CHAP1_UNDERSTANDING HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY.pdf

CHAPTER 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Transcribed by: Marjorie Lyka G. Lingat 1.1 Understanding Psychopathology impairment in functioning, or increased risk of...

CHAPTER 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Transcribed by: Marjorie Lyka G. Lingat 1.1 Understanding Psychopathology impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment. Abnormal Psychology Prototype - Division of Psychology that studies people who are “abnormal” or “atypical” to the member of - how the apparent disease or disorder matches a the given society “typical” profile of a disorder - pt may have only some features or symptoms of Psychological disorder the disorder (minimum number) and still meet - psychological dysfunction within an individual criteria for the disorder associated with distress or impairment in The Science of Psychopathology functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected. Psychopathology - Also known as problematic abnormal behavior. - scientific study of psychological disorders Label - nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders - Group of people that distinguishes them from the others. Trained professionals: Stigma 1. clinical and counseling psychologists - receive the Ph.D., Doctor of Philosophy, degree - Destructive beliefs and attributes held by society (or sometimes an Ed.D., Doctor of Education, or Phobia Psy.D., Doctor of Psychology) - follow a course of graduate-level study lasting - a psychological disorder characterized by approximately 5 years marked and persistent fear of an object or - causes and treatment of psychological disorders situation. and to diagnose, assess, and treat these disorders 4 D’s of Abnormal Behavior: counseling psychologists 1. Psychological Dysfunction - tend to study and treat adjustment and vocational - breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or issues encountered by relatively healthy behavioral functioning. individuals 2. Distress or Impairment - individual is extremely upset. clinical psychologists 3. Atypical or Not Culturally Expected - concentrate on more severe psychological - occurs infrequently disorders. - deviates from the average. - The greater the deviation, the more abnormal it professional schools of psychology (Psy.D) is. - focus on clinical training and de-emphasize or * Many people are far from the average in their eliminate research training. behavior, but few would be considered disordered. Ph.D. programs We might call them talented or eccentric. - integrate clinical and research training - violating social norms, even if a number of people are sympathetic to your point of view. Experimental and Social psychologists 4. Danger - concentrate on investigating the basic determinants of behavior but do not assess or - an individual poses a risk of danger to herself or treat psychological disorders others * harmful dysfunction - out of the individual’s 2. Psychiatrists control (something the person doesn’t want to do) - earn an M.D. degree in medical school - specialize in psychiatry during residency Acceptable Definition - DSM V training that lasts 3 to 4 years. Abnormal / psychological disorder (Diagnostic and - investigate the nature and causes of Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) psychological disorders from a biological point of view - behavioral, psychological, or biological - make diagnoses dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural - offer treatments context and associated with present distress and  CHAPTER 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Transcribed by: Marjorie Lyka G. Lingat - emphasize drugs or other biological treatments, ▪ to describe psychological disorders although most use psychosocial treatments as ▪ to determine their causes well. ▪ to treat them 3. psychiatric social workers - earn a master’s degree in social work Clinical Description - collecting information relevant to the social and family situation of the individual with a 1. Presenting problem psychological disorder. - specific problem or set of problems - also treat disorders, often concentrating on - (presents)traditional shorthand way of indicating family problems associated with them why the person came to the clinic - (clinical description) - represents the unique 4. Psychiatric nurses combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings - advanced degrees, such as a master’s or even a that make up a specific disorder; specify what Ph.D. makes the disorder different from normal - specialize in the care and treatment of patients behavior or from other disorders. with psychological disorders - (clinical) - types of problems or disorders that - usually in hospitals as part of a treatment team. you would find in a clinic or hospital and to the activities connected with assessment and 5. Marriage and family therapists & mental treatment. health counselors - typically spend 1 to 2 years earning a master’s 2. Prevalence degree - how many people in the population as a whole - provide clinical services by hospitals or clinics have the disorder - under the supervision of a doctoral-level clinician. 