Infection and Inflammation Past Paper Questions PDF

CHAPTER 1 Anatomic Pathology of Organs  What is pathology? The study of different states of disease or illness ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY HISTOPATHOLOGY CYTOPATHOLOGY When a visible pathological state Histology is the study...

CHAPTER 1 Anatomic Pathology of Organs  What is pathology? The study of different states of disease or illness ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY HISTOPATHOLOGY CYTOPATHOLOGY When a visible pathological state Histology is the study of Cytology is the study of cells. (diseased state) occurs in organs or tissue. Cytopathology is the study of the body. Histopathology is therefore the pathological conditions of identification of pathological cells by using a microscope. conditions. An example is the It is the study or analysis of examination of vaginal smears tissue cuts under a to test for cancer by making microscope. use of a pap smear. By this cancer or infection of the tissue may be traced.  CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES: 1. Congenital diseases These are inborn diseases like heart diseases. They may also be transmitted by the genes to the chromosomes from one generation to the next. 2. Acquired diseases These are diseases contracted by a healthy person as a result of for example: Malnutrition, trauma, exposure to X-rays, pathogenic micro-organisms, degeneration of the body, etc. 3. Idiopathic diseases The origin of the disease is unknown.  INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION Infection originates as contamination occurs with pathogenic micro-organisms. If the body is unable to rid itself of the foreign antigens and antibiotics are not administered to counteract the infection, a state of inflammation occurs. It may also be seen as the reaction of the body's tissues to infection. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION 1. Redness 2. Swelling 3. Pain 4. Area feels warm 5. Loss of function of tissue  STAGES OF INFLAMMATION 2. Sub-acute stage 1. Acute inflammation This occurs when a state between acute and chronic has bene Inflammation is acute when the above symptoms occur in reached. Inflammation may still be healed, or it may become an advanced stage, when there is an increase in the micro- chronic. organisms and the defence mechanisms are unable to offer resistance. 3. Chronic stage 4. Resolution stages This stage is reached when inflammation has stretched over a long period. Healing is very difficult and fails in some cases. It is characterised by: This is a stage where inflammation has been healed completely but a scar is left. It is caused by an abscess which (a) chronic secretion of pus (b) formation of connective tissue which results in a scar erupted (burst open) or a fistula (an abscess with two (c) the forming of granulation tissue which is also a type of connective tissue but openings). contrary to the above, leaves no scar but forms a granuloma. This is a soft, round mass which can be felt with the fingers.  COMPLICATIONS OF INFLAMMATION Bacteraemia This is a state where bacteria is present in the blood without signs of increasing. The patient shows all the symptoms of inflammation, feels ill, is listless and shows signs of malaise (sickness) and may be feverish. Septicaemia There is an increase of bacteria in the blood because blood is a very good medium for micro-organisms. The patient develops a high temperature (above 38 degrees) with alternate bouts of sweating and shivering. Convulsions as a result of fever may also occur. Abscesses may start forming on any part of the body. Resolution is still possible but if healing does not occur it may change into pyaemia. Pyaemia The red and white blood cells clog together and are infiltrated by large number of pathogen micro-organisms. Such a clogging forms a septic thrombus which breaks up eventually and causes septic embolism. These small embolisms are now pumped throughout the entire body (brain included) by the heart, and they cause small abscesses. The patient is now critically ill. Resolution may still occur, but it is a very dangerous state and may result in death if not treated properly.  PREVIOUS QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER 1: (NATIONAL EXAM PAPERS – FIRST PAPER) ANSWERS: ANSWER:  JUNE 2014 ANSWER: JUNE 2014  NOVEMBER 2015 QUESTION ANSWER  JUNE 2015 QUESTION ANSWER NOVEMBER 2016  JUNE 2016 QUESTION ANSWER  NOVEMBER 2018 QUESTION ANSWER  JUNE 2018 QUESTION ANSWER  SEPTEMBER 2020 QUESTION ANSWER  NOVEMBER 2021 QUESTION ANSWER  JUNE 2021 QUESTION ANSWER