Lecture 1 - Environment and Sustainability PDF

1 Lecture 1 - Environment and Sustainability Prof. Dr. Sandhya Babel School of Bio-Chemical Engineering & Technology Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University ...

1 Lecture 1 - Environment and Sustainability Prof. Dr. Sandhya Babel School of Bio-Chemical Engineering & Technology Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University  2 Current global environmental issues soztNo acidic gas sen the - Heson hand ozone stratosphere HNOs No + H20- uy Filter 002 , 20 , I10 , 50 2 , PM 2. 5 P He organic carbon 8 billions https://www.dw.com/en/five-of-the-worlds-biggest-environmental-problems/a-35915705 Popublic Health Issues 9 Acid Rain. 6.. pzone Layer Depletion U 7. Deforestation 6 loss of biodiversity 5. Ocean Acidification y. Waste disposal. 3 ever population. 2 Global warming 1. Pollution 17 types air , soil Global environmental issues 3  Global environmental issues 4 Overpopulation -Shop C  Overpopulation - number of the existing human exponential population exceeds the actual carrying capacity of Earth.  In the past fifty years or so, the growth of the population has boomed and has turned into overpopulation.  By 2100, the population is on track to hit 10.8 billion, according to the United Nations.  Increasing global population strains resources, leading to higher demand for food, water, housing, energy, healthcare, and transportation. This consumption contributes to ecological degradation, conflicts, and the risk of large-scale disasters like pandemics. https://www.dw.com/en/five-of-the-worlds-biggest-environmental-problems/a-35915705 (2019)  animals Global environmental issues fat-home 5 Deforestation Habi plants for  Species-rich wild forests are being destroyed, especially in the tropics, often to make way for cattle ranching, soybean or palm oil plantations, or other only one type of specie a etype of agricultural monocultures. - crop  About 7.3 million hectares (18 million acres) of forest are destroyed each year, mostly in the tropics. Tropical forests used to cover about 15 percent of the planet's land area; they're now down to 6 or 7 percent. Much of this remainder has been degraded by logging or burning. par hish biodiversity tropical Rainforest > 15a - o Bhut n a neutral https://www.dw.com/en/five-of-the-worlds-biggest-environmental-problems/a-35915705 (2019) Global environmental issues as 6 Water Pollution ↑ NtPebphicatio  Water pollution occurs when harmful substances— often chemicals or microorganisms—contaminate a groundwater stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of - water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment.  Water pollution originates from industrial discharge of chemicals, runoff of agricultural pesticides and domestic water water waste, inadequate municipal sewage treatment, -- accidental oil spills, and the discharge of toxins from mining activities https://www.dw.com/en/five-of-the-worlds-biggest-environmental-problems/a-35915705 (2019) Global environmental issues perdumpingth react 7 Waste perficiate -  Solid waste management is a critical global environmental issue that pertains to the accumulation and improper disposal of various forms of solid waste.  Solid waste, results from rapid population growth, urbanization, industrial activities, consumerism, and inadequate waste management infrastructure. They drive increased waste generation, concentrated urban waste, hazardous industrial waste, excessive consumption, and poor disposal practice. i die plas https://www.dw.com/en/five-of-the-worlds-biggest-environmental-problems/a-35915705 (2016) Global environmental issues 8 Air pollution and climate change it cool , potwal gas > - energy Hydrocarbon -  Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation for agriculture, - and industrial activities have pushed up atmospheric CO2 concentrations from 280 parts per million (ppm) 200 years ago, to about 400 ppm in nowadays (NOAA, 2020)  Carbon overloading is only one form of air pollution caused by burning coal, oil, gas and wood. World Health Organization recently estimated that one in nine deaths in 2012 were attributable to diseases caused by carcinogens and other poisons in polluted - air. concer https://www.dw.com/en/five-of-the-worlds-biggest-environmental-problems/a-35915705 (2019) Global environmental issues 9 CO2 CHy , 12 goses , nitrous Climate change > - Green house  Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.  Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun’s activity or large volcanic eruptions.  But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.  Climate change effects include extreme weather events, > cause float - rising temperatures, sea-level rise, changing precipitation patterns, ecosystem disruptions, risks to agriculture and food security, and health impacts. Addressing these effects requires mitigation, adaptation, sustainable practices, and international cooperation. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/global-temperatures  10 What is the solutions? !!! Sustainability & Sustainable development !!!  thing you lifeof living billion 11 Sustainability earth-3 5. on “Sustainability is the ability of the earth’s various natural systems and human cultural systems and economies to survive and adapt to changing environmental term conditions indefinitely.” for long long breaor & - Originally it came from forestry, fisheries, and groundwater, which dealt with quantities such as “maximum sustainable cut,” “maximum sustainable yield,” and “maximum sustainable pumping rate.” Ex: How many trees can we cut and still have forest growth? How many fish can we take and still have a fishery functioning at the end? How much ground water can we draw and still have a viable aquifer at the end of the pumping period? In cut trees plant 10 trees  Sustainability a 12 future tir  Sustainability also means enduring into the long-term future; it refers to - systems and processes that are able to operate and persist on their own over long periods of time.  