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Questions and Answers
Which category of criminals did Lombroso classify as having physical stigmata or anomalies?
According to Lombroso, all criminals are born with identifiable physical traits.
False
What term does Lombroso use to describe criminals who commit violent acts due to provocation?
Criminal by passion
According to Lombroso, __________ criminals possess mental disorders that affect their moral nature.
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Match the following categories of criminals with their descriptions:
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Which type of physique is characterized by a lean, slightly built appearance and is associated with petty thievery and fraud?
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William Sheldon identified three somatotypes: endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic.
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Who is recognized as the father of psychoanalysis?
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The _____ is the part of personality that is governed by the pleasure principle according to Sigmund Freud.
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Match the somatotype to its description:
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According to Kretchmer, what type of physique is typically associated with violent crimes?
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Freud believed that a weak conscience leads to an overbearing sense of guilt.
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What is the primary characteristic of an ectomorphic physique?
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Who is known as the father of modern ballistics?
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Albert S. Osborn is known for his contributions to modern polygraphy.
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Who is referred to as the grandfather of modern graphology?
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_____ is known as the father of medicine.
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Match the following individuals with their contributions:
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What is a central concern of the Social Milieu School of Thought regarding crime?
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Social structure theory believes in the effectiveness of improved social conditions to prevent crime.
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Who were some early proponents of the Social Milieu School of Thought?
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Postmodern criminology focuses on _____ factors that contribute to crime.
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Which of the following aspects is not a focus of the Social Environments School of Thought?
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In Van Dijk's theory, one of the universal factors contributing to crime is economic _____ and income differentiation.
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Match the following theorists with their contributions:
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Postmodern criminology aims to ignore social inequality.
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Who proposed the Differential Association Theory?
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Strain Theory suggests that crime is often the result of social interaction rather than failure to achieve goals.
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What is the main idea of the Cartographical School of Criminology?
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According to General Inferiority Theory, criminals are originally __________.
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Match the theorist with their theory of crime causation:
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Which theory maintains that individuals may commit crimes to achieve higher status?
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General Inferiority Theory claims that crime is solely a result of biological factors.
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What does the Strain Theory emphasize as a cause of criminal behavior?
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Study Notes
Somatotype School of Criminology
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Ernst Kretchmer correlated body build and constitution with character, temperament, and mentality.
- Asthenic: Lean, narrow shoulders, associated with petty thievery and fraud.
- Athletic: Medium to tall, muscular, associated with crimes of violence.
- Pyknic: Medium height, rounded, associated with deception, fraud, and violence.
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William Sheldon formulated his own somatotype theory:
- Endomorphic: Round body, short limbs, associated with viscerotonic temperament (relaxed, extroverted, loves luxury).
- Mesomorphic: Muscular, strong bones, associated with somatotonic temperament (active, assertive, aggressive).
- Ectomorphic: Fragile bones, thin, associated with cerebrotonic temperament (introverted, sensitive, prone to allergies).
Psychoanalytic Theory of Criminality (Sigmund Freud)
- Sigmund Freud, known as the Father of Psychoanalysis, attributed criminal behavior to an overbearing conscience (causing guilt) or a weak conscience (unable to control impulses).
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Personality consists of three components:
- Id: Represents instinctual drives, governed by the "pleasure principle."
- Ego: The sensible and responsible part, governed by the "reality principle."
- Superego: Represents internalized moral values and social expectations.
Social Milieu School of Thought
- This school focuses on the criminal's social environment.
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Two psychosocial approaches:
- Social Structure Theory: Believes in the fundamental strength of the social system.
- Social Process Theory: Focuses on how individuals become lawbreakers through social interactions.
- Key principles:
- Crime is defined by law (juridical conception).
- Social environment is the key factor.
- Improved social conditions will prevent crime.
- The criminal and victim are largely ignored.
- There is no focus on punishment or rehabilitation.
Postmodern Criminology
- Developed in the late 1980s, focusing on understanding new ways of knowing and universal factors that contribute to crime.
- Views "criminality" as a product of the power structure limiting the behavior of marginalized individuals who attempt to overcome social inequality.
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Universal determinants of crime and victimization:
- Economic inequality and income disparities.
- Low educational qualifications.
- High prevalence of firearms.
- Rapid urbanization without sufficient infrastructure.
- Risky lifestyle choices (outgoing, etc.).
- Multicultural populations.
- High rates of alcohol and drug abuse.
- Large youth populations.
- High rates of repeat victimization, particularly among young people in urban areas.
Italian School of Criminology
- Founded by Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, and Raffaele Garofalo at the end of the 19th century.
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Categories of Criminals:
- Born criminals or Atavism: Exhibit physical stigmata suggesting a reversion to animalistic characteristics.
- Criminaloids: May not have physical stigmata but exhibit antisocial conduct.
- Insane Criminals: Suffer from mental disorders, leading to crime.
Differential Association Theory (Edwin Sutherland)
- Criminal behavior is learned through social interactions and communication.
Strain Theory (Robert King Merton)
- Failure to achieve societal goals due to limited opportunities leads individuals to commit crime (e.g., seeking higher status through illegal means).
Cartographical School of Criminology (Adolphe Quetelet)
- Crime patterns vary seasonally:
- Crimes against person increase in summer.
- Crimes against property increase in winter.
General Inferiority Theory (Earnest Hooton)
- Criminals are biologically inferior, with crime resulting from their environment.
Important Figures in Criminology and Related Fields
- Cesare Lombroso: Founder of the Italian School of Criminology, known for the concept of "born criminals."
- Edwin Sutherland: Developed the Differential Association Theory.
- Robert King Merton: Formulated Strain Theory.
- Adolphe Quetelet: Founded cartographical school of criminology, highlighting geographic and demographic patterns in crime.
- Earnest Hooton: Proponent of the General Inferiority Theory.
- Goddard: father of "modern ballistics."
- Alexander John Forsyth: Father of "percussion system".
- John M. Browning: Wizard of "modern firearm"
- Albert S. Osborn: Father of "questioned document examination".
- Jean Hippolyte Michon: Grandfather of "modern graphology"
- William M. Marston: Father of "old polygraphy"
- Leonard Keeler: Father of "modern polygraphy"
- Paulus Zacchias: Father of "legal medicine"
- Sixto "Angelo" Reyes: Father of "legal medicine in the Philippines"
- Hippocrates: Father of "medicine"
- Honorato S.: (no further details provided in the text)
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Description
Explore the fascinating links between body types and criminal behavior through the theories of Ernst Kretchmer and William Sheldon. Additionally, delve into Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of criminality, which attempts to explain the underlying psychological factors influencing criminal actions.
