Intelligence at and Across Echelons (FM 2-0) PDF

PART THREE Fighting for Intelligence Fighting for intelligence requires leveraging national to tactical information collection, analytical capabilities, and PED capabilities to overcome challenges posed by threats within the OE. No one unit or echelon can collect all of...

PART THREE Fighting for Intelligence Fighting for intelligence requires leveraging national to tactical information collection, analytical capabilities, and PED capabilities to overcome challenges posed by threats within the OE. No one unit or echelon can collect all of the relevant information needed to identify and open windows of opportunity to continuously provide commanders and staffs situational understanding of the threat, especially during large-scale combat operations. Fighting for intelligence requires the G-2/S-2, in coordination with the G-3/S-3, other staff members, and the intelligence enterprise, to holistically portray the OE so friendly forces can gain and maintain situational understanding, present multiple dilemmas across domains, and deliver lethal capabilities. Chapter 7 Intelligence at and Across Echelons SECTION I – OVERVIEW 7-1. The Army portion of the intelligence enterprise, supported by an overarching Army intelligence architecture, facilitates intelligence support across echelons (for example, broadcast dissemination of higher- level collection) and at echelon as well as the synchronization of certain aspects of intelligence across echelons. However, to really understand Army intelligence support, intelligence professionals must understand intelligence support from national to battalion levels. Fundamentally, intelligence products, policy, and, in some situations, certain intelligence services flow down from the national level (along with partner nations) to joint headquarters and forces to theater army down (through the Army echelons) to the battalion level. This perspective provides a basic model. In some situations, intelligence also flows up from the tactical level to successive higher echelons—at times up to the national level—because of the unique access tactical-level intelligence can sometimes provide. 7-2. Figure 7-1 on page 7-2 provides a basic illustration of each echelon, including its intelligence staff and organic or supporting MI unit, to assist subsequent discussions of intelligence support at and across echelons. 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-1 Chapter 7 Figure 7-1. Intelligence across the echelons THE INTELLIGENCE ENTERPRISE ACROSS ECHELONS 7-3. The scheme of intelligence assists in identifying how the intelligence warfighting function leverages capabilities across the intelligence enterprise to attain situational understanding of the OE. This is essential because each sensor, asset, unit, organization, agency, and allied partner within the intelligence enterprise assists in visualizing and understanding relevant characteristics of the OE that may impact operations. Information flow is not only downward to Army echelons but also from Army echelons to national organizations, agencies, and allied partners. This holistic approach of collaboration, integration and synchronization lessens the possibility of information gaps, information collection gaps, and the threat’s ability to leverage a capability or adapt a COA not previously identified. 7-4. The value of the intelligence enterprise is the ability it provides to leverage information from all unified action partners (including access to national capabilities), nonintelligence information, larger volumes of information and intelligence, and specialized analysis. Collaboration is the central principle of conducting analysis. While there are many aspects to the intelligence enterprise, the most important element is the people that make it work. Army units provide accurate and detailed intelligence on the threats and relevant aspects 7-2 FM 2-0 01 October 2023  Intelligence at and Across Echelons of the OE (especially those related to Army activities), while other portions of the DOD intelligence effort provide expertise and access not readily available to the Army. Additionally, DOD agencies provide governance over certain intelligence methods and activities. Cooperation benefits everyone. 7-5. Collaboration, integration, and synchronization are central to the effectiveness of the national to tactical intelligence effort. When Army analysts collaborate with higher-level intelligence organizations, they create a more comprehensive and detailed assessment of the threat and OE (based on civil considerations and sociocultural factors across the domains and dimensions) to facilitate situational understanding. INTEGRATED CAPABILITIES 7-6. To fully leverage intelligence enterprise capabilities, intelligence operations must integrate Service, special operations forces, theater, and national intelligence capabilities into a unified effort that surpasses any single organizational effort and provides the most accurate and timely information to commanders. Every intelligence organization provides pieces of information that support commanders’ understanding, visualization, and decision making. 7-7. Intelligence integration occurs when intelligence sharing and collaboration occur at every level to develop an understanding of the threat’s actions, activities, and anticipated steps. This facilitates the commander and staff’s situational understanding and preparation for future operations. Information collection and intelligence activities must be coordinated vertically (for example, with higher/lower headquarters) and laterally (for example, with special operations forces, coalition, host-nation partner elements) and fully integrated into plans and operations. By using the appropriate procedures, foreign disclosure guidance, and established policy, intelligence leaders can provide information and intelligence support to multinational forces and vice versa. Having knowledge of and understanding the various echelons above corps and national intelligence organizations facilitate intelligence integration across every level. SECTION II – NATIONAL, JOINT, AND U.S. ARMY INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY COMMAND SUPPORT 7-8. Echelons above corps intelligence organizations encompass the national, joint, theater army, and field army (when established) portion of the intelligence enterprise. INSCOM is an example of an Army echelon above corps intelligence organization and key contributor to this effort. Echelons above corps intelligence organizations provide support at all levels of warfare. (See ADP 5-0.) They employ specialized and dedicated personnel and capabilities to collect information about threats, events, and national intelligence requirements. They leverage national and joint capabilities to allocate and prioritize collection assets to lower echelons operating at the tactical level. Therefore, Army commanders and staffs must understand the intelligence warfighting function across each echelon in addition to the intelligence capabilities of higher organizations. 7-9. An Army Service component command is command responsible for recommendations to the combatant commander on the allocation and employment of Army forces (JP 3-31). Army Service component commands (ASCCs) are the Army forces designated by the Secretary of the Army to support combatant commands. An ASCC has an intelligence staff that assists the commander in processing, analyzing, and disseminating information and intelligence provided by subordinate, higher, and adjacent units. Some ASCCs receive support from several INSCOM units—ranging from directly aligned MIB-Ts to globally aligned functional intelligence brigades. INSCOM comprises 17 major subordinate commands categorized as— ⚫ MIB-Ts: There are seven INSCOM MIB-Ts (six INSCOM MIB-Ts and one USAR [United States Army Military Intelligence Readiness Command (MIRC)] MIB-T), each tailored for the combatant command it supports. MIB-Ts provide collection, processing, analysis, and dissemination support to the ASCCs, CCDRs, and the U.S. IC. ⚫ Functional commands: These functional commands, while not regionally aligned, work in coordination with INSCOM’s MIB-Ts to create an integrated (national to tactical) intelligence architecture. INSCOM functional commands have missions and capabilities typically focused on a single intelligence discipline and operational function. 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-3 Chapter 7 NATIONAL AND JOINT INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT 7-10. National intelligence organizations employ specialized resources and dedicated personnel to maintain situational understanding about potential adversaries, events, and other worldwide intelligence requirements across the competition continuum. National intelligence organizations routinely provide support to JFCs while continuing to support national decision makers. However, the focus of these national intelligence organizations is not evenly split among intelligence customers and varies according to the situation and competing requirements. During large-scale combat operations against a peer threat, intense competition for intelligence resources at every level requires the efficient use and availability of Army information collection units and capabilities. (See ATP 2-19.1-1.) 7-11. The Army must posture itself as part of the joint force to effectively support and achieve national objectives. The intelligence warfighting function is the Army’s contribution to national intelligence. As part of the joint intelligence effort, the Army’s intelligence warfighting function must assist in achieving those objectives. INSCOM, as a direct reporting unit to the DA G-2, conducts and synchronizes worldwide intelligence collection across all disciplines and all-source analysis activities. 