3. Incidence - Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period; rate of occurrence The Scientist-Practitioner a. sex ratio - what percentage of males and females have the disorder Scientist-Practitioners b. typical age of onset - when a disorder typical - mental health professionals that take a scientific begin approach to their clinical work 4. Course Mental health practitioners may function as scientist- - Pattern of the disorder practitioners in one or more of three ways: a. chronic course - tend to last a long time, 1. Consumers of the science of psychopathology sometimes a lifetime; schizophrenia to the advantage of their patients b. episodic course - the individual is likely to - enhancing the practice recover within a few months only to suffer a - keep up with the latest scientific developments recurrence of the disorder at a later time; This in their field pattern may repeat throughout a person’s life. - use the most current diagnostic and treatment c. time-limited course - disorder will improve procedures. without treatment; relatively short period; little 2. Evaluator of science or no risk of recurrence - determining the effectiveness of the practice - evaluate their own assessments or treatment 5. Onset procedures to see whether they work - when a disorder typical begin - demonstrate clearly whether their treatments are a. acute onset - they begin suddenly effective or not b. insidious onset - develop gradually over an 3. Creator of science extended period - conducting research that leads to new procedures useful in practice 6. Prognosis - produces new information about disorders or - anticipated course of a disorder their treatment, thus becoming immune to the a. good - individual will probably recover fads that plague our field, often at the expense of b. guarded - probable outcome doesn’t look good patients and their families. developmental psychology - study of changes in behavior over time Data flow in research attempts three basic things:  CHAPTER 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Transcribed by: Marjorie Lyka G. Lingat developmental psychopathology - study of changes in - the bizarre behavior of people afflicted with abnormal behavior psychological disorders was seen as the work of the devil and witches. life-span developmental psychopathology - Study of - individuals possessed by evil spirits were abnormal behavior across the entire age span probably responsible for any misfortune experienced by people in the local community Causation, Treatment, and Etiology Outcomes demonology – doctrine that an evil being, or spirit can dwell within a person and control his or her mind Etiology Treatments: - the study of origins - has to do with why a disorder begins (what Exorcism causes it) - ritualistic casting out of evil spirits - includes biological, psychological, and social - coax the spirit by making the body dimensions uncomfortable Contributing/Influencing Factors: - the public and authoritative act of the Church to protect or liberate a person, place, or object from 1. Behavioral Influences the power of the devil (demonic possession) in 2. Biological Influences the name of Christ. 3. Emotional and Cognitive Influences Shaving the pattern of a cross in the hair of the victim’s head 4. Social Influence Securing sufferers to a wall near the church Liner or One-Dimensional Model: single cause Multidimensional Model: multiple influences Trepanning- instrument used to bore holes in the skull B. Stress and Melancholy Treatment (Melancholy - a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause.) - it may give us some hints about the nature of the disorder and its causes - insanity was a natural phenomenon, caused by - Medication; Psychotherapy; Combination of mental or emotional stress, and that it was medication/ psychotherapy curable - Mental depression and anxiety were recognized Psychopathology is rarely simple. This is because the as illnesses effect does not necessarily imply the cause. - Symptoms: despair (utter loss of hope) and lethargy (state of being lazy, sluggish, or Research methods - our systematic efforts to discover the indifferent.) truths underlying description, cause, and treatment that - Sin: acedia or sloth (a failure to do things that allow us to function as scientist-practitioners. one should do) Since the era of ancient Greece, the mind has often been Treatments: called the soul or the psyche and considered separate from the body - rest, sleep, and a healthy and happy environment. - baths, ointments, and various potions Three Models of Etiology - 14th and 15th centuries: people with insanity & physical deformities or disabilities were often 1. The Supernatural Tradition moved from house to house in medieval villages - all physical and mental disorders were as neighbors took turns caring for them considered the work of the devil - human behavior and its dysfunction that posits Nicholas Oresme important roles for spirits, demons, grace, sin, - disease of melancholy (depression) was the and so on. source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons. A. Demons and Witches - Last quarter of 14th Century Treatments for Possession: - People increasingly turned to magic and sorcery to solve their problems. - The AIDS epidemic was associated with a similar belief among some people, particularly in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Because the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is, in  CHAPTER 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Transcribed by: Marjorie Lyka G. Lingat Western societies, most prevalent among individuals with homosexual orientation, many people believed it was a divine punishment for 2. The Biological Tradition what they considered immoral behavior. - Physical causes of mental disorders Middle Ages: if exorcism failed, many people were HIPPOCRATES AND GALEN subjected to confinement, beatings, and other forms 1. Hippocrates of torture - "Founder of Medicine" During the Golden Age in Greece - Father of Modern Western Medicine - considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion. Element of shock: - recognized the importance of psychological and - Hanging people over a pit full of poisonous