Chapter 8 Lecture Outline PDF

**Chapter** **8\ **Lecture Outline 8.1 Components of the Skeleton\ Learning Objectives: - Compare and contrast the functions and composition of the axial and appendicular skeletons. - Become familiar with terminology for common bone markings. 8.1a Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Skeleta...

**Chapter** **8\ **Lecture Outline 8.1 Components of the Skeleton\ Learning Objectives: - Compare and contrast the functions and composition of the axial and appendicular skeletons. - Become familiar with terminology for common bone markings. 8.1a Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Skeletal system organized into two divisions: - **Axial skeleton** - - - **Appendicular skeleton** - - - - Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Figure 8.1 8.1b Bone Markings Figure 8.2 Section 8.1\ What did you learn? - What is the general function of the axial skeleton, and which bones are considered part of the axial skeleton? - What is the difference between a foramen and a fissure? 8.2 Bones and Features of the Skull\ Learning Objectives: 1 - Distinguish between the cranial and the facial bones. - Identify the locations of cranial and facial bones in various views of the skull. - Learn key bone markings and features of each of the bones of the cranium. - Compare and contrast the locations and contents of three cranial fossae. 8.2 Bones and Features of the Skull\ Learning Objectives: 2 - Describe the locations of the sutures between the cranial bones. - List the bones that form the orbital and nasal complexes. - Describe the location and function of the paranasal sinuses. 8.2a General Anatomy of the Skull 1 **Skull** - - - - - 8.2a General Anatomy of the Skull 2 **Cranial bones** - - - - - - - 8.2a General Anatomy of the Skull 3 **Facial bones** - - - - - - 8.2a General Anatomy of the Skull 4 Cavities of the skull - - - - - - Major Cavities of the Skull Figure 8.3 Section 8.2a\ What did you learn? - What bones form the skull? Which of these bones are cranial bones? Which of these bones are facial bones? 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 1 Anterior view - - - - - - - 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 2 Anterior view (*continued*) - - - - - - - - - - 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 3 Anterior view (*continued*) - - - - - - Anterior View of the Skull Figure 8.4 (top) 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 4 Superior view - - - - - - 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 6 Posterior view - - - - - - - Posterior View of the Skull Figure 8.5b 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 7 Lateral view - - - - - - 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 8 Lateral view (*continued*) - - - - - 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 9 Lateral view (*continued*) - - - - - - - Lateral View of the Skull Figure 8.6 (top) 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 10 Sagittal sectional view - - - 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 11 Sagittal sectional view (*continued*) - - - - - - Sagittal Section of the Skull Figure 8.7a 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 13 Inferior view - - - - - - - Inferior View of the Skull Figure 8.7b 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 15 Internal view of cranial base - - - - - - 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 16 Internal view of cranial base (*continued*) - - - - - - - - 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 17 Internal view of cranial base (*continued*) - - - - - 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 18 Internal view of cranial base (*continued*) - Internal View of the Cranial Base Figure 8.8 Internal Bones of the Skull Figure 8.9 Clinical View: Cleft Lip and Palate - - - - - - - - - 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 19 Internal view of cranial base (*continued*) - - - - Cranial Fossae Figure 8.10 Section 8.2b\ What did you learn? - What bones may be prominently seen in an anterior view of the skull? - What bones form the middle cranial fossa, and which part of the brain resides in this fossa? 