7-12. Table 7-1 lists and describes national and joint intelligence collection capabilities. Table 7-1. National and joint intelligence collection capabilities National and joint collection capabilities CI: Counterespionage investigations, CI collection, technical services and support, strategic CI operations, and CI analysis and production. Disseminated/Broadcast to lower echelons: Intelligence information reports and investigative reporting on shared databases. GEOINT: National and commercial overhead collection and theater airborne collection. Disseminated/Broadcast to lower echelons: Operational intelligence ground station, TGS, Global Broadcast System, Integrated Broadcast Service, shared imagery library, reports, and shared databases. HUMINT: Source operations (recruited, nonrecruited, debriefing), interrogations, collection support activities (HUMINT screening, liaison, HUMINT targeting, HUMINT support to DOMEX). Disseminated/Broadcast to lower echelons: Reports and shared databases. MASINT: Overhead warning intelligence. Disseminated/Broadcast to lower echelons: Operational intelligence ground station, TGS, Global Broadcast System, and Integrated Broadcast Service, reports, and shared databases. OSINT: Regional analytic products across many areas. Disseminated/Broadcast to lower echelons: OSINT reports, tactical OSINT reports, shared-product library. SIGINT: National collection, theater airborne collection, and theater ground collection. Disseminated/Broadcast to lower echelons: Operational intelligence ground station, TGS, Global Broadcast System, reports, and shared databases. TECHINT: Strategic support to the development community and detailed information and data on threat equipment and systems. Disseminated/Broadcast to lower echelons: Report and shared databases. CI counterintelligence OSINT open-source intelligence DOMEX document and media exploitation SIGINT signals intelligence GEOINT geospatial intelligence TECHINT technical intelligence HUMINT human intelligence TGS tactical intelligence ground station MASINT measurement and signature intelligence U.S. ARMY INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY COMMAND 7-13. As the Army’s operational intelligence force provider, INSCOM provides forces to ASCCs and the combat support agencies: National Security Agency, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, and DIA. INSCOM provides a ground intelligence production center to support the Army and the DIA federated production program and conducts TECHINT and forensics to support acquisition and operations. INSCOM’s commander also provides Title 50, USC, National Intelligence Program support to the U.S. IC, combatant commands, and Army organizations. 7-14. The Army, in response to validated requirements, may direct INSCOM to provide many different types of capabilities to multiple echelons and joint forces with intelligence capabilities resident within INSCOM. INSCOM also delivers linguist support as well as intelligence-related advanced skills training, acquisition support, logistics, communications, and other specialized capabilities to support Army, joint, and unified action partner forces and the U.S. IC. INSCOM’s MIB-Ts and functional commands may provide DS, GS, or GS-reinforcing to theaters through intelligence reach, or they may be force-tailored for deployment to support the joint force. (See ATP 2-19.1-2.) 7-4 FM 2-0 01 October 2023  Intelligence at and Across Echelons 7-15. INSCOM’s functional commands and major subordinate commands include the following: ⚫ The 116th MI Brigade (Aerial Exploitation) provides aerial intelligence collection platforms, associated PED, the Army Open-Source Center, and C2 at forward locations. The Army Open- Source Center is an OSINT organization that provides intelligence reach and supplementary support to Army major commands and units worldwide, coalition forces and JTFs, and other Services. ⚫ The U.S. Army CI Command conducts the full range of CI functions (operations, investigations, collection, analysis and production, and technical services and support activities). ⚫ The Army Operations Group conducts global, full range HUMINT operations. ⚫ The National Ground Intelligence Center provides all-source intelligence and GEOINT on foreign ground forces, S&TI, general MI, and I2 on foreign ground forces. The Army GEOINT Battalion, as a National Ground Intelligence Center and INSCOM battalion, is the Army’s lead force for GEOINT readiness and joint support to targeting. The Army GEOINT Battalion— ▪ Conducts GEOINT to support worldwide military operations and national-level requirements. ▪ Provides GEOINT support to joint targeting contingency planning and foundational MI. ▪ Provides national-level representation for Army GEOINT collection. ▪ Enables Army intelligence readiness through GEOINT Foundry mission and exercise support. ⚫ The Cyber Military Intelligence Group, 780th MI Brigade, and other major subordinate commands (704th MI Brigade, 706th MI Group, the European Cryptologic Center, and the Expeditionary Operations Support Group) provide worldwide focus on threat analysis and emerging technologies (some in the cyberspace domain) with a goal of maintaining pace with ever-changing technologies and thereat advancements. Army Intelligence and Security Enterprise The AISE provides critical and unique assistance to the Army’s national to tactical intelligence effort. The enterprise includes the following INSCOM offices, which assist in enabling Army cryptology, CI, GEOINT, HUMINT, and OSINT: Army Cryptologic Office (also known as ACO). Army GEOINT Office (also known as AGO). Army HUMINT Operations Center (also known as AHOC). Army OSINT Office (also known as AOO). Army Security Office (also known as ASO). Army Trojan Management Office (also known as ATMO). DA Intelligence Information Services (also known as DA IIS). See ATP 2-19.1-2 for more information on the AISE offices. SECTION III – FIGHTING FOR INTELLIGENCE ACROSS ECHELONS 7-16. Fighting for intelligence at echelon is difficult; fighting for intelligence across echelons is vastly complex. For national and joint levels, INSCOM, and at each Army echelon, there are so many varied capabilities performing many different roles across the intelligence enterprise. Different aspects of the intelligence enterprise include— ⚫ Authorities, authorizations, and oversight. ⚫ Different collection capabilities. ⚫ All-source analytic centers, organizations, and units. ⚫ Supporting enterprises across most of the intelligence disciplines. 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-5 Chapter 7 7-17. Army capabilities at echelon perform different functions that vary with the type of unit, the organization of the theater or joint operations area, the nature of the conflict, and the number and types of friendly forces committed to the effort. At each echelon, a commander or leader task-organizes available capabilities to accomplish the mission. The use of capabilities is carefully planned, to include performing risk management. When fighting for intelligence at echelon during each strategic context, the G-2/S-2 considers several factors, including but not limited to— ⚫ The commander’s intent. ⚫ The arrangement of friendly units and their capabilities across the OE. ⚫ Synchronizing the intelligence effort across echelons to present multiple dilemmas to the threat across domains. ⚫ Threat strengths, vulnerabilities, organizations, equipment, capabilities, intentions, and tactics. ⚫ Considering threat capabilities residing in each domain and dimension. ⚫ National, joint, and allied-partner capabilities available. ⚫ Friendly capability vulnerabilities and limitations. ⚫ Timely information is needed for decision making. 7-18. Army intelligence supports unified action at all echelons. Higher headquarters actively assist their subordinate formations in their fights, not simply attaching them to or assigning them with additional capabilities. Commanders and staffs actively avoid becoming so narrowly focused on their echelon’s roles and responsibilities that they allow their subordinate formations to fail. Likewise, the G-2/S-2 must be able to visualize and synchronize intelligence operations across echelons during each strategic context to ensure optimal support across the entirety of the battlefield. MI unit structures and capabilities differ significantly across theaters and echelons. For example— ⚫ Each theater army MIB-T has different capabilities and varying internal task organization. ⚫ The corps expeditionary-military intelligence brigade (E-MIB) is the lowest level with organic HUMINT units that can support detainee facility interrogations and CI teams. ⚫ Theater armies, corps, and BCTs have MI units—MIB-Ts, E-MIBs, and MI companies, respectively—but divisions and battalions do not have organic MI units. Note. Combatant commands have OPCON of MIB-Ts and usually place them either under OPCON or TACON of the ASCC. Some corps E-MIBs can be task-organized to support divisions or even some BCTs. 7-19. The basic intelligence support provided by the G-2/S-2 and intelligence staff at each echelon is the same. What differs is the size, composition, and number of supporting capabilities for the intelligence staff; access to higher-level information and intelligence; the number and complexity of the requirements; and the time available to answer those requirements. Generally, the higher the echelon, the greater the volume, depth, and complexity (for example, detailed intelligence products about threat cyberspace activities) of analysis and intelligence production the intelligence staff can perform. Lower-echelon G-2/S-2s and intelligence staffs must often depend on higher echelons for certain intelligence products and support. Therefore, the commander and staff must understand the intricacies or specifics of the intelligence warfighting function across each echelon. Figure 7-2 is a notional depiction of echelon roles and responsibilities in time, space, and purpose. 7-20. As a strategic context shifts from crisis to armed conflict, a good example of echelon interdependencies is setting and opening the theater and deploying intelligence staffs and MI units into the theater. Deployment comprises activities and processes required to prepare and move forces, supplies, and equipment to a theater. Planning for and executing the activities and processes necessary to deploy intelligence staffs and MI units occur from the theater army G-2 and intelligence staff level down to the MI unit platoon level. This also exemplifies the need for collaborative planning across echelons, as every echelon has a role in deployment. While the theater army G-2, intelligence staff, and MIB-T are responsible for setting the theater, once the E-MIB is set in theater, the theater army often tasks the E-MIB commander and staff to assist in setting the theater. The E-MIB is often tasked to support the deployment of subsequent MI units into the theater, especially in the reception, staging, onward movement, and integration (RSOI) of those units. (For more doctrine on Army deployments, see ATP 3-35.) 