Human Anatomy PDF - Skeleton and Muscles

# Anatomy of the Human Skeleton and Muscles ## Bones of the Skull - **os occipitale:** (occipital bone) - **os sphenoidale:** (sphenoid bone) - Houses the sensory organs of hearing and balance. - **os temporale:** (temporal bone) - **os zygomaticum:** (zygomatic bone) - Paired. - **os eth...

# Anatomy of the Human Skeleton and Muscles ## Bones of the Skull - **os occipitale:** (occipital bone) - **os sphenoidale:** (sphenoid bone) - Houses the sensory organs of hearing and balance. - **os temporale:** (temporal bone) - **os zygomaticum:** (zygomatic bone) - Paired. - **os ethmoidale:** (ethmoid bone) - **os nasale:** (nasal bone) - **os parietale:** (parietal bone) - **os frontale:** (frontal bone) - **vomer:** - Forms the posterior part of the nasal septum. - **os lacrimale:** (lacrimal bone) - **os hyoideum:** (hyoid bone) - **os palatinum:** (palatine bone) - Paired. - **Corpus mandibulae:** (body of the mandible) - **processus condylaris mandibulae** - Fits into the os temporale. - **maxilla:** (maxilla) - Paired. - **mandibula:** (mandible) - Unpaired. - **Ramus mandibulae:** (ramus of the mandible) - **processus coronoideus mandibulae:** ## Muscles of the Head and Neck - **musculus temporalis:** (temporal muscle) - Function: retraction and elevation. - **musculus masseter:** (masseter muscle) - Function: elevation of the lower jaw. - **musculus buccinator:** (buccinator muscle) - Function: pressing, blowing. - **musculus platysma:** (platysma muscle) - **m. sternocleidomastoideus:** - **m. extensor digitorum brevis:** - Origin: calcaneus bone, passes into 3 tendons. - **musculus orbicularis oculi:** (orbicularis oculi muscle) - Function: blinking. - **mm. suprahyoidei:** (suprahyoid muscles) - **musculus orbicularis oris:** (orbicularis oris muscle) - **musculus nasalis:** (nasal muscle) - **mm. scaleni:** - **mm. infrahyoidei:** (infrahyoid muscles) - **m. extensor hallucis brevis:** ## Bones of the Upper Limb - **humerus:** - **radius:** - **ulna:** - **os sacrum:** - **os coccygis:** - **Clavicula:** (clavicle) - **acromion:** - **processus coracoideus:** - **Scapula:** (scapula) - **fossa glenoidalis scapulae:** ## Bones of the Lower Limb - **os ilium:** (ilium) - **os pubis:** (pubis) - **os ischii:** (ischium) - **femur:** (femur) - **Tibia:** (tibia) - **fibula:** (fibula) ## Muscles of the Trunk - **musculus pectoralis major:** (pectoralis major muscle) - **musculi intercostales externi:** (external intercostal muscles) - **musculus rectus abdominis:** (rectus abdominis muscle) - **musculus obliquus externus abdominis:** (external oblique muscle) - **m. trapezius:** (trapezius muscle) - **m. levator scapulae:** (levator scapulae muscle) - **musculus pectoralis minor:** (pectoralis minor muscle) - **musculus serratus anterior:** (serratus anterior muscle) - **m. rhomboideus major et minor:** (rhomboid major and minor muscles) - **musculi intercostales interni:** (internal intercostal muscles) - **musculus obliquus internus abdominis:** (internal oblique muscle) - **musculus quadratus lumborum:** (quadratus lumborum muscle) - **musculi intercostales intimi:** (innermost intercostal muscles) - **diaphragma:** (diaphragm) - **musculus transversus abdominis:** (transversus abdominis muscle) - **m. serratus posterior superior:** (superior serratus posterior muscle) - **m. serratus posterior inferior:** (inferior serratus posterior muscle) - **m. latissimus dorsi:** (latissimus dorsi muscle) ## Muscles of the Upper Limb - **m. biceps brachii:** (biceps brachii muscle) - **m. triceps brachii:** (triceps brachii muscle) - **m. flexor carpi radialis:** (flexor carpi radialis muscle) - **m. flexor digitorum superficialis:** (flexor digitorum superficialis muscle) - **m. deltoideus:** (deltoid muscle) - **m. teres minor:** (teres minor muscle) - **m. supraspinatus:** (supraspinatus muscle) - **m. teres major:** (teres major muscle) - **m. brachialis:** (brachialis muscle) - **m. palmaris longus:** (palmaris longus muscle) - **m. infraspinatus:** (infraspinatus muscle) - **m. subscapularis:** (subscapularis muscle) - **m. coracobrachialis:** (coracobrachialis muscle) - **m. flexor carpi ulnaris:** (flexor carpi ulnaris muscle) - **m. extensor carpi radialis brevis:** (short radial wrist extensor muscle) - **m. flexor digitorum profundus:** (flexor digitorum profundus muscle) - **m. pronator quadratus:** (pronator quadratus muscle) - **m. extensor digitorum:** (extensor digitorum muscle) - **m. flexor pollicis longus:** (flexor pollicis longus