interpersonal contributions to psychopathology snakes (negative effects of family stress; on some - Dunking in ice-cold water occasions, he removed patients from their families) C. Mass Hysteria - believed all diseases came from natural causes - characterized by large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior Hippocratic Corpus - a condition in which a large group of people exhibit the same state of violent mental agitation - suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease Also known as: - did not limit their search for the causes of ▪ Rave: as if they were at a particularly wild party psychopathology to the general area of “disease late at night ▪ Saint Vitus’s Dance - psychological disorders might also be caused by ▪ Tarantism - Several Reasons for the strange brain pathology or head trauma and could be behavior: influenced by heredity (genetics). ▪ Possession - reaction to insect bites Coined the term: Instance of mass hysteria in which groups of people experienced a simultaneous compulsion to dance and hysteria (now, somatic symptom disorders) shout in the streets. - Presumed cause: empty uterus wandered to mass hysteria - Phenomenon of emotion contagion / various parts of the body (Greek word for Mob Psychology (if one person identifies a “cause” “uterus” is hysteron) of the problem, others will probably assume that - Prescribed cure: marriage or fumigation of the their own reactions have the same source.) vagina to lure the uterus back to its natural location (Situation in which an emotional reaction spreads from one individual to others nearby.) 2. Galen - adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates D. The Moon and the Stars - formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance Paracelsus humoral theory of disorders - Swiss physician - rejected notions: possession by the devil - the first example of associating psychological - suggestion: movements of the moon and stars disorders with a “chemical imbalance had profound effects on people’s psychological - normal brain functioning was related to four functioning bodily fluids or humors: - gravitational effects of the moon on bodily fluids blood – came from the heart might be a possible cause of mental disorders - The belief that heavenly bodies affect human melancholer / black bile – from the spleen (was behavior thought to cause melancholia (depression). - behavior is influenced by the stages of the moon or the positions of the stars. choler/yellow bile – from the liver Lunatic Phlegm – from the brain - Latin: luna meaning “moon.”  CHAPTER 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Transcribed by: Marjorie Lyka G. Lingat Four basic qualities: heat, dryness, moisture, and cold. Somatoform disorder Sanguine (Blood - Heart) - A class of psychological disorders involving - literal meaning “red, like blood” physical ailments with no authentic organic basis - ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious that are due to psychological factors. blood flowing through the body - cheerful and optimistic, although insomnia and psychosis delirium were thought to be caused by excessive blood in the brain - psychological disorders characterized in part by - often associated with outdoor life beliefs that are not based in reality (delusions), perceptions that are not based in reality (hallucinations), or both Melancholic (Melancholer/Black bile/Spleen) - any severe mental disorder in which contact with - means depressive reality is lost or highly distorted - depression was thought to be caused by black delusions bile flooding the brain - false beliefs that are maintained even though Phlegmatic (Phlegm/Brain) they clearly are out of touch with reality - indicates apathy (lack of interest) and hallucinations sluggishness (slow) - being calm under stress - false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual Choleric (Choler/Yellow Bile/Liver) stimulus - hot tempered Louis Pasteur’s Treatments: - germ theory of disease - rest, good nutrition, and exercise - developed in about 1870 - bleeding or bloodletting - a carefully measured - identification of the specific bacterial amount of blood was removed from the body, microorganism that caused syphilis often with leeches. - Physicians observed a surprising recovery in - induce vomiting (Robert Burton - eating tobacco patients with general paresis who had contracted and a half-boiled cabbage) malaria, so they deliberately injected other patients with blood from a soldier who was ill Chinese focused on the movement of air or “wind” with malaria. - caused by blockages of wind or the presence of John P. Grey cold - dark wind (yin) as opposed to warm, life- - champion of the biological tradition in the sustaining wind (yang) United States - Treatment: acupuncture - restoring proper flow - the causes of insanity were always physical of wind - the mentally ill patient should be treated as physically ill. - rest, diet, and proper room temperature and The 19th Century ventilation - the discovery of the nature and cause of syphilis - invented the rotary fan to ventilate his large and strong support from the well-respected hospital American psychiatrist John P. Grey - conditions in hospitals greatly improved and they became more humane, livable institutions Syphilis - also known as advanced syphilis The Development of Biological Treatment - sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain 1. Insulin shock therapy/ Insulin Coma Therapy - believing that everyone is plotting against you - Manfred Sakel (delusion of persecution) - dangerous biological treatment involving the - you are God (delusion of grandeur) administration of large doses of insulin to induce - bizarre behaviors