7-6 FM 2-0 01 October 2023  Intelligence at and Across Echelons Figure 7-2. Notional roles/responsibilities in time, space, and purpose at different echelons 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-7 Chapter 7 7-21. Another example of echelon interdependencies is intelligence support to targeting. Echelons above corps organizations are critical in building target folders during competition and then disseminating them to land force commanders. Currently, MIB-Ts and aerial exploitation battalions provide the Army’s organic deep collection assets, which are essential to collecting information relevant to targeting. MIB-Ts have the data storage and data transport necessary to connect ground units at echelons corps and below to joint target folders and other theater-level targeting materials. As such, echelons above corps intelligence organizations support targeting from competition to armed conflict. SECTION IV – THEATER ARMY 7-22. The ASCC of a combatant command can be a theater army. The Army contributes organizational elements and capabilities to JFCs to conduct unified action across the range of military operations. Theater army headquarters, operating from CPs with their associated theater-enabling commands and functional brigades, can control Army or joint forces for smaller-scale contingency operations. (See ATP 3-93.) 7-23. The theater army maintains an AOR-wide focus, providing support to Army and joint forces across the region, in accordance with the combatant command’s priorities of support. Depending on the region and the combatant command’s priorities, the relative emphasis that the theater army places on its operational and administrative responsibilities can vary greatly, to include— ⚫ Shaping the AOR to improve positions of relative advantage held by U.S. forces and their allies. ⚫ Protecting against threat actions outside of the operational area. ⚫ Preventing the expansion of conflict unintended by friendly decision makers and senior commanders. ⚫ Detecting and striking enemy capabilities that reside outside of a joint operations area. 7-24. The theater army enables the CCDR to employ landpower anywhere in the AOR across the range of military operations. It commands Army forces in the region until the CCDR attaches selected Army forces to a JFC. When that happens, the theater army divides its responsibility between the Army Component in the joint operations area and Army forces operating in other parts of the AOR. Each theater army synchronizes with unified action partners and employs the instruments of national power to fulfill policy aims within the assigned theater to support the national strategy. (See FM 3-0.) 7-25. Theater army intelligence operations are continually conducted to provide information and intelligence used to support land forces, including allied and partner-nation forces, in order to extend the capacity and capabilities of those forces and improve intelligence support to U.S. forces. Results from these operations provide guidance on plans and policies and strategic guidance. For the Army’s corps, divisions, and BCTs, theater army intelligence operations provide information used in IPOE, support to targeting, support to information advantage activities, situation development, and protection; they also provide warning intelligence. 7-26. The theater army headquarters has a G-2 who assists the commander in processing, analyzing, and disseminating information and intelligence provided by higher, subordinate, and adjacent units. (See ATP 2-19.1-1.) THEATER ARMY G-2 7-27. The theater army G-2 is the commander’s principal assistant who advises, plans, and coordinates actions of the intelligence warfighting function. The theater army G-2 is the chief of the intelligence cell, theater army’s senior intelligence officer, and principal intelligence advisor to the theater army commander. 7-28. The theater army G-2 is equipped with intelligence systems and processors that connect to all required networks. These systems are interoperable with the Army’s C2 suite of systems and can share data with Army organizations at all echelons and organizations within the U.S. IC. Using these systems, the theater army G-2 provides the authoritative intelligence estimate of enemy units and intent through the shared CIP, providing the foundation for lower echelons. 7-8 FM 2-0 01 October 2023  Intelligence at and Across Echelons 7-29. The theater army G-2 and its supporting ACE provide regionally focused intelligence overwatch. Regionally aligned, assigned, and designated forces must thoroughly coordinate with the supporting MIB-T. This allows regional forces to access theater intelligence, infrastructure, and training opportunities, as well as leverage expertise resident in the theater. Organizations can also interact with INSCOM functional commands to focus organic intelligence capabilities and enhance situational awareness and mission readiness. 7-30. The theater G-2 coordinates with the USAF SWO to— ⚫ Provide weather forecasts and effects on operations and capabilities (friendly and threat). ⚫ Ensure the weather portion of the running estimate remains current. ⚫ Ensure weather products are published according to the commander’s stated requirements and the command’s battle rhythm. ⚫ Ensure weather products are tailored for the area and include specific weather forecasts for specific theater weather conditions. THEATER ARMY INTELLIGENCE CELL 7-31. The theater army intelligence cell is responsible for integrating and synchronizing Army intelligence operations throughout the combatant command’s AOR. The cell’s staff elements either embed or coordinate with other CP cells to facilitate this synchronization. Specifically, the theater army intelligence cell performs the following tasks: ⚫ Provides recommendations to the theater army commander regarding the theater intelligence collection posture and task organization. ⚫ Plans, programs, manages, evaluates, oversees, and integrates all intelligence activities. ⚫ Provides functional oversight of assigned or attached intelligence personnel and units. ⚫ Establishes the theater intelligence architecture. ⚫ Manages theater army intelligence collection, production, dissemination, disclosure, and CI requirements. ⚫ Coordinates for national intelligence support and executes intelligence engagement and theater security cooperation, as required. ⚫ Provides intelligence support to land-based air and missile defense. ⚫ Distributes established transliteration guidance for intelligence and operational consistency. Building a Collaborative Environment The theater army G-2 and intelligence cell provide the guidance, resources, and access to the intelligence enterprise that, in turn, promotes a collaborative and flexible environment to ensure effective collection management and intelligence operations from theater army to battalion levels. A top-down collaborative approach assists each successive echelon in dealing with the dynamic challenges that the threat presents to friendly forces. This publication has previously emphasized the importance of close collaboration between echelons as well as between the G-3/S-3, G-2/S-2, collection manager, and MI unit commander. The theater army has an important role in promoting that collaboration. 7-32. The intelligence cell in the theater army CP provides regionally focused intelligence support to Army and joint forces operating in the combatant command’s AOR. It is organized as a planning staff that assists the theater army commander in developing the plans required to support the combatant command’s operations. 7-33. The theater army intelligence cell depends on the MIB-T for intelligence collection, single-source analysis, and all-source intelligence to meet the theater army’s intelligence needs. Additionally, the theater army intelligence cell depends on the JFC information planning cell for analysis and intelligence about the cyberspace domain and information dimension. With augmentation, the intelligence cell can conduct operational intelligence collection and analysis to support theater army operations or operate in DS of a corps or other subordinate headquarters. 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-9 Chapter 7 MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BRIGADE-THEATER 7-34. MIB-Ts are assigned to combatant commands and may be OPCON or TACON to the theater army by the CCDR. Both the MIB-T commander and the G-2 use a memorandum of understanding to identify OPCON, TACON, or ADCON responsibilities. As the theater army’s permanently assigned ground intelligence organization, the MIB-T can deploy scalable and tailorable intelligence capabilities to meet combatant command, ASCC, and JTF intelligence requirements. However, it is likely that MIB-Ts will be OPCON to the theater army; therefore, this publication discusses MIB-Ts as OPCON to the theater army. (See ATP 2-19.1-2.) 7-35. MIB-Ts— ⚫ Provide regionally focused collection and analysis to support theater army daily operation requirements and specific joint operations in the AOR. ⚫ Provide the theater army with its foundational capabilities to set the theater for the intelligence warfighting function. As such, MIB-Ts serve as theater-level intelligence focal points through the theater army G-2 for deploying forces. ⚫ As focal points, provide intelligence system and intelligence personnel support related to combatant command specific OEs. ⚫ Provide expertise on joint ISR and Army information collection, intelligence resources, cultural knowledge of the theater, and the threat, as well as access to theater and national intelligence architectures and data that support intelligence operations. ⚫ Perform important tasks to support the theater army G-2’s effort in opening the theater. ⚫ Assist the E-MIB with RSOI, when needed. ⚫ Provide overarching planning for the RSOI of subsequent MI units. SUPPORT AND ENABLING SERVICES 7-36. Deployed MIB-T forces leverage secure communications networks to access nondeployed MIB-T, higher-echelon Army, joint, and U.S. IC capabilities through intelligence reach. MIB-Ts can provide or coordinate the following support and enabling services to ground forces deploying to, operating in, or otherwise supporting the theater: ⚫ Intelligence: ▪ Intelligence assessments. ▪ COPs, CIPs, and intelligence graphic products. ▪ Persistent intelligence overwatch (for example cultural, language, area subject matter experts). ▪ Federated intelligence production and coordination on behalf of the ASCC G-2. ⚫ Integration: ▪ Information technology integration. ▪ Data services (COPs, CIPs, and intelligence pictures; theater geospatial database; data sharing; access to the combatant command’s distributed integrated backbone [also called DIB]; knowledge management; and the USAF Weather Virtual Private Cloud). ▪ Data ingest services (data push and pull, data formatting, and the intelligence analysis systems-to-C2 systems population). ▪ Architecture management services (Secret, sensitive compartmented information, and multinational communications networks; regionally aligned forces intelligence analysis system connectivity; standard and shareable geospatial foundation, theater geospatial database, and geospatial data and information across all network classification domains; and data routing services provided or coordinated by Ground Intelligence Support Activity information technology operations). ⚫ Training: Live environment training, mobile training teams, and subject matter expertise. 