Chapter 1 & 2 Info Com PDF

Part.1 The history of communication What makes us human ? Culture, religion, technology, work, tradition, norms and laws, art, language, abstract thinking, planning depth, complexe rituals (invent by us) —-> the cognitive revolution( massive increase of com...

Part.1 The history of communication What makes us human ? Culture, religion, technology, work, tradition, norms and laws, art, language, abstract thinking, planning depth, complexe rituals (invent by us) —-> the cognitive revolution( massive increase of communication ), which gave rise to behavioral modernity = massive strenghtening Communication faculties has evolved over the time with more complexity : ex : millions of people believe in god, communication by art… What is communication ? It depends… Particular ways of looking at the society De ntion : - communication is what allows humans to establish relations bt each- other, or bt themselves and object - information is an object shaped so that it can circulate throughout these social relations ( the content of communication) (100) Latin : communicationem = action (1500 ) Renaissance : com = object (1700) Moderne age : lines of com = means (1900) Contemporain age : com= maintaining social contact / media ( radio, television) Today : com = di erence bt transmitting ( one to another person) and sharing ( on social media ) info The meaning of com has changed because the way of communicate has also evolved. Starting by the Homo sapiens with the faculty of speechs, then the rst forms of writing, then smoke signals ( rst form of long communication). Communication by symbols to capture reality with the rst painting in prehistory and now with art. Evolutions of news forms of communication : ⁃ 105 : invention of paper in modern china ⁃ 1876 : rst use of the telephone ⁃ 1965 : frist email ⁃ 2004-2009 : Facebook, instagram, twitter Def : depends on the perspective used to conceptualize com, it changed every time it evolve. Ex: « medium » fi fi ff fi fi fi Latin : middle 17th c : intervening 18th c : newspaper 20th c : media agency 1950s : the media as a singular entity The science of communication Métaphore : microscope C-S tries to learn smt about how people communicate Its about looking millions of situations and what we can learn about it, its more general knockledges Ex : What makes those certain videos viral ? General 5 questions : lass well’s formula ⁃ What ⁃ Who ⁃ Why ⁃ to Whom ⁃ and How Every scientist in communications work with these question. ⁃ THEORIES AND CONCEPTS - Ex : theory of gravity Every scienti c theories are based with concepts Interpersonal communication = chating Intrapersonal communication = looking at someone thinking what are they doing ( com without having a discussion ) Pyramid of Mcquail (2010) Societal —> institutional —> group —> interpersonal —> intrapersonal = concepts Pyramid = theory We take the theory and we use it to look at a speci c part of com Theory def : a perspective on, a vision of, or a particular way of thinking about a certain topic —> theory helps us to make sense of how the world is, or should be, or will be Ex : theory of survivor bias (WWII) Every theory provide a particular prospection, every theory is limited, it makes certain links fi fi All theories simplify the reality, which theory is the most applicable to this particular situation Ex : why tik tok is so popular —> community gather, kept your interest, what’s next ? ⁃ Every day theories : they help us make sense of the world Ex : you don’t like carrot then you will know at a restaurant that you will not take carrot We use them everyday to make choices, they’re very deeply coded, they really carry political signi cant, are based on our personal experiences ⁃ Normative theories : prescribe and discuss how media should fonction, answer to question « what should…? » They are based on our di erent values, what we should or shouldn’t do Ex : dress codes ⁃ Operational theories : often based on normative theories but they are more applied, more on concreed action , more neutral Ex : Operationally teacher should wear decent clothes like blaser, newspaper should be safe for people reading it ( suicide ) Ex : « cordon mediatique » : media decide to not give a platform to extra right politician, only democratic politician can be on famous platform ⁃ Social-scienti c theories : they have the express which to be correct ; to teach us about the world ; they have the ambition to be rational, logical They are culture theories, they want to tell us about how the world is, they are not neutral ⁃ SCIENTIFIC DEBATES - Structure : things around us, where we grew up, how we grow up vs Agency : the capacity of someone to do or not do smt, we look at the actor Social change : how does the world changes ? ⁃ Social media might be smt ⁃ Materialist theories : material factors ⁃ Cultural theories : ideas Which theories should we provide ? Social relations : how do human live together ? ⁃ PARADIGMS - Para groups of theory that belong together. Marxism is the most famous paradigm Para helps scientist orient themselves Paradigm change : they rarely change but If they do its like a scienti c revolution fi fi ff fi  Ex : Copernic paradigm creates a revolution : paradigm change Paradigme in the social sciences : voir moodle The liberal paradigm - dominant : very practical, gives concrete answer to a question, its clearly positivit The critical paradigm : its pretends to be less neutral, its teach to work to a better society, its more ideological All of the theories belong to a liberal paradigm or critical paradigm, they provide di erent ways of doing communication ff