seizures over several weeks - symptoms similar to psychosis - began using increasingly higher dosages until, finally, patients convulsed and became temporarily comatose  CHAPTER 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Transcribed by: Marjorie Lyka G. Lingat 2. Electroconvulsive therapy 4. Alexander and Selesnick - safest and most effective for depression - The general pattern of drug therapy for mental - a biomedical therapy for severely depressed illness has been one of initial enthusiasm patients in which a brief electric current is sent followed by disappointment through the brain of an anesthetized patient Consequences of the Biological Tradition a. Benjamin Franklin - mild and modest electric - In the late 19th century, Grey and his colleagues shock; brief convulsion and memory loss ironically reduced or eliminated interest in b. Dutch physician (colleague of Franklin): tried it treating mental patients, because they thought on himself; made him “strangely elated” that mental disorders were the result of some as - yet undiscovered brain pathology and were c. Joseph von Meduna therefore incurable - schizophrenia was rarely found in individuals - some nurses documented clinical success in with epilepsy treating mental patients but were prevented from - his followers concluded that induced brain treating others for fear of raising hopes of a cure seizures might cure schizophrenia among family members d. Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini - Italian Physicians Emil Kraepelin - suggested the benefits of applying electric shock - German psychiatrist responsible for creating the directly to the brain first truly comprehensive classification system e. Surgeon in London of psychological disorders (DSM) - 1938 - each may have a different age of onset and time - treated a depressed patient by sending six small course, with somewhat different clusters of shocks directly through his brain, producing presenting symptoms, and probably a different convulsions. The patient recovered. cause. - Psychosis in two forms: Manic depression / 3. Drugs and Medications: dementia praecox - 1950 - first effective drugs for severe psychotic psychosocial treatment disorders were developed in a systematic way - Treatment practices that focus on social and a. opium cultural factors (such as family experience), as - derived from poppies well as psychological influences. - had been used as sedatives, along with countless - include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal herbs and folk remedies methods b. Rauwolfia serpentine - later renamed reserpine - the first monoamine antagonist to be used in the 3. Psychological Model treatment of schizophrenia; the active ingredient of the snakeroot plant Plato c. neuroleptics - major tranquilizers - two causes of maladaptive behavior were the - alleviate the symptoms of severe disorders such social and cultural influences in one’s life and as schizophrenia. the learning that took place in that environment - precursor to modern psychosocial treatment hallucinatory and delusional thought processes approaches to the causation of psychopathology could be diminished in some patients; these - The best treatment was to reeducate the drugs also controlled agitation and individual through rational discussion so that the aggressiveness. power of reason would predominate d. benzodiazepines Aristotle - minor tranquilizers - reduce anxiety - emphasized the influence of social environment - known by such brand names as Valium and and early learning on later psychopathology Librium - Xanax (alprazolam), Librium * These philosophers wrote about the importance of (chlordiazepoxide), Valium (diazepam), Ativan fantasies, dreams, and cognitions and thus anticipated, (lorazepam), Versed (midazolam), Restoril to some extent, later developments in psychoanalytic (temazepam) thought and cognitive science.  CHAPTER 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Transcribed by: Marjorie Lyka G. Lingat Moral Therapy - make sure that everyone who needed care received it, including the homeless - strong psychosocial approach to mental - acknowledged as a hero of the 19th century disorders - improving standards of care - philosophy of treatment that emphasized treating - increases the number of mental patients; mentally ill people with compassion and hospitals were inadequately staffed understanding, rather than shackling them in chains 1845 – Pennsylvania Harrisburg Two basic tenets: 1847 – Illinois a. treating institutionalized patients as normally as 1856 – North Carolina possible in a setting that encouraged b. reinforced normal social interaction, thus providing Schools of Thought in the 20th Century them with many opportunities for appropriate social and 1. Psychoanalysis interpersonal contact - Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud Philippe Pinel (French psychiatrist) and Jean- - elaborate theory of the structure of the mind and Baptiste Pussin the role of unconscious processes in determining behavior - moral therapy as a system originated from them - (Pussin reforms) removing all chains used to Franz Anton Mesmer restrain patients and instituting humane and - father of hypnosis positive psychological interventions - His technique of mesmerism was used with - Treatment: sympathy, compassion, and empathy hypnotism. William Tuke (1732–1822) - suggested to his patients that their problem was caused by an undetectable fluid found in all - followed Pinel’s lead in England living organisms called “animal magnetism” Benjamin Rush (putative force or fluid capable of being transmitted from one person to another, - founder of U.S. psychiatry producing healing effects. See also Mesmerism.) - Father