7-10 FM 2-0 01 October 2023  Intelligence at and Across Echelons BASELINE DESIGN 7-37. The organization and capacity of each MIB-T differ in relation to enduring theater requirements and relative prioritization within the Defense Planning Guidance. Although tailored to the unique circumstances of the theater to which it is assigned, a MIB-T’s standard baseline design is— ⚫ A multicomponent brigade headquarters that includes Active Component, USAR, and aligned ARNG elements. ⚫ An operations battalion that serves as the theater army G-2’s ACE. This battalion may also be task-organized as a theater intelligence center. The battalion may also send a task-organized intelligence support element as part of the forward deployment of a theater army headquarters CP/element and/or other ground intelligence forces. ⚫ A forward collection battalion that may possess CI, HUMINT, and SIGINT collection and analysis capabilities. ⚫ A USAR MI battalion-theater support (known as a theater support battalion)—assigned to the MIRC but regionally aligned to the theater—that can mobilize to provide surge and an extension of intelligence capability and capacity to the MIB-T to support ground-force requirements in theater. ⚫ An ARNG-aligned linguist battalion that provides CI, HUMINT, and SIGINT regionally aligned linguist Soldiers. Note. The MIB-T, reinforced by INSCOM’s functional commanders and major subordinate commands, provides support to regionally aligned force/global response force units at all levels to assist in integrating them into the theater enterprise before, during, and after deployment. Through MIB-T focal points and functional commands, INSCOM, along with the MIRC, brings intelligence capabilities to supported operational- and tactical-level commands to ensure they have the necessary intelligence to conduct expeditionary operations. INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION CAPABILITIES 7-38. Table 7-2 lists and describes theater army-level intelligence capabilities, which are divided into organic and supporting collection capabilities. However, since every theater and specific operation are different, the theater army G-2 builds an intelligence architecture, receives augmentation and higher-level support, and task- organizes organic intelligence units based on the specific operation. The intelligence architecture reflects how many MI capabilities are employed forward as well as the capabilities provided through intelligence reach. Note. Generally, at each echelon there are more requirements than intelligence analytical and collection capacity. Table 7-2. Theater army organic and supporting intelligence collection capabilities Theater army organic collection capabilities MIB-T1: The MIB-T serves as the theater-level intelligence focal point through the theater army G-2, and as such for deploying, regionally aligned, and global response forces. It is the geographic combatant command’s ground intelligence organization. Each MIB-T has the same organic baseline collection capabilities but with varying levels of capacity. USAR theater support battalions are regionally aligned and provide support in coordination with MIB-Ts. Each MIB-T is augmented with capabilities and capacity from the INSCOM during contingencies. MIB-T systems differ by theater. During competition and crisis, MIB-Ts are only sourced with their organic capabilities and capacity; during armed conflict, MIB-Ts draw additional support. MIB-T collection capabilities include any combination of— CI: CI investigations, CI collection analysis, CI cyber, technical CI, polygraph support, CI operations, and technical services and support. GEOINT: Leverages the following national and joint capabilities: collection of national imagery, full-motion video, and moving target indicator. HUMINT: Source operations (recruited, nonrecruited, debriefing), interrogations, collection support activities (HUMINT screening, liaison, HUMINT targeting, HUMINT support to document and media exploitation). MASINT: (No organic collection capability) Leverages national and joint capabilities to identify and characterize signatures. OSINT: Publicly available information collection and population sentiment assessments. 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-11 Chapter 7 Table 7-2. Theater army organic and supporting intelligence collection capabilities (continued) Theater army organic collection capabilities (continued) SIGINT: (Mission- and theater-dependent capabilities) Leverages theater and national SIGINT collection as well as organic collection capabilities available in some MIB-Ts. TECHINT: (No organic collection capability) Leverages from USAR. Limited foreign materiel exploitation, technical assessments, and threat capability/vulnerability identification. Theater army supporting collection capabilities During large-scale combat operations, the aerial exploitation battalion or an aerial ISR task force (from the aerial intelligence brigade) will most likely support the theater army or corps echelon based on the mission variables. Limited national, joint, and INSCOM units and organizations provide theater-specific and special intelligence capabilities, as required, during normal operations and can provide surge capabilities when required. Notes. A theater army may receive intelligence and information from Army space control companies in the theater MDTF’s multidomain effects battalion and from the 1st Space Brigade, including reconnaissance and the characterization of adversary space domain activities. Operational conditions may restrict the use of organic systems. The communications infrastructure, the threat, and the tempo may affect the ability to employ or emplace collectors and collection platforms. 1 In highly contested, lethal environments where enemies employ effective long-range fires and other capabilities, it is imperative to identify windows of opportunity to deploy national, joint, and theater collection capabilities. CI counterintelligence MDTF multidomain task force G-2 assistant chief of staff, intelligence MIB-T military intelligence brigade-theater GEOINT geospatial intelligence OSINT open-source intelligence HUMINT human intelligence SIGINT signals intelligence INSCOM United States Army Intelligence and Security Command TECHINT technical intelligence ISR intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance USAR United States Army Reserve MASINT measurement and signature intelligence ALL-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE CAPABILITIES 7-39. All-source intelligence support at the theater army level consists of robust and sophisticated capabilities focused on analyzing a broad range of operational and mission variables across the domains and dimensions. The analytical focus is at the strategic and operational levels. This all-source support occurs across all theater army CPs and is a key component of the intelligence architecture. All-source intelligence support includes the various elements of the theater army intelligence cell, the MIB-T operations battalion, and the regionally aligned USAR theater support battalion. 7-40. The primary all-source analytical element supporting the theater army is the ACE. Most theater army ACEs do not deploy forward. However, tailored analytical elements deploy forward to support the theater army CP structure. Table 7-3 describes theater army-level all-source intelligence capabilities. Table 7-3. Theater army-level all-source intelligence capabilities Intelligence Analytical focus: Theater army Analytical window support to— Analytical tasks: Provide warning intelligence, perform situation development, and conduct collection management. Current operations Current to 72 hours Perform specified analytical tasks to support theater army operations as directed. Further refine intelligence products provided from future operations. Analytical tasks: Conduct pre-mission analysis of the OE for all theater army forces, provide 72 hours to 9 days theater army database support, perform IPOE, perform situation development, and conduct Echelon focus: collection management. Theater to division Provide analytical support and address multidomain operation considerations for lower maneuver units. echelons. Groupings of long- Future operations Provide analytical support to the joint task force or joint force land component commander as range fires, required. artillery, and Provide regional expertise of enemy ground combat forces. rockets. Develop IPOE products and mission analysis for the next operation. All specialty and Support the integration of regionally aligned forces into the theater OE. supporting ground Perform specified analytical tasks to support the theater as directed by the theater commander. forces. Analytical tasks: Participate in IPOE and situation development and provide support to Targeting (for lethal targeting. 