muscle) - **m. extensor pollicis longus:** (extensor pollicis longus muscle) - **m. extensor carpi ulnaris:** (extensor carpi ulnaris muscle) - **m. extensor pollicis brevis:** (short extensor pollicis muscle) - **m. extensor digiti minimi:** (extensor digiti minimi muscle) - **m. extensor carpi radialis longus:** (long radial wrist extensor muscle) - **m. abductor pollicis longus:** (abductor pollicis longus muscle) - **m. extensor indicis:** (extensor indicis muscle) - **m. brachioradialis:** (brachioradialis muscle) - **m. supinator:** (supinator muscle) ## Muscles of the Lower Limb - **musculus iliacus:** (iliacus muscle) - Origin: iliac fossa, insertion: lesser trochanter. - **m. gluteus maximus:** (gluteus maximus muscle) - Origin: os coccygis and os sacrum, insertion: gluteal tuberosity (under the greater trochanter). - Function: extension of the hip joint. - **m. gluteus medius:** (gluteus medius muscle) - Origin: external surface of the ilium, insertion: greater trochanter. - Function: abduction, rotation. - **m. gluteus minimus:** (gluteus minimus muscle) - Origin: external surface of the ilium, insertion: greater trochanter. - **m. tensor fasciae latae:** (tensor fasciae latae muscle) - Insertion: tibia. - Function: keeps the knee joint straight when standing, abduction. - **musculus iliopsoas:** (iliopsoas muscle) - Function: flexion at the hip joint. - **musculus psoas major:** (psoas major muscle) - Origin: lumbar region of the spine, insertion: lesser trochanter. - **m. piriformis:** (piriformis muscle) - **m. gemellus superior:** (superior gemellus muscle) - **m. gemellus inferior:** (inferior gemellus muscle) - **m. quadratus femoris:** (quadratus femoris muscle) - **m. obturatorius internus:** (obturator internus muscle) - **m. sartorius:** (sartorius muscle, also called the "tailor's muscle") - Longest muscle in the body, origin: ilium, insertion: tibia. - Function: flexion at the hip, medial rotation. - **m. quadriceps femoris:** (quadriceps femoris muscle) - Has 4 heads, origin: ilium, insertion: tibial tuberosity. - Function: extension at the knee joint. - **m. rectus femoris:** (rectus femoris muscle) - Head of the m. quadriceps femoris. - **m. vastus intermedius:** (vastus intermedius muscle) - Second head of the m. quadriceps femoris. - **m. vastus lateralis:** (vastus lateralis muscle) - Third head of the m. quadriceps femoris. - **m. vastus medialis:** (vastus medialis muscle) - Fourth head of the m. quadriceps femoris. - **m. biceps femoris:** (biceps femoris muscle) - 2 heads (long head, short head). - Function: extension at the hip and knee joints. - **m. semitendinosus:** (semitendinosus muscle) - Function: extension at the hip joint. - **m. semimembranosus:** (semimembranosus muscle) - **m. pectineus:** (pectineus muscle) - **m. adductor brevis:** (adductor brevis muscle) - **m. adductor longus:** (adductor longus muscle) - **m. adductor magnus:** (adductor magnus muscle) - **m. gracilis:** (gracilis muscle) - **m. obturatorius externus:** (obturator externus muscle) - **m. tibialis anterior:** (tibialis anterior muscle) - Origin: lateral surface of the tibia, insertion: cuneiform bone. - Function: extension, supination. - **m. extensor digitorum longus:** (extensor digitorum longus muscle) - Origin: tibia and fibula, divides into tendons and inserts on the 3rd-5th toes. - **m. extensor hallucis longus:** (extensor hallucis longus muscle) - 3 heads: - **Musculus fibularis longus:** (fibularis longus muscle) - Origin: fibula (hence the name fibularis). - Insertion: medial cuneiform bone (underneath). - Function: eversion of the foot (turns the foot outwards). - **Musculus fibularis brevis:** (fibularis brevis muscle) - Origin: fibula (same as the fibularis longus). - Insertion: on the outside of the foot - fifth metatarsal. - Function: eversion of the foot (turns the foot outwards). - **Musculus tibialis posterior:** (tibialis posterior muscle) - Key stabilization muscle of the lower leg. - Origin: tibia + fibula + interosseous membrane - Insertion: ends on small bones of the foot by the big toe (os naviculare, ossa cuneiformia) - Function: flexion of the foot (like the other muscles of the dorsal group of muscles of the calf), possibly supination of the foot. - **m. plantaris:** (plantaris muscle) - Vestigial. - **m. popliteus:** (popliteus muscle) - **m. flexor hallucis longus:** (flexor hallucis longus muscle) - Achilles tendon inserts on the tuber calcanei. - **m. flexor digitorum longus:** (flexor digitorum longus muscle) - Function: plantar flexion.