of American Psychiatry - Believed that: cause of mental illness was Jean-Martin Charcot exposure to severe psychological and social - recognized that some techniques of mesmerism stressors were effective with a number of psychological - Treatment: moral management disorders - introduced moral therapy in his early work at - a young man named Sigmund Freud came from Pennsylvania Hospital (1783-1813) Vienna to study with Charcot. Sigmund Freud & Josef Breuer Asylum Reform and the Decline of Moral Therapy - experimented with a somewhat different Asylums hypnotic procedure. - more like prisons than hospitals - While his patients were in the highly suggestible - rise of moral therapy in Europe and the United state of hypnosis, Breuer asked them to describe States that made asylums habitable and even their problems, conflicts, and fears in as much therapeutic detail as they could Convergent factors why humane treatment declined: Observation of 2 important phenomena: - recognized that moral therapy worked best when - patients often became extremely emotional as the number of patients in an institution was 200 they talked and felt quite relieved and improved or fewer, allowing for a great deal of individual after emerging from the hypnotic state attention - seldom would they have gained an - unlikely source understanding of the relationship between their emotional problems and their psychological Dorothea Dix disorder - Helped establish 32 mental hospitals (U.S) DISCOVERIES: - great crusader - campaigned endlessly for reform in the unconscious mind treatment of insanity - that part of the mind wherein psychic activity - work: mental hygiene movement takes place of which the person is unaware  CHAPTER 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Transcribed by: Marjorie Lyka G. Lingat catharsis Life Instinct/Eros - (psychoanalysis) purging of emotional tensions. - survival, reproduction, and pleasure Insight - encompasses life-sustaining activities like eating, drinking, and sexual activity - relationship between current emotions and - seeks to create, protect, and prolong life. earlier events B. Ego Case of Anna O.: hysteria - Center of conscious awareness - ensures that we act realistically - reality principle Psychoanalytic model - mediate conflict between the id and the superego - executive or manager of our minds - Complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud secondary process - seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of - characterized by logic and reason abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred C. Superego inner entities and forces. - What we called “conscience” - the most comprehensive theory yet constructed - moral principles on the development and structure of our - voice within us that nags at us when we know personalities we’re doing something wrong - counteract the potentially dangerous aggressive Psychoanalytic theory and sexual drives of the id - the structure of the mind and the distinct functions of personality that sometimes clash intrapsychic conflicts with one another - inner mental struggles resulting from the - the defense mechanisms with which the mind interplay of the id, ego, and superego when the defends itself from these clashes or conflicts three subsystems are striving for different goals - the stages of early psychosexual development that provide gist for the mill of our inner conflicts ANXIETY - unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid Three major facets: - signal to the ego that things are not going right 1. THE STRUCTRE OF THE MIND/PERSONALITY STRUCTURE 3 types of Anxiety: (Freud) A. Neurotic Anxiety - Unconscious worry that we lose control of the Mind has three major parts or functions - (Freud) Id’s urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior A. Id B. Reality Anxiety - Instinctive/inborn part of personality - Fear of real-world events - source of our strong sexual and aggressive - Reduce this anxiety by avoid threatening object feelings or energies. C. Moral Anxiety - animal within us - Fear of violating our own morals principles - if totally unchecked, it would make us all rapists or killers. - pleasure principle (maximizing pleasure and DEFENSE MECHANISM eliminating any associated tension or conflicts) - the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality primary process - unconscious mental processes - ways and actions used by a person to hide their - way of processing information incapability and failure - emotional, irrational, illogical, filled with fantasies, and preoccupied with sex, aggression, 1. Denial selfishness, and envy - refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent Energy/drive: libido to others - best known Death instinct/Thanatos - outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or occurring - aggression, self-destruction, and the desire to return to a state of calm or non-existence  CHAPTER 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Transcribed by: Marjorie Lyka G. Lingat 2. Displacement - disorders of the nervous system - Transfers a feeling about, or a response to, an object that causes discomfort onto another, Later Developments in Psychoanalytic Thought usually less-threatening, object or person - Talking out our frustrations, feelings, and ego psychology impulses on people or object that are less - Derived from psychoanalysis threatening - this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in 3. Projection development and attributes psychological - Falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses, or thoughts to another individual or impulses and internal conflicts. object - Also known as self-psychology (Heinz Kohut) 4. Rationalization - Conceals