72 hours to 9 days and nonlethal effects) Emphasize defining and assessing target nominations, target validations, and comprehensive battle damage assessments at strategic and operational levels. Note. Time windows are examples; actual time windows depend on the situation. All analysis thoroughly accounts for civil considerations, terrain, and weather forecasts and effects on capabilities. IPOE intelligence preparation of the operational environment OE operational environment 7-12 FM 2-0 01 October 2023  Intelligence at and Across Echelons COMPETITION 7-41. The theater army is the primary Army organization that plans, prepares, and oversees the execution of activities conducted by Army forces during competition and assesses the results of those activities. All theater army intelligence efforts during competition are accomplished within a larger national, joint, and coalition context. The theater army intelligence effort during competition focuses on the following: ⚫ Providing support to set and maintain the theater. ⚫ Providing intelligence support to theater security cooperation. ⚫ Supporting the execution of the CCDR’s daily operational requirements. ⚫ Supporting contingency planning for crisis and armed conflict. ⚫ Identifying events that may lead to crisis and armed conflict. ⚫ Providing leaders and decision makers with the information necessary for a clear understanding. ⚫ Conducting all-source intelligence analysis to support the ASCC or CCDR PIR. ⚫ Providing support to force tailoring. ⚫ Maintaining situational awareness across the theater. ⚫ Providing continual support to target development. ⚫ Maintaining the intelligence portion of the COP. ⚫ Participating in the joint collection management board, which enables the JFC’s decision making on the apportionment and allocation of ISR assets and updating the information collection plan. ⚫ Maintaining the CIP. ⚫ Serving as the theater army ACE for single-source intelligence, all-source intelligence analysis products and databases, and intelligence collection management. ⚫ Leveraging the U.S. IC and joint/allied intelligence enterprise and integrating regionally aligned forces and global response forces. ⚫ Conducting continuous information collection activities and intelligence analysis to provide early and accurate warning intelligence. 7-42. Competition activities enable the joint force to gain positions of relative advantage before combat operations. Operations during competition are characterized by actions to protect friendly forces and indicate the intent to execute subsequent phases of a planned operation. For this reason, it is critical for the theater army G-2, the MIB-T, and other regionally aligned forces to develop intelligence databases (across the domains and dimensions) during competition activities. 7-43. Additionally, the theater army G-2— ⚫ Prepares for theater openings, to include planning the RSOI of MI staffs and units on the time- phased force and deployment list (TPFDL) to the OPLAN. The theater army G-2 may task other staffs or MI units to support the RSOI of subsequent MI units due to the time-intensive and detailed nature of RSOI—especially the full integration of MI units into operations and the intelligence architecture. ⚫ Maintains, updates, and shares all information, including the enemy electromagnetic order of battle overlay with deploying units to ensure a common and current understanding of the threat. 7-44. The theater army G-2 participates in operational planning processes to identify intelligence support requirements in order to support theater plans and determine gaps in information and knowledge. This drives the development of the information collection plan. The G-2 analyzes the collected data and uses it to refine IPOE products. Additionally, the G-2 proposes PIRs for commander approval and identifies HVTs and HPTs for G-3 approval. The theater army G-2 conducts collection management with national, joint, and coalition partners to ensure adequate coverage of collection assets to meet the theater’s needs. 7-45. The theater army G-2 builds relationships with partner nations through exercises and exchanges. Exercises strengthen relationships with— ⚫ The U.S. IC, including the J-2 and combat support agencies (particularly the DIA, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, and National Security Agency), regionally aligned units, and units apportioned against an OPLAN. 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-13 Chapter 7 ⚫ The USAR, including the MIRC and the MIB-T’s USAR theater support battalion. ⚫ The ARNG’s 300th MI Brigade (Linguist), which provides language and intelligence support to the Army by mobilizing and deploying elements from its battalions. ⚫ INSCOM, to include reinforcing support beyond what the MIB-T provides (for example, intelligence discipline or all-source support from INSCOM’s functional brigades and groups). 7-46. MIB-Ts conduct MI C2, single-source and all-source analysis, and intelligence collection, and they coordinate for reach PED as directed by the information collection plan. Additionally, MIB-Ts reach out to and coordinate with assigned units (theater-assigned, rotational, regionally aligned) and units apportioned against OPLANs (either temporarily or permanently) to their theaters’ mission, and then MIB-Ts begin the process of integrating MI Soldiers and capabilities into theater operations before deployment. This is accomplished through a standing memorandum of understanding between INSCOM and assigned units rotationally aligned to the specific theater. MIB-Ts also emphasize support to force protection and based on indications of how the theater is reacting to U.S. objectives. 7-47. The MIB-T’s role in receiving deploying units includes ensuring these units can operate on theater- specific networks, such as the Combined Enterprise Regional Information Exchange System (CENTRIXS) and the United States Battlefield Information Collection and Exploitation System (US BICES), both of which are part of the mission partner environment. Furthermore, Army SIGINT activities, either through MIB-T SIGINT elements or by reach from the Army Technical Control and Analysis Element and the Army Cryptologic Office, can assist tactical SIGINT/EW units in accessing theater-specific databases and entering theater-specific SIGINT networks. Similarly, the theater J-2X provides guidance on integrating deploying CI and HUMINT forces. Note. US BICES is an intelligence system that is the U.S. gateway to the 28-member nation battlefield information collection and exploitation system (also called BICES). 7-48. The theater army G-2, through the MIB-T, fulfills an important role in theater through CI and HUMINT operations. CI capabilities are integral to force protection operations OCONUS. Army forces permanently stationed OCONUS, such as those in the Republic of Korea and Europe, face a high threat from foreign intelligence entities; CI forces mitigate this threat. CRISIS 7-49. The theater army intelligence effort during crisis focuses on— ⚫ Maintaining situational awareness across the theater. ⚫ MI force tailoring. ⚫ Monitoring events that may cause a noncombatant evacuation operation event. ⚫ Developing or revising the intelligence architecture. ⚫ Providing support to warning intelligence. ⚫ Providing support to information advantage. ⚫ Providing support to protection. ⚫ Providing continual support to target development. ⚫ Maintaining the intelligence portion of the COP. ⚫ Building and maintaining the CIP. ⚫ Participating in the joint collection management board (which enables the JFC’s decision making on the apportionment and allocation of ISR assets) and updating the information collection plan. ⚫ Updating the planning for theater openings, to include placing MI staffs and units on the TPFDL and planning the deployment of those MI units—especially the overarching planning for RSOI. ⚫ Maintaining, updating, and sharing all information, to include the enemy electromagnetic order of battle overlay, with deploying units to ensure a common and current understanding of the threat. 7-14 FM 2-0 01 October 2023  Intelligence at and Across Echelons 7-50. The MIB-T continues to conduct MI C2, single-source and all-source analysis, and intelligence collection, as well as coordinate for reach PED as directed by the information collection plan. However, there is more emphasis on support to force protection and on indications of how the theater is reacting to crisis. ARMED CONFLICT 7-51. The theater army may provide the core of a land component command or may have a subordinate field army. The MIB-T’s operations battalion forms the theater army ACE. The joint force J-2 federates production requirements with the theater army ACE responsible for maintaining the enemy ground COP and the CIP, which are used in various forums to update the JFC. In a combined environment, the theater army ACE conducts the bulk of its operations in combined workspaces and on combined networks while maintaining some unique U.S. only facilities or capabilities. 7-52. The theater army ACE has an important role in assessing the effectiveness of friendly operations through combat assessment that enables the JFC’s decision making at key points in the OPLAN (such as the transition to armed conflict). Additionally, the theater army ACE conducts target development for the land component to support both JFC and land component commander targeting priorities. The theater battlefield coordination detachment assists the G-3 and G-2 in coordinating input into the joint prioritized integrated target list. 7-53. As a component of the joint force, the theater army represents subordinate Army forces in joint boards and planning cells. The most important of these for the G-2 is the joint collection management board, which enables the JFC’s decision making on the apportionment and allocation of ISR assets. In turn, the theater army may establish a process to further allocate ISR assets to either a field army or subordinate corps headquarters to support daily combat operations. The battlefield coordination detachment maintains close coordination with the combined air operations center’s ISR directorate duty officer and can assist in deconflicting ISR coverage issues generated by maintenance, weather, or changes in priority. 7-54. A key aspect of apportionment and allocation of ISR assets is the allocation of Army intelligence forces and Army special operations forces within the time-phased force and deployment data (TPFDD). This includes USAR forces such as interrogation battalions that support a joint interrogation and debriefing center. Furthermore, the theater army, based on the theater army G-2’s recommendation, incorporates additional nonstandard and quick reaction intelligence capabilities into the theater army G-2, the MIB-T, or other subordinate units. 