8.2c Sutures 1 **Sutures** - - **Coronal suture** - - **Lambdoid suture** - - - 8.2c Sutures 2 **Sagittal suture** - - **Squamous suture** - Section 8.2c\ What did you learn? - What bones articulate at the lambdoid suture? When does this suture typically fuse? Orbital Complex Orbits enclose and protect the eyes and eye muscles Consists of multiple bones that form each orbit Figure 8.11 8.2d Orbital and Nasal Complexes, Paranasal Sinuses **Nasal complex** - - **Paranasal sinuses** - - - - - Nasal Complex Figure 8.12 ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel Paranasal Sinuses Figure 8.13 Section 8.2d\ What did you learn? - What bones form the floor of the orbit? - In which four bones are the paranasal sinuses located? 8.3 Bones Associated with the Skull\ Learning Objectives: 2 - Locate and identify the auditory ossicles. - Describe the structure and function of the hyoid bone. 8.3 Bones Associated with the Skull 1 **Auditory ossicles** - - - 8.3 Bones Associated with the Skull 2 **Hyoid bone** - - - - - - Hyoid Bone Figure 8.14 Section 8.3\ What did you learn? - What are the names of auditory ossicles, and in which specific bone are they found? 8.4b Aging of the Skull 2 **Fontanelles** - - - - - - - - Fetal Skull Figure 8.15 Section 8.4\ What did you learn? - What are some features that differ between female and male skulls? - What are the two largest fontanelles, and when do they disappear? 8.5 Bones of the Vertebral Column\ Learning Objectives: - Describe the functions of the vertebral column. - List the five types of vertebrae. - Name the four spinal curvatures of an adult vertebral column. - Explain the sequence of curvature development. - Identify the parts of a typical vertebra. - Compare and contrast the different types of vertebrae. 8.5a Types of Vertebrae 1 **Vertebral column** - Vertebral column divisions - - - 8.5a Types of Vertebrae 2 **Cervical vertebrae** - - - **Thoracic vertebrae** - - - 8.5a Types of Vertebrae 3 **Lumbar vertebrae** - - **Sacrum** - - - **Coccyx** (*tailbone*) - - Vertebral Column Figure 8.16 ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel 8.5b Spinal Curvatures 1 4 spinal curvatures - - - - 8.5b Spinal Curvatures 2 **Primary curves** - - - **Secondary curves** - - - - - - Clinical View: Spinal Curvature Abnormalities **Kyphosis** - - - **Lordosis** - - **Scoliosis** - - 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 1 Common structural features - - - - - - - 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 2 Common structural features (*continued*) - - - - - - 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 3 Common structural features (*continued*) - - - - - - - 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 4 Common structural features (*continued*) - - - - - - - Common Vertebral Features Figure 8.17a Vertebral Anatomy: Posterior and Lateral Views Figure 8.17b,c 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 5 **Cervical vertebrae** - - - - - - Cervical Vertebra ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 6 **Cervical vertebrae** (*continued*) - - - - - - - - - - Atlas Figure 8.18a 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 7 **Cervical vertebrae** (*continued*) - - - - - - Axis Figure 8.18b Atlas and Axis Figure 8.18c 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 8 **Cervical vertebrae** *(continued*) - - - - 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 9 **Thoracic vertebrae** - - - - - - - Thoracic Vertebra ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 10 **Lumbar vertebrae** - - - - Lumbar Vertebra ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 11 **Sacrum** - - - - - - 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 12 **Sacrum** (*continued*) - - - - - - 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 13 **Sacrum** (*continued*) - - - - - - - - 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 14 **Sacrum** (*continued*) - - - - - - - - - 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 15 **Coccyx** - - - - - - Sacrum and Coccyx Figure 8.19 Clinical View: Herniated Discs 1 Nucleus pulposus protruding into or through the anulus fibrosus Produces a bulging of disc contents into vertebral canal Pinches the spinal cord or nerves Cervical and lumbar discs most commonly injured Cervical herniated discs - Lumbar herniated discs - - Clinical View: Herniated Discs 2 Treatment options - - - - - Section 8.5\ What did you learn? - Which vertebrae are located in the \"small\" of the back, and how many of these vertebrae are there? - What are the secondary curves, and when do they appear? What is their general function? - Compare the locations and functions of the transverse foramina, intervertebral foramina, and vertebral foramen. - How do the atlas and axis differ from other cervical vertebrae? 