Chapter-1.-final-Overview-of-Agricultral-Extension.docx

**Chapter 1** **Overview of Agricultural Extension** **T**he effective delivery of any extension programs, projects and services is closely associated with better understanding of its concepts, nature, functions, roles and objectives. The appreciation of various philosophy and principles of extens...

**Chapter 1** **Overview of Agricultural Extension** **T**he effective delivery of any extension programs, projects and services is closely associated with better understanding of its concepts, nature, functions, roles and objectives. The appreciation of various philosophy and principles of extension will greatly influence the development of effective and efficient extension service providers in the country. Knowing the vital role of agricultural extension and communication in relation to rural development will lead to honing the knowledge, skills and attitude of future extension workers and implementers. This module will introduce you to different concepts and nature of agricultural extension in the country. **Lesson 1. Concepts and Nature of Agricultural Extension** **Lesson Objectives** At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Explain the various concepts and nature of agricultural extension; 2. Illustrate the nature of agricultural extension in relation to rural development; and 3. Appreciate the vital role of agricultural extension in nation building. **Defining Extension** Extension has been defined in different perspectives: - as technical assistance - a "bridge" that connects farmers to agricultural research - technology transfer or delivery - non-formal education -- one that happens outside the formal school system 4. 5. 6. **5.5. Terminology for Extension and their Meanings** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Country/People** | **Terminology** | **Meaning** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Netherlands (Dutch) | Voorliching | Lighting the pathway | | | | ahead to help people | | | | find their way | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Indonesia | Penyuluhan | Lighting the way | | (Indonesians) | | ahead with a torch | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Malaysia (Malaysians) | Perkembagan | Lighting the way | | | | ahead with a torch | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Austria (Austrians) | Förderung | "Furthering" or | | | | stimulating one to go | | | | in a desirable | | | | direction | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Germany (Germans) | Beratung | "Advisory work"- an | | | | expert can give | | | | advice on the best | | | | way to reach one's | | | | goal but leaves the | | | | person the final | | | | responsibility for | | | | selecting the way | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Aukflärung | "Enlightenment" so | | | | that one knows | | | | clearly where he/she | | | | is going | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Erziechung | "Education," that is, | | | | to teach people to | | | | solve their problems | | | | themselves | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | France (French) | Vulgarisation | Simplification of the | | | | message for the | | | | common man | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Spain (Spaniards) | Capacitacion | Improving people's | | | | abilities, normally | | | | through training | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | USA | Education | To teach people to | | | | solve problems | | (Americans) | | themselves | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **Lesson 2. Objectives and Scope of Extension** **Learning Objectives** At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Discuss the objectives of extension; and 2. Explain the scope of extension. **Content Focus** **Scope of Extension** B. Marketing and processing of farm products An efficient marketing system should be organized so that the farm products of the farmers may equally benefit the farmers together with the processor, distributor, retailer, consumers and others. C. **Environmental protection and natural resources development** **D. Farm and home management** The land, water, climate, minerals, trees are natural resource, which when developed properly provide maximum benefits to mankind. The institutional resources particularly the school,, the churches, market, government and nongovernmental organizations and local government units have their influence on the response of the people in community projects. I**. Public affairs** **Learning Objectives:** At the end this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Compare and contrast philosophy and principles of extension; 2. Discuss the philosophy of extension; 3. Discuss the principles of extension; and **Educational Philosophy as Foundation of** Agricultural Extension ------------------------------------------------------------------ Learning Points 3\. That extension must be a form of education that teaches people to do things, not a system of doing things for people; 4\. That idea must be put to work for the betterment of the human race. Pursuing knowledge for its own sake is like keeping tools locked up in tool chest. Knowledge must be put to work; 5\. That knowledge can only be transferred through a process of man helping his fellowmen; **Specifically, extension work is based on the following philosophies:** 1. Extension starts where the people are and with what they have. 2. Extension teaches people how to think not what to think. **Principles of Extension** 2. **Principle of cultural change** 3. **Principle of interest and needs** 4. **Principle of grassroots approach** 5. **Principle of cooperation** 6. **Principle of participation** 7. **Principle of the use of extension teaching methods** 8. **Principle of leadership** 9. **Principle of voluntary education** 10. **Principle of satisfaction** 11. **Principle of whole family approach** 12. **Principle of trained specialist** **Learning Objective:** At the end this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Discuss various dimensions of extension. **Nature/Dimensions of Extension** 1. **Altruistic Dimension.