Chapter 1 - Looking at Abnormal Behavior PDF

Looking at Abnormality Chapt er 1 Susan Nolen-Hoeksema Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserve...

Looking at Abnormality Chapt er 1 Susan Nolen-Hoeksema Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Chapter Outline  Defining abnormality  Historical perspectives on abnormality  The emergence of modern perspectives  Modern mental health care Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 2 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Continuum Model of Abnormality  Problems in thoughts, feelings, and behavior vary from normal to abnormal  No clear dividing line exists between normal variations in thoughts, emotions, and behaviors and what would be labeled as abnormal  Judgment on where to draw the line between normality and abnormality are subjective Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 3 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Psychopathology  Study of abnormal psychology that includes people who suffer unusual:  Mental pain  Emotional pain  Physical pain Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 4 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Mental Illness  Common belief - Behaviors, thoughts, or feelings can be viewed as pathological or abnormal  Modern view - Collections of problems in:  Thinking or cognition  Emotional responding or regulation  Social behavior Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 5 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Cultural Norms  Define abnormality  Cultures have strong norms for what is considered acceptable  Gender-role expectations  Cultural relativism: There are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal  Behaviors are labeled abnormal relative to cultural norms Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 6 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Cultural Norms  Culture and gender influence:  Ways people express symptoms of abnormality  People’s willingness to admit to certain types of behaviors or feelings  Types of treatments deemed acceptable or helpful for people exhibiting abnormal behaviors Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 7 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Four Ds of Abnormality  Dysfunction - Interferes with a person’s ability to function in daily life  Distress - Causes emotional or physical pain  Deviance - Leads to judgments of abnormality  Dangerousness - Behaviors and feelings that are of potential harm  Constitute feelings or behaviors classified as maladaptive or abnormal Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 8 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Historical Perspectives on Abnormality  Biological theories: Abnormal behavior is similar to physical diseases and is caused by the breakdown of systems in the body  Supernatural theories: Abnormal behavior is a result of divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and personal sin  Psychological theories: Abnormal behavior is a result of traumas or of chronic stress Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 9 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Ancient Theories Prehistoric times Exorcism Trephination: Sections of the skull are drilled or cut away to allow evil spirits to go out of the body Ancient China Balancing Yin and Yang Emotions controlled by internal organs Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome Biological theories dominated Hysteria Diseases result from imbalances in the body’s essential humors Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 10 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Medieval Views  Abnormal behavior was attributed to physical causes or traumas  Witchcraft  Persons accused of witchcraft were possibly mentally ill  Psychic epidemics: Large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 11 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Spread of Asylums  Hospitals created special rooms and facilities for people who demonstrated bizarre behaviors  Concerned about the protection of the public  Thought mental illness was a medical issue Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 12 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Moral Treatment in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Mental hygiene movement Growth of a more humane treatment of the mentally ill People become mad because they are separated from nature People succumb to the stresses imposed by the Moralrapidtreatment social changes of the period Patients be provided with humane conditions to live in Failure Patients remained impaired or their condition worsened Number of patients who failed to benefit Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 13 increased written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Biological Perspectives  Wilhelm Griesinger - Psychological disorders can be explained in terms of brain pathology  Kraepelin - Developed a scheme for classifying symptoms into discrete disorders that is followed even today  Discovery of the cause of general paresis  General paresis: Disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 14 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Psychoanalytic Perspectives Mesmerism Applying animal magnetism to cure disturbed magnetism in patient’s body Psychoanalysis Study of the unconscious Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 15 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Emergence of Modern Perspectives Behaviorism Classical conditioning: Conditioning response in the presence of a stimuli Behaviorism: Study of the role of reinforcement and punishment in determining behavior Cognitive approach Cognitions: Thought processes that influence behavior and emotion Self-efficacy beliefs: People’s beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 16 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Deinstitutionalization  Integrating mental patients into the community with the support of community-based treatment facilities  Patients’ rights movement: Mental patients recover better or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community  Community mental health movement: Provide coordinated mental health services to people in community mental health centers Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 17 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Figure 1.1 - Trends in the Numbers of Psychiatric Beds in Western Europe, 1978–2002 Source: European health for all database, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2004. In McDaid & Thornicroft, 2005. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 18 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Community Mental Health Centers  Halfway houses: Offer people with long-term mental health problems the opportunity to live in a structured, supportive environment  Day treatment centers: Allow people to obtain treatment during the day, along with occupational and rehabilitative therapies  People live at home at night Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 19 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Managed Care  Collection of methods for coordinating care  Ranges from simple monitoring to total control over what care can be provided and paid for  Solves problems created by deinstitutionalization Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 20 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Professions Within Abnormal Psychology  Psychiatrists  Clinical psychologists  Marriage and family therapists  Clinical social workers  Licensed mental health counselors  Psychiatric nurses Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 21 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Figure 1.2 - The Integrationist Approach to Understanding Mental Health Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior 22 written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.