7-55. The theater army G-2 organizes the effort to ensure there is sufficient PED of all assigned or allocated collection assets through a combination of organic forces and intelligence reach capabilities. The theater G-2 also supports campaign planning to address major changes to the situation such as the transition from large- scale combat operations to stability operations. SECTION V – CORPS 7-56. The corps is the Army’s most versatile formation that employs organic and assigned units for operations. A corps headquarters is organized, trained, and equipped to control the operations of two to five divisions. The corps conducts large-scale combat operations as part of a joint campaign, employing divisions as its base. Corps are central to the conduct of large-scale combat operations as they are organized, trained, and equipped for the deep, rear, and close operations that enable success during close combat. In addition to divisional units, the corps may command BCTs and several types of multifunctional and functional brigades. 7-57. The corps is best positioned and resourced to achieve convergence with Army and joint capabilities. Corps integrate joint capabilities at the right echelon, defeat enemy long- and mid-range fires capabilities, maintain tempo, allow divisions to focus on close and deep operations, and expand division efforts to consolidate gains. When operating independently during large-scale combat, the corps may serve as the ARFOR—the Army component and senior Army headquarters of all Army forces assigned or attached to a combatant command, subordinate joint force command, joint functional command, or multinational command (FM 3-94)—or as the JFLCC, but significant augmentation from joint and multinational forces is required to perform this role successfully. 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-15 Chapter 7 7-58. A corps usually receives reinforcing capabilities and units from theater army, joint, or multinational echelons to conduct operations. There is no standard configuration for a corps, but it generally requires a maneuver enhancement brigade, a combat aviation brigade, an expeditionary sustainment command, a field artillery brigade, and an E-MIB to conduct large-scale combat operations. Corps commanders rely on E-MIBs, resources from higher echelons, and (in some situations) elements from subordinate units to conduct intelligence operations. (See ATP 2-19.3.) Note. A field army is an echelon of command that employs multiple corps, divisions, multi- functional brigades, and functional brigades to achieve objectives on land (ADP 3-90). When a field army is not present, a corps is the nexus between the operational and tactical levels of warfare. The field army, when established, is simply a headquarters. Although it employs subordinate units during operations, these units are provided by external Army, joint, and multinational sources based on the situation, the field army’s role, and its mission. CORPS G-2 7-59. The intelligence warfighting function supports operations by assisting the commander to understand how enemy forces and other threats, terrain, weather, and civil considerations can affect the mission of these commands. The corps G-2, supported by the intelligence cell, advises the commander on how to leverage the intelligence warfighting function to support operations. 7-60. The corps G-2 advises the commander on intelligence, assists the commander in synchronizing intelligence operations, and supervises the intelligence cell. The following include key responsibilities: ⚫ Act as principal intelligence advisor to the corps commander. ⚫ Ensure the intelligence running estimate and CIP remain current. ⚫ Ensure intelligence products are published and intelligence cell support is completed according to the commander’s stated requirements and the command’s battle rhythm. ⚫ Provide analysis to enable the commander and decision maker’s situational understanding. ⚫ Provide warning intelligence. ⚫ Perform situation development. ⚫ Provide unique intelligence support to other types of activities. ⚫ Provide intelligence support to information advantage activities. ⚫ Provide intelligence support to targeting for lethal and nonlethal effects. ⚫ Provide staff supervision of the intelligence training program. ⚫ Provide staff supervision of assigned command security programs. ⚫ Assist the commander in evaluating physical security vulnerabilities. ⚫ Assist the rest of the staff in developing assessment criteria. ⚫ Identify linguist requirements pertaining to intelligence support. (See appendix E.) ⚫ Coordinate with the USAF SWO to provide weather forecasts and effects on operations and capabilities (friendly and threat), ensure the weather portion of the running estimate remains current, ensure weather products are published according to the commander’s stated requirements and the command’s battle rhythm, and provide weather support to targeting and other activities. CORPS INTELLIGENCE CELL 7-61. The corps intelligence cell facilitates understanding the OE. The corps intelligence cell consists of three principal sections: intelligence operations, G-2 ACE, and G-2X, along with a USAF-provided SWO or staff weather team. These sections deploy to support the corps main CP and forward tactical CPs. The corps intelligence cell— ⚫ Requests, receives, processes, and analyzes information from all sources and disseminates intelligence to support current and future operations. 7-16 FM 2-0 01 October 2023  Intelligence at and Across Echelons ⚫ Disseminates intelligence products to support corps operations and the commander’s situational understanding. ⚫ Participates in information collection planning. ⚫ Manages all requirements for information collection and collection assets under corps control. ⚫ Focuses collection resources to provide information the commander requires to make decisions. ⚫ Interfaces with the movement and maneuver cell to integrate intelligence products and intelligence operations activities into current operations. ⚫ Ensures weather products and weather effects information are integrated into current operations. ⚫ Recommends tasks to the corps G-3 for resources under corps control. ⚫ Participates in the targeting process. ⚫ Provides foundational geospatial information and services to all headquarters C2 systems to support visualization through the geospatial engineer team resident in the GEOINT cell. ⚫ Assists in coordinating intelligence support to the various CPs and subordinate units. ⚫ Advises the commander and staff on the employment of CI and HUMINT collection assets and interfaces with external organizations to synchronize and deconflict CI and HUMINT taskings and missions. ⚫ Provides representatives to the COIC. 7-62. Each corps intelligence cell provides policies and procedures for conducting intelligence operations to subordinate echelon intelligence cells. These policies and procedures allow lower echelon intelligence staffs the freedom to conduct intelligence staff activities and intelligence operations more efficiently, as routine tasks can be executed without obtaining approval from higher echelons. EXPEDITIONARY-MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BRIGADE 7-63. An E-MIB is the primary collection asset assigned or attached to the corps. The Active Component has three E-MIBs, the ARNG has two E-MIBs, and the USAR has two MI brigades (GS) to enhance the intelligence capability. ARNG E-MIBs provide the same capabilities as the Active Component IEW battalions (division); USAR MI brigades (GS) provide GS-surge CI, HUMINT, analysis, and PED capacity to theater armies and corps or GS-reinforcing CI, HUMINT, analysis, and PED capacity to MIB-Ts and E-MIBs. (See ATP 2-19.3.) 7-64. E-MIB units are designed to conduct intelligence operations to enable field army/corps/combined JTF and division operations during large-scale combat operations. E-MIBs conduct intelligence operations across multiple domains and dimensions; develop unique intelligence problem sets such as the identification of peer threat integrated fires complex, A2 and AD capabilities; and detect, locate, identify, and track threat combat and enabling formations. E-MIBs provide— ⚫ Intelligence architecture establishment and maintenance. ⚫ ISR management. ⚫ C2 of MI assets (organic, assigned, and attached). ⚫ PED. ⚫ All-source analysis, including target development and BDA. ⚫ Intelligence operations: ▪ CI collection, analysis, production, and activities. ▪ OSINT collection, analysis, production, and activities. ▪ HUMINT collection, analysis, and production. ▪ GEOINT collection, analysis, and production. ▪ SIGINT collection, analysis, and production. ⚫ EW and limited cyberspace operations. 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-17 Chapter 7 7-65. E-MIB commanders are responsible for the training, readiness, and certification of their subordinate battalions. Additionally, the theater army may task the E-MIB, once the E-MIB is set in theater, to assist in conducting RSOI as subsequent MI units deploy. IEW battalions are assigned to E-MIBs and task-organized to a corps and division with a command or support relationship, as determined by the corps commander. IEW battalions are collocated with their supported corps or division headquarters and develop a habitual relationship with their supported corps/division G-2, providing intelligence support in garrison, during exercises, and when operationally deployed. INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION CAPABILITIES 7-66. Table 7-4 lists corps-level intelligence capabilities, which are divided into organic and supporting collection capabilities. However, since every corps and specific operation are different, the corps G-2 builds an intelligence architecture, receives augmentation and higher-level support, and task-organizes organic intelligence units based on the specific operation. The intelligence architecture reflects how many MI capabilities are employed forward as well as the capabilities provided through intelligence reach. Table 7-4. Corps organic and supporting intelligence collection capabilities Corps organic collection capabilities E-MIB: E-MIB capabilities are task-organized within the corps to augment existing intelligence collection capabilities or to cover gaps. E-MIBs support corps and division operational requirements. Active Component E-MIB comprises— 1x IEW battalion (corps), which comprises the following: ▪ Headquarters and headquarters detachment. ▪ Electronic warfare company. ▪ Analysis and PED detachment. ▪ CI and HUMINT company. ▪ Multidomain MI detachment. 