** Extension is aimed at helping farmers -- a basic premise of extension that must be observed by practitioners 2. **Educational Dimension.** Extension is a non-formal method of adult education, thus extension professionals must be imbued with knowledge on how adults learn. 3. **Communication Dimension.** Extension is a communication intervention. Knowledge of basic communication and its dynamics must be adequately understood by the extension professional. 4. **Behavioral Dimension.** Extension is aimed at inducing behavioral changes among farmers (this makes behavioral change the end goal of extension). If farmer has not changed his behavior (for his betterment) NO EXTENSION has been done. 5. **Technology Dimension.** Extension should be able to identify technologies appropriate to clientele. The need for alternative approaches and methods for diagnosing technical problems should be recognized. 6. **Research Dimension.** Extension aims at linking research with farmers. Ways to foster closer links between the farmers and the researchers need further understanding**.** 7. **Input Dimension.** Provision of technical inputs plays an important linking function in the transfer of technology. The extension professional must be knowledgeable of these technical inputs. 8. **Income Dimension.** Extension is aimed at increased income for the farmer through increased production and productivity. 9. **Management Dimension.** Extension aims to function according to sound management principles. Hence, the extension professional must be a Good Manager. **Lesson 5. Extension Implementers** **Learning Objectives** At the end of this module, you will be able to: 1. Describe the personal qualities of extension worker; 2. Explain the functions of an extension worker; and 3. Explain the roles and tasks of agricultural extension workers **Content Focus** Functions and Roles of the Change Agent **Personal Qualities** 1. 2. 3. - physical fitness - ability to communicate with farmers - ability to get along with people - enthusiasm for the job - common sense - initiative 1. 2. **Functions of an Extension Worker** 1\. Gathering of data and information about the community and its constituents. 10. **Roles and Tasks of an Extension Worker** **1. Educator** **7. Middle-level Manager** **8. Analyst** a\. Identifying and analyzing local situation and problem. b\. Interpreting problems and their solutions to clientele. References: Adams, M. E. (1982). Agricultural extension in developing countries. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex: Longman Battad, T., et. al. 2003. Agricultural Extension. Groundwater Publications, Makati City, Philippines. **Contado, T.E. **1997. Formulating extension policy; In: *Improving Agricultural Extension: a reference manual *(Eds: B.E. Swanson, R.P. Bentz, & A.J. Sofranko). Rome: FAO. Di Franco, J., \"Extension Teaching is an Art\", EE 15, Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Turrialbsi Costa Rica 1966, 5 pages. Guralni, 1978. Educational Philosophy as Foundation of Agricultural Extension. ***Mabutas***, A. and D. ***Paguirigan***, 1978. The Philippine Agricultural ***Extension*** Services Guidebook for Extensionists. Manila: Vera Printing Press,  Maunder, S., (1973). "Agricultural Extension Agr 355",www.scribd.com/\.../Agricultural- Extension\...2011, Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2013 Maunder, S., (1978). "Agricultural Extension Agr 355",www.scribd.com/\.../Agricultural-Extension\...2011, Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2013 Maunder, A, H. Agricultural Extension. A Reference Manual. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome (Italy). 374p Röling, N., (1988). Extension Science: information systems in agricultural development. Cambridge University Press. Roling, N., (1988). Extension and the development of human resources: the other tradition in extension education\', in RRDC Bulletin, September, p. 13-17. Saguiguit, G. F., (1976). [Manpower requirements and institutional building for agricultural development \[in South East Asia\].](http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH19760091298) Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study. agris.fao.org Singh, A.K. (1999). Agriculture extension: Impact and assessment. Jodhpur, India: ARGOBIOS (INDIA). Swanson, B. (Ed.). (1984). *Agricultural extension: A reference manual.* Rome: FAO. Swanson, B. (Ed.). (1990). Global Consultation on Agricultural Extension: A report. Rome: FAO. Van den Ban, A. W., and H. S. Hawkins. 1996. Agricultural Extension, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.