Living sustainably means living off earth’s natural income without reduce the amounts destroy eg : water is polluted depleting or degrading the natural capital that supplies it. --  Sustainability is the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions. clean > - good health > - good quality of life Rogers, Peter P., Kazi F. Jalal, and John A. Boyd. An introduction to sustainable development. Earthscan, 2012. Pillars of sustainability 13 Economic – maximizing income while maintaining a constant or increasing stock of capital Ecological – maintaining resilience and living non-living robustness of biological and physical - - systems; and Social-cultural – maintaining stability of social and cultural systems & (Rogers et al. (1997)  14 Pillars of sustainability Environment Biodiversity > - different substainable types of living organism Materials Energy Biophysical & nutrient cycle interactions World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987  15 Pillars of sustainability Economy Money and capital Employment Technological growth Investment Market forces World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987  16 Pillars of sustainability Society Human diversity Equity Quality of life Institutional structures Political Structures World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 Principles of sustainability 17 Life on the earth: I billion 9 La Has been sustained for 3.5 billions of years by solar energy, biodiversity, and chemical cycling Depends on energy from the sun and natural capital provided by the earth Principles of sustainability 18 Dependence on solar energy Solar energy  Warms earth  Supplies nutrients, directly and indirectly  Provides energy for plants to make food for other organisms (photosynthesis)  Powers winds water  Powers the hydrologic cycle – which includes flowing water -  Provides energy: wind and moving water can be turned into electricity Principles of sustainability 19 Biodiversity Biodiversity (biological diversity)  Provides ecosystem services and adaptability  Many ecosystems D I Rainfall  Deserts D  Forests  Oceans B Grasslands  Species and systems renew soil and purify air and water. ⑪ temperature tropical temperate * cold Principles of sustainability 20 Chemical cycling cycle water Natural processes recycle nutrients c+ S + N +p - cycles Recycling is necessary because there is a fixed supply of these nutrients on - earth - Nutrients cycle from living organisms to the nonliving environment and back ecycle Chemical cycles are necessary to sustain life In nature, waste = useful resources “Interdependence, not independence, is what sustains life”  Solar Energy 21 Principles of sustainability Chemical Cycling Biodiversity  22 Living More Sustainably Sustainability – central theme Natural capital Natural resources Ecosystem services Photosynthesis - Powered by solar energy Human activities degrade natural capital By using renewable resources faster than nature can restore them By overloading natural resources with pollution and waste  23 What is a resource? mental ore refining A resource is anything we obtain from the environment > metal Can be readily available for use sand a Or – can require technology to acquire crade aid-thin : · eg Sustainable solutions for resource use less Reduce > use - use in the same form Reuse > - up Recycle > - Reprocessing · Recover Natural Capital = Natural Resources + Ecosystem Services 24 e · Miller, G. T., & Spoolman, S. (2015).  25 Types of resources never finish , unstoppable Inexhaustible resources - Perpetually available and expected to last eg : sunlight Renewable resources Replenished by natural processes within their sustainable yield fixed amounts Nonrenewable/exhaustible resources - Available in fixed quantities that can be renewed, but only through long-term geologic processes  26 Natural resources Perpetual (renews continuously) Solar energy, wind and flowing water 100 gas Renewable (days to centuries) century = Air, water, soil, grasslands, plants, forests, fish populations Nonrenewable (fixed quantities) natural gas Minerals, energy (fossil fuels: oil, coal, etc.) Metallic minerals (Cu, Ag, etc.) Nonmetallic minerals (silica)  27 Natural resources (cont.) Sustainable yield Renewableesources Highest use while maintaining supply - Environmental degradation Use exceeds natural replacement rate  28 Natural services Functions of nature Purification of air, water Nutrient cycling From the environment to organisms and back to the environment  protein , fate carbon hydrate Natural services organic -> rich in carbon 29 Organic matter in animals Dead organic matter Organic matter in - plants estve note Decomposition Inorganic matter in 29 Miller, G. T., & Spoolman, S. (2015). soil  30 Resource use and environmental impact Industrialized countries 17% of world’s population (United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, most of Europe, some others) Use 88% of world’s resources Create 75% of world’s pollution  31 Resource use and environmental impact (cont.) Developing countries 83% of world’s population Middle income, moderately developed countries (China, India, Brazil) Low income, least developed countries (Nigeria, Bangladesh, Haiti) person Use far fewer resources per capita than developed countries the amount of resourceconsumption Smaller per capita ecological footprint -  32 Ecological footprints  Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to indefinitely supply the people in a given area with renewable resources (Includes the land and water necessary to absorb and recycle wastes and pollution) min  Ecological deficit enewable ~ s we  When use is more than nature can replenish it This creates adverse environmental impacts, which can be mitigated by upcycling Upcycling: process of transforming waste, by-products or useless products into better quality or value Ecological footprints (cont.) 33 The growth of ecological footprints  Leads to degradation of natural capital  Results in the creation of pollution and waste Total ecological footprint greater than biological capacity for resource renewal and absorption of wastes and pollution Miller, G. T., & Spoolman, S. (2015). Ecological footprints (cont.) 34 Miller, G. T., & Spoolman, S. (2015). 