way of thinking about the world and composed of the views and beliefs of a person.  As an examination of knowledge - The central principle in philosophy is examination and questioning in areas of sciences. (Religion, Political, and history)  As a discipline - is a distinct area of knowledge with its own goals, concersn and ways of doing things. Have you ever encountered a situation where you had to think about the “simple”, “serious” and “deep” questions in life THINK: Read the following headlines. What “simple”, “serious”, and “deep” questions that comes in your mind? 1. Flash floods in remote village kill a hundred people 2. Abused child kept chained in basement for five years finay rescued 3. Man sentenced to ten years for stealing milk to feed his baby 4. lottery winner donates half of his winnings to local orphanage Simple? deep? or Serious? Difference between Holistic & Partial Thinking Holistic Thinking - refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems. Partial Thinking - focuses on specfic aspects of a situation. How does one engage in reflection? Reflection - requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thought, feelings, and actions and to learn more about one’s life experiences.