2x or more IEW battalions (division), which comprise the following: ▪ Headquarters and headquarters detachment. ▪ Multidomain MI detachment. ▪ Analysis and PED detachment. ▪ Electronic warfare company. ARNG E-MIB comprises— USAR MI brigade (GS) comprises— 4x IEW battalions (division), which comprise the following: 2x MI battalions (GS), which comprise the following: ▪ Headquarters and headquarters detachment. ▪ Headquarters and headquarters detachment. ▪ Analysis and PED detachment. ▪ CI detachment. ▪ Multidomain MI detachment. ▪ HUMINT company. ▪ All-source and PED company. Corps supporting collection capabilities Corps may be augmented by national intelligence support teams, as required—for example, from NGA for GEOINT support. Note. Operational conditions may restrict the use of organic systems. The communications infrastructure, the threat, and the tempo may affect the ability to employ or emplace collectors and collection platforms. ARNG Army National Guard IEW intelligence and electronic warfare CI counterintelligence MI military intelligence E-MIB expeditionary-military intelligence brigade NGA National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency GEOINT geospatial intelligence PED processing, exploitation, and dissemination GS general support USAR United States Army Reserve HUMINT human intelligence ALL-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE CAPABILITIES 7-67. All-source intelligence support at the corps level consists of organic analytical capabilities focused on analyzing specific operational and mission variables across the domains and dimensions within an assigned theater. The analytical focus executes operational-level and tactical-level intelligence analysis and production of the enemy ground forces’ intent and capability to conduct future military operations within an OE. This all-source support occurs at corps main CPs and tactical forward CPs and is a critical part of the intelligence architecture to higher, adjacent, and subordinate units. 7-68. The primary all-source analytic element supporting the corps is the ACE. The ACE supports situation development, the threat characteristics database, and targeting analysis. Generally, the corps ACE analytical capability deploys to support the corps main and forward tactical CPs. Table 7-5 describes corps-level all- source intelligence capabilities. 7-18 FM 2-0 01 October 2023  Intelligence at and Across Echelons Table 7-5. Corps-level all-source intelligence capabilities Intelligence Analytical focus: Corps Analytical window support to— Analytical tasks: Provide warning intelligence and perform situation development. Perform specified analytical tasks to support corps and below target execution and collection Current operations Current to 48 hours management. Further refine products received from future operations. 48 hours to 5 days Echelon focus: Analytical tasks: Conduct pre-mission analysis of the OE for all corps forces, provide Corps to brigade integrated database support, perform IPOE, perform situation development, and conduct maneuver units. collection management. Groupings of long- Future operations Provide analytical reach support and address multidomain operation considerations for lower range fires, artillery, echelons. and rockets. Perform specified analytical tasks to support the corps as directed. All specialty and Provide intelligence products to plans. supporting ground forces. Analytical tasks: Participate in IPOE and situation development and provide support to Targeting (for lethal targeting. 48 hours to 5 days and nonlethal effects) Emphasize defining and assessing target nominations, target validations, and comprehensive battle damage assessments at the operational and tactical levels. Note. Time windows are examples; actual time windows depend on the situation. All analysis thoroughly accounts for civil considerations, terrain, and weather forecasts and effects on capabilities. IPOE intelligence preparation of the operational environment OE operational environment COMPETITION 7-69. During competition, corps, division, and brigade intelligence staffs focus primarily on planning along with individual, collective, and unit training and readiness. Echelons corps and below units participate in their assigned commands’ training events, including mission rehearsal exercises, mission readiness exercises, and combat training center rotations; they also participate in annual theater events when directed. Additionally, MI Soldiers within echelons corps and below units leverage the Army Foundry Intelligence Training Program as well as other training opportunities (for example, live environment training) to maintain perishable technical skills and enhance tactical and technical proficiency (see AR 350-32). 7-70. Based on the time available, units may conduct certain theater-specific intelligence readiness training before deployment. This training is generally tasked through Army Forces Command orders based on theater guidance. It is often driven by material fielding to support the deployment but can include subjects such as threat awareness and theater reporting procedures. Once in theater, units, under the direction of theater representatives, may conduct additional intelligence training as part of the RSOI process. CRISIS 7-71. During crisis, the corps headquarters may deploy into an operational area as a tactical headquarters with subordinate divisions and brigades. (See FM 3-0.) The corps headquarters is responsible for— ⚫ Understanding the threat. ⚫ Integrating information collection and intelligence analysis into the next higher echelon’s processes and systems. ⚫ Establishing liaison with its higher headquarters and planning reconnaissance of its initial assembly areas, routes, and forward assembly areas. ⚫ Assigning AOs to subordinate units. ⚫ Identifying multiple routes from the points of debarkation through assembly to staging areas. ⚫ Establishing an initial concept of operations. ⚫ Planning to consolidate gains. ⚫ Coordinating cyberspace attack mitigation, including distributed denial of service, malicious software, or system intrusion. ⚫ Planning and preparing for communications denial and degradation. ⚫ Planning for the dispersion of subordinate units along routes and within assembly areas. 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-19 Chapter 7 7-72. Corps, divisions, and BCTs prepare for movement into theater and accomplishing RSOI. Corps and divisions integrate their ARNG and USAR main CP operational detachments and fully integrate their activities into the theater army G-2 and MIB-T battle rhythm to participate in analysis and battle update briefs. The main CP operational detachments establish reach operations to maintain continuity and provide intelligence updates while the corps, division, and BCT headquarters are in movement. Corps, divisions, and BCTs send advanced parties forward, including G-2/S-2 representatives. These advanced parties consider the following (not all-inclusive): ⚫ Understanding the threat (collaborating with theater, partners, allies, and host-nation forces). ⚫ MI force tailoring. ⚫ Information collection and analysis integration. ⚫ Processes and systems. ⚫ SOP review and update. ARMED CONFLICT 7-73. The corps G-2 and intelligence staff have important roles in the planning and execution of various operations and decisive tasks such as forcible entry operations, corps and/or subordinate division attacks, joint suppression of enemy air defense, deep operations, and corps-level gap crossings. 7-74. The corps staff, led by the corps intelligence cell, performs IPOE to support all operational planning. As a result of IPOE, the staff produces a range of intelligence products, including the enemy situation template and the event template and its associated event matrix. These products assist in accomplishing tasks, including but not limited to sharing information across the staff, driving certain aspects of the corps war game, and generating requirements to drive the information collection effort. The corps collection manager uses IPOE products to develop and then submit requirements to higher headquarters through joint systems for validation at the theater level. Additionally, the collection manager works in conjunction with the G-3 to generate taskings for assigned or attached collection assets, Army aviation, and maneuver formations responsible for reconnaissance and security operations. 7-75. The corps establishes procedures to suballocate theater information collection capabilities to the division level. Additionally, the corps task-organizes the E-MIB to support the corps and subordinate commanders. The corps also integrates nonstandard or quick reaction capabilities into intelligence units or staffs. 7-76. The corps can conduct expeditionary PED with assets from the E-MIB and the operational intelligence ground station within the corps G-2. In most situations, the corps requires intelligence reach support for PED, but the expeditionary capability ensures some level of support when there is no network connectivity in either an austere or degraded/denied environment. 7-77. Synchronizing the corps analytical effort with information collection and intelligence operations is critical in providing the corps commander with the timely and accurate intelligence required to make decisions regarding armed conflict. The sheer magnitude of large-scale combat operations necessitates precise timing. Triggers to initiate armed conflict require precise and detailed intelligence reporting and assessments. 7-78. Shaping OEs by the corps sets conditions for division operations. Shaping OEs through lethal and nonlethal effects requires a thorough understanding of threat systems and critical vulnerabilities. The corps G-2 and intelligence staff ensure the information collection effort— ⚫ Generates targetable data on key enemy systems to support shaping OEs. ⚫ Supports combat assessment that provides the commander with the necessary intelligence to decide if conditions have been met to initiate armed conflict. 