8.6 Bones of the Thoracic Cage\ Learning Objectives: - Identify the three main components of the sternum and their features. - Describe the features found on all ribs. - Differentiate between true ribs and false ribs. 8.6 Bones of the Thoracic Cage **Thoracic cage** - - - - - - - 8.6a Sternum 1 **Sternum** - - **Manubrium** - - - - - - - 8.6a Sternum 2 Sternum **body** - - - - - **Xiphoid process** - - Thoracic Cage Figure 8.20 8.6b Ribs 1 Ribs - - - - - - - - 8.6b Ribs 2 Ribs (*continued*) - - - - - - - 8.6b Ribs 3 Ribs (*continued*) - - - - - - 8.6b Ribs 4 Rib Anatomy and Articulation with Thoracic Vertebrae Figure 8.21 \(c) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel Section 8.6\ What did you learn? - What sternal structures form the sternal angle, and what is its clinical significance? - Where specifically do the head and tubercle of a rib each articulate? 8.7 The Upper and Lower Limbs: A Comparison\ Learning Objectives: - Identify skeletal features common to the upper and lower limbs. - Describe the functional reasons for differences between the upper and lower limb skeletons. 8.7 The Upper and Lower Limbs: A Comparison 1 Upper and lower limbs - - - - - 8.7 The Upper and Lower Limbs: A Comparison 2 Upper and lower limbs similarities - - - - - - - - 8.7 The Upper and Lower Limbs: A Comparison 3 Upper and lower limbs structural differences - - - - - - - 8.8 The Pectoral Girdle and Its Functions\ Learning Objectives: - Identify and locate the clavicle and its landmarks. - Describe the landmarks and features of the scapula. 8.8 The Pectoral Girdle and Its Functions **Pectoral girdle** - - - **Clavicle** - - - 8.8a Clavicle 1 Clavicle (*continued*) - - - - - - - - 8.8a Clavicle 2 Clavicle (*continued*) - - Figure 8.23a,b 8.8b Scapula 1 Parts of the **scapula** (*shoulder blade*) - - - - - - - - 8.8b Scapula 2 Borders of the scapula - - - - - - - 8.8b Scapula 3 Angles of the scapula - - - - - - - - 8.8b Scapula 4 Scapula landmarks - - - - - - - - - Scapula Figure 8.24 Section 8.8\ What did you learn? - How do the sternal end and acromial end of the clavicle differ? - What fossae are located on the scapula, and what is located in each fossa? 8.9 Bones of the Upper Limb\ Learning Objectives: 1 - Describe the articulations of the humerus. - List landmarks and features of the humerus. - Compare and contrast the features of the radius and the ulna. - Explain how the radius, ulna, and humerus articulate. 8.9 Bones of the Upper Limb\ Learning Objectives: 2 - Differentiate between supination and pronation of the forearm. - Locate and identify the carpals and metacarpals. - Describe the phalanges and their relative locations. 8.9 Bones of the Upper Limb Components of the upper limb - - - Bones of the upper limb - - - - - 8.9a Humerus 1 Components of the **humerus** - - - - - - - - - 8.9a Humerus 2 Components of the humerus (*continued*) - - - - - - - 8.9a Humerus 3 Components of the humerus (*continued*) - - - - - - - 8.9a Humerus 4 Components of the humerus (*continued*) - - - - - - - 8.9a Humerus 5 Components of the humerus (*continued*) - - - - - - 8.9a Humerus 6 Components of the humerus (*continued*) - - - - - - - Humerus and Elbow Joint Figure 8.25 \(c) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel 8.9b Radius and Ulna 1 Radius and ulna form forearm - - Components of the radius - - - - 8.9b Radius and Ulna2 Components of the radius (*continued*) - - - - 8.9b Radius and Ulna 3 Components of the ulna - - - - - - - 8.9b Radius and Ulna 4 Components of the ulna (*continued*) - - - - 8.9b Radius and Ulna 5 Borders between radius and ulna - - - - - Radius and Ulna Figure 8.26a,b Supination In anatomic position, palm of hand facing anteriorly Radius and ulna parallel Radius on lateral side of forearm Ulna on medial side Figure 8.26c ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel Pronation Radius and ulna pivoting along interosseous membrane Palm of hand facing posteriorly Head of radius still on lateral side of elbow Distal end of radius has crossed over Figure 8.26d ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel 8.9b Radius and Ulna 6 8.9c Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 1 **Carpals** - - - - - - - 8.9c Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 2 **Metacarpals** - - - - - 8.9c Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 3 **Phalanges** - - - - - Bones of the Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges Figure 8.27 Section 8.9\ What did you learn? - What is the difference between the anatomical neck and surgical neck of the humerus? - What features on the humerus articulate with the radius and ulna? - What are some bony features that the radius and ulna share? - Describe how the radius and ulna are positioned when the forearm is pronated. - List the eight carpal bones. Which of these bones may be prone to developing avascular necrosis if fractured? 