the true motivations for actions, object relations thoughts, or feelings through elaborate - modern development in psychodynamic theory reassuring or self-serving but incorrect - study of how children incorporate the image, explanations memories and values of people who are close - Explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling; and important to them avoiding the true reason of behavior for the behavior Object - important people 5. Reaction formation Introjection - process of incorporation - Substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones - Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite CARL JUNG 6. Repression - collective unconscious: a wisdom accumulated - Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or by society and culture that is stored deep in experiences from conscious awareness individual memories and passed down from - Anxiety-evoking thought are pushed into the generation to generation. unconscious 7. Sublimation introversion - tendency to be shy and withdrawn - Directs potentially maladaptive feelings or extroversion - tendency to be friendly and outgoing impulses into socially acceptable behavior 8. Compensation ALFRED ADLER - Counterbalancing perceived weakness by - inferiority complex: feelings of inferiority and emphasizing strength in other areas the striving for superiority 9. Intellectualization - Thinking when confronted with an unacceptable self – actualization impulse, situation or behavior without - realizing one’s full potential employing any emotions 10. Identification ERIK ERIKSON - bolstering self-esteem - psychosocial theory: development across the - forming an imaginary or real alliance with some life span that detail the crises and conflicts that person or group accompany eight specific stages. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 2. Behaviorism - John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner Oral - how learning and adaptation affect the Anal development of psychopathology Phallic - Oedipus complex - boy keep his lustful impulses Classical conditioning toward his mother in check - a type of learning in which an organism comes castration anxiety - removing the son’s penis to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to - Electra complex - young girl as wanting to produce a response that anticipates and prepares replace her mother and possess her father. for the unconditioned stimulus. penis envy - girl’s desire for a penis - Also called Pavlovian or respondent Latency conditioning. Genitals Extinction Fixation - if we did not receive appropriate gratification - a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is during a specific stage or if a specific stage left a removed and a conditioned response becomes particularly strong impression independent of the conditioned stimulus Neuroses introspection - psychological disorders characterized by anxiety - a method of self-observation in which or tension participants report their thoughts and feelings  CHAPTER 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Transcribed by: Marjorie Lyka G. Lingat John B. Watson - behaviorism - emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat Joseph Wolpe - Used classical conditioning theory in psychotherapy and introduced Systematic Desensitization and concepts of reciprocal inhibition which he applied to reduce anxiety. - In treatment he paired relaxation with an anxiety ADDITIONAL INFOS: -provoking stimulus until the stimulus no longer Major Theoretical Notions produced anxiety. Connectionism Behavior Therapy - strengthening of neural bonds between - Therapy that applies learning principles to the stimulating conditions and the response to them elimination of unwanted behaviors. Selecting and connecting or trial and error learning B.F. Skinner - basic form of learning - pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that - trying different responses in a problem-solving everything we do is determined by our past history of situation until a response can solve the problem rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning apparatus which he used to study The law of readiness schedules of reinforcement on pigeons and rats. - when someone is ready to perform some act, to Operant Conditioning do so is satisfying - a type of learning in which behavior is - when someone is ready to perform some act, not strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or to do so is annoying diminished if followed by a punisher - when someone is ready to perform some act and is forced to do so, it is annoying Shaping - an operant conditioning procedure in which The law of exercise reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior Law of Use - Connections between stimulus and a response Humanistic Psychology: outgrown Freudian therapy; are strengthened as they are used focuses more on human potential and self-actualizing Law of Misuse than on psychological disorders. Therapy that has - Connections between situations and responses evolved from this approach is known as person-centered are weakened when practice is disconnected or therapy; the therapist shows almost unconditional when the neutral bond is not used. positive regard for the client’s feelings and thoughts The Law of Effect The Behavioral Model: focuses more on human potential and self-actualizing than on psychological - Strengthening and weakening of a connection disorders. Therapy that has evolved from this approach between a stimulus and a response as a result of is known as person-centered therapy; the therapist shows the consequences of the response almost unconditional positive regard for the client’s feelings and thoughts 4. The Present: Scientific Method