2018 study: at least 80% global excess Humans currently need 1.8 earths Year 2030: 2 earth (Global Footprint network) – It means using resources as we lived on 2 Earth McLennan, Marsh, (2021)  35 Sustainable development “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” UN World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland Report, 1987). SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES 36  People: End poverty, hunger, and inequality while ensuring dignity, equality, and a healthy environment.  Planet: Protect the planet through sustainable consumption, production, resource management, and urgent climate action. ste  Prosperity: Enable prosperous lives and harmonize economic, social, and technological progress with nature. 1-1 sace https://www.sdg.services/principles.html SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES 37  Peace: Foster peaceful, inclusive societies free from fear and violence, recognizing the interlinkage between peace and sustainable SDGIS development.  Partnership: Mobilize resources and strengthen global solidarity through a revitalized Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, involving all countries, stakeholders, and people. https://www.sdg.services/principles.html SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES 38  39 Recent global measures (MDGs)  In 2000, members of the United Nations (UN) adopted a set of goals aimed at halving extreme poverty in all its forms, including hunger, illiteracy, and disease, by 2015. The agreement established a set of 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).  Despite not reaching these goals by 2015, they drew the world’s attention to the challenges of extreme poverty, generate new partnerships, and mobilize global efforts.  40 Latest global measures (SDGs)  In 2015, world leaders adopted a new set of goals: the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).  Working groups and stakeholders developed a system of 17 goals with 169 measurable targets and indicators. Rather than being written by a few specialists, they were developed by stakeholders from both developed and developing countries and agreed upon by consensus.  https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/ 41 - - - v - 17 Sustainable Development Goals 42  43 Environmentally sustainable society  In order to live sustainably, one must live off the natural resources without depleting or degrading the natural capital that supplies these natural resources  By living only on the natural income and not depleting the natural capital, society moves from an unsustainable lifestyle to a sustainable one  Earth’s natural capital provides natural income: renewable resources such as plants, animals, soil, and clean water and air “We Must Protect Our Natural Capital and Live Off of Its Income”  44 A more sustainable future is possible Given enough time, most degraded environments can recover – but many will take hundreds or thousands of years to recover  Time is our most scarce resource  However, 5-10% of a population that changes can make a difference  Changes can occur in a shorter time than previously thought Progress of Sustainable Development Goals in ASEAN 45 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line in ASEAN An average of 13.0 per 100 people were living below the countries’ poverty lines in 2018. The 2022 ASEAN SDG Snapshot Report  Progress of Sustainable Development Goals in ASEAN 46 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to climate- related disasters  Millions of people across the ASEAN region were affected by devastating natural disasters including floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Flooding alone left many without homes, possessions, and livelihoods.  The Philippines and Thailand were the hardest hit countries by natural calamities in 2016 The 2022 ASEAN SDG Snapshot Report Progress of Sustainable Development Goals in ASEAN 47 e Prevalence of stunting growth among children under 5 years of age in ASEAN per 100,000 reduced wh  On the average, a quarter (25.4%) of children under 5 years of age are stunted in 2020.- This is slightly lower when compared to 2016’s 27.0%.  Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia experienced a worsening malnutrition problem while Cambodia, Philippines, Viet Nam, Myanmar showed some improvements in 2020 compared to 2016. The 2022 ASEAN SDG Snapshot Report Progress of Sustainable Development Goals in ASEAN 48 mother Maternal mortality ratio in ASEAN per 100,000  On average, the maternal mortality ratio in the region went down only slightly from 202.8 per 100,000 live births in 2016 to 199.8 in 2020.  There remain wide gaps among member states in achieving maternal health. The 2022 ASEAN SDG Snapshot Report Progress of Sustainable Development Goals in ASEAN 49 Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption in ASEAN  Share of renewable energy in the total final energy consumption in the region was nearly unchanged from 7.47 to 8.46% between 2016 and 2020.  Philippines and Vietnam had the highest shares in renewable energy sources. The 2022 ASEAN SDG Snapshot Report  50 References 1.Rogers, Peter P., Kazi F. Jalal, and John A. Boyd. An introduction to sustainable development. Earthscan, 2012. 2. Miller, G. T., & Spoolman, S. (2015). Environmental science. Cengage Learning. 3. ASEAN 2022, The 2022 ASEAN SDG Snapshot Report 4. UN 2009, MEASURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 5. Sustainable Development Goals booklet ESCAP (https://sdghelpdesk.unescap.org/e-library/sdg- goal-and-target-booklets-multiple-languages) 6. McLennan, Marsh. "The Global Risks Report 2021 16th Edition." Cologny, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 2021.