8.10 Pelvis Girdle and Its Functions\ Learning Objectives: 1 - Name the three bones that make up each os coxae. - Describe how the ossa coxae articulate with each femur and sacrum. - Describe landmarks and features of an os coxae. - Differentiate between the true and false pelves. 8.10 Pelvis Girdle and Its Functions\ Learning Objectives: 2 - Compare and contrast the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet. - Compare and contrast the anatomy of male and female pelves. - Describe changes to the ossa coxae as a person ages. 8.10 The Pelvic Girdle and Its Functions **Pelvis** - - - **Pelvic girdle** - - - - 8.10a Os Coxae 1 Os coxae - - - - - - - 8.10a Os Coxae 2 **Ilium** - - - - - - 8.10a Os Coxae 3 **Ilium** (*continued*) - - - - - 8.10a Os Coxae 4 **Ischium** - - - - - 8.10a Os Coxae 5 **Ischium** (*continued*) - - - - - - 8.10a Os Coxae 6 **Pubis** - - - - - - - - - - 8.10a Os Coxae 7 **Pubis** (*continued*) - - - - - Pelvis Figure 8.28 \(b) ©Image Source/Getty Images RF Right Os Coxae, Lateral View Figure 8.29a Right Os Coxae, Medial View Figure 8.29b 8.10b True and False Pelves 1 **Pelvic brim** - - - - - - - - - True Pelvis vs. False Pelvis Figure 8.30 8.10b True and False Pelves 2 **Pelvic inlet** - - **Pelvic outlet** - - - - - Pelvic Inlet and Pelvic Outlet Figure 8.30c 8.10c Sex Differences in the Pelvis 1 Determining sex of the skeleton - - - - - - - 8.10c Sex Differences in the Pelvis 2 Determining sex of the skeleton (*continued*) - - - - - - - Section 8.10\ What did you learn? - What three bones fuse to form the os coxae? - Where are the ischial tuberosities located, what is an alternative name for them, and what is their function? - How is the pelvic inlet distinguished from the pelvic outlet? - How do male and female pelves differ with respect to the shape of the pubis, subpubic angle, greater sciatic notch, and overall shape of the pelvis? 8.11 Bones of the Lower Limb\ Learning Objectives: 1 - Describe the articulations of the femur. - Identify key landmarks and features of the femur. - Describe the location and function of the patella. - Describe the features of the tibia and fibula. - Explain how the function of the tibia differs from that of the fibula. 8.11 Bones of the Lower Limb\ Learning Objectives: 2 - Describe how the tibia and fibula articulate. - Locate and identify the tarsals and metatarsals. - Describe the phalanges and their relative locations. - Describe the three arches of the foot and their functions. 8.11 Bones of the Lower Limb Components of the lower limb - Bones of the lower limb (30): - - - - - - 8.11a Femur and Patella 1 **Femur** - - - - - - - - 8.11a Femur and Patella 2 **Femur** (*continued*) - - - - - - - 8.11a Femur and Patella 4 **Femur** (*continued*) - - 8.11a Femur and Patella 5 **Femur** (*continued*) - - - - - - - - Femur Figure 8.31 8.11a Femur and Patella 6 **Patella** - - - - - - - - - Patella Figure 8.32 8.11b Tibia and Fibula 1 Skeleton of the leg - - - - - - - - 8.11b Tibia and Fibula 2 Tibia components - - - - - - - 8.11b Tibia and Fibula 3 Tibia components (*continued*) - - - - - - - - - 8.11b Tibia and Fibula 5 **Fibula** - - - - - - Tibia and Fibula Figure 8.33 (a, b) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel 8.11c Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 1 **Tarsals** - - - - - - - - 8.11c Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 2 **Tarsals** (*continued*) - - - - - 8.11c Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 3 **Metatarsals** - - - - 8.11c Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 4 **Phalanges** - - - - - - Bones of the Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges Figure 8.34 8.11d Arches of the Foot **Arches** - - - - - Section 8.11\ What did you learn? - What are the locations and functions of the greater and lesser trochanter? - Where does the patella articulate with the femur? - What are some bony features that are similar or the same between the tibia and fibula? - What is the primary function of the tibia? - What are the seven tarsal bones? - Why is it preferable to have an arched (versus a flat) foot?