7-79. An example of synchronization at the corps level is coordination for joint ISR capabilities (with associated PED) to detect a moving enemy force (via SIGINT or a moving target indicator) and support the analytic assessment that triggers a commander’s decision point. In turn, the decision point is synchronized with operations and fires (for example, joint fires or Army aviation) linked to a TAI. 7-20 FM 2-0 01 October 2023  Intelligence at and Across Echelons 7-80. The corps intelligence staff also supports corps campaign planning and future operations. The intelligence staff identifies changes in the situation that allow the commander to take advantage of windows of opportunity by making adjustments to the plan beyond current operations. SECTION VI – DIVISION 7-81. The division is a formation that employs organic and assigned units for operations. As the tactical unit of action for a corps, a division’s primary role is as a tactical headquarters commanding multiple brigades. Divisions are the lowest tactical echelon that employ capabilities from multiple domains to achieve convergence during large-scale combat operations. Divisions are central to the conduct of large-scale combat operations as they are organized, trained, and equipped for the deep, rear, and support operations that enable success during close combat. A division combines offensive, defensive, and stability operations in an AO assigned by its higher headquarters, normally a corps. It task-organizes subordinate forces to accomplish the mission. During large-scale combat operations, a division operates not only as a headquarters but also as a centralized tactical force. 7-82. During operations of limited scope and duration, the division can fulfill the ARFOR role. Under such conditions, the division may also form the nucleus for a small-scale JTF or JFLCC, although joint force augmentation is required to fulfill either role successfully. During operations to consolidate gains, the division primarily serves as an intermediate tactical command. When the situation is consolidated such that a field army or corps is no longer required to C2 operations, a division can assume the ARFOR or JFLCC role; either role also requires joint force augmentation. 7-83. The division primarily focuses on operational responsibilities. Unless it serves as the ARFOR, a higher echelon normally retains ADCON for all but the division’s organic, assigned, and attached units. However, when warranted, a higher-echelon commander serving as the ARFOR may designate a division commander as the deputy ARFOR with prescribed responsibilities. 7-84. A division may receive reinforcing capabilities and units from a corps, theater army, joint, or multinational echelon to conduct operations. In addition to BCTs, a division may directly control several types of multifunctional and functional brigades. The standard organization for a division formation includes a division artillery, a combat aviation brigade, a sustainment brigade, a maneuver enhancement brigade, and three to five BCTs. IEW Battalions (Division) In most instances, the corps allocates the IEW battalion (division) from the E MIB to a division. However, these are not enough IEW battalions for each division. IEW battalions (division) are assigned to E-MIBs and task-organized to priority divisions with command or support relationships as determined by corps commanders. IEW battalions (division) are collocated with their supported division headquarters and develop a habitual relationship with their supported division. The division commander may task-organize an IEW battalion (division), as necessary, for specific operations. 7-85. The size, composition, and capabilities of the forces task-organized under a division may vary between divisions involved in the same campaign, and they may change from one operational phase to another. Operations during large-scale combat require a different mix of forces and capabilities from those required for the conduct of stability operations. 7-86. Division and higher-level intelligence operations collect information to support current and future operations. Detailed intelligence analysis drives information collection for the division and its higher headquarters. To collect the information needed for planning and decision making, the division staff integrates all tools at its disposal into an integrated and synchronized echelon information collection plan. (See ATP 2-19.3.) 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-21 Chapter 7 DIVISION G-2 7-87. The intelligence warfighting function supports operations by assisting the commander in understanding how enemy forces and other threats, terrain, weather, and civil considerations can affect the mission of these commands. The division G-2, supported by the intelligence cell, advises the commander on how to leverage the intelligence warfighting function to support operations. 7-88. The division G-2 advises the commander on intelligence, assists the commander in synchronizing intelligence operations, and supervises the intelligence cell. Key responsibilities include the following: ⚫ Act as principal intelligence advisor to division commanders. ⚫ Ensure the intelligence running estimate and CIP remain current. ⚫ Ensure intelligence products are published and intelligence cell support is completed according to the commander’s stated requirements and the command’s battle rhythm. ⚫ Provide warning intelligence. ⚫ Perform situation development. ⚫ Provide unique intelligence support to other types of activities. ⚫ Provide intelligence support to targeting. ⚫ Provide staff supervision of the intelligence training program. ⚫ Provide staff supervision of assigned command security programs. ⚫ Assist the commander in evaluating physical security vulnerabilities. ⚫ Assist the rest of the staff in developing assessment criteria. ⚫ Identify linguist requirements pertaining to intelligence support. (See appendix E.) ⚫ Coordinate with the USAF SWO to ensure the weather portion of the running estimate remains current, provide weather forecasts and effects on operations and capabilities (friendly and threat), and provide weather support to targeting and other activities. DIVISION INTELLIGENCE CELL 7-89. The division intelligence cell coordinates activities and systems that assist commanders in understanding the enemy and other threats, terrain and weather, and civil considerations. Similar to the corps intelligence cell, the division intelligence cell has three principal staff sections that deploy to support the corps main CP and forward tactical CPs: intelligence operations, G-2 ACE, and G-2X, along with a USAF- provided SWO or staff weather team. Each staff section has several elements. The division intelligence cell provides an intelligence staff element to the COIC. 7-90. To support operations, the division intelligence cell— ⚫ Receives, processes, and analyzes information from all sources to produce and disseminate intelligence. ⚫ Provides intelligence to support current and future operation activities. ⚫ Develops information collection requirements and synchronizes intelligence operations. ⚫ Participates in the targeting process. ⚫ Through the G-3, supports, tasks, and directs intelligence operations (for example, fire support and survivability coordination). ⚫ Assesses information collection, including intelligence operations, and resynchronizes the information collection plan throughout operations. ⚫ Plans, monitors, and analyzes CI and HUMINT activities. ⚫ In coordination with the USAF SWO, provides weather forecasts and effects to support current and future operation activities, information collection management, the targeting process, fire support, and medical evacuation. ⚫ Coordinates intelligence support with multifunctional brigade intelligence sections (aviation, intelligence, maneuver, fires, and division artillery). ⚫ Provides foundational geospatial information and services to all headquarters C2 systems to support visualization. 7-22 FM 2-0 01 October 2023  Intelligence at and Across Echelons INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION CAPABILITIES 7-91. Table 7-6 lists division-level intelligence capabilities, which are divided into organic and supporting collection capabilities. The division has no organic intelligence collection capabilities; however, it has limited information collection and target acquisition assets in the combat aviation brigade Gray Eagle company that contribute to the intelligence effort. The division G-2 builds an intelligence architecture, receives augmentation and higher-level support, and task-organizes supporting intelligence units based on the specific operation. The intelligence architecture reflects how many MI capabilities are employed forward as well as the capabilities provided through intelligence reach. Table 7-6. Division organic and supporting intelligence collection capabilities Division organic collection capabilities The CAB/ARB Gray Eagle company is equipped with 12 MQ-1C Gray Eagle unmanned aircraft systems.1 Division supporting collection capabilities Corps expeditionary-military intelligence brigades augment and provide capabilities to divisions through IEW battalions. Active Component and Army National Guard IEW battalions (division) provide— ▪ Multidiscipline intelligence analysis and PED to support the division intelligence staff officer. ▪ Intelligence analysis and targeting support, PED, open-source intelligence, and signals intelligence collection to support division targeting. ▪ Limited interrogation capability to the division. ▪ Counterreconnaissance capabilities for sensing and attack to support division and brigade combat team commanders’ scheme of maneuver. Note. Operational conditions may restrict the use of organic systems. The communications infrastructure, the threat, and the tempo may affect the ability to employ or emplace collectors and collection platforms. 1 The CAB/ARB Gray Eagle company is not an intelligence unit, but it provides an information collection and target acquisition capability. The division operation order assigns the appropriate mission, which can include information collection, to the CAB/ARB Gray Eagle company. ARB attack reconnaissance battalion IEW intelligence and electronic warfare CAB combat aviation brigade PED processing, exploitation, and dissemination ALL-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE CAPABILITIES 7-92. All-source intelligence support at the division level consists of organic analytical capabilities focused on analyzing tactical enemy ground forces. The analytical focus is on enemy ground forces’ intent and capability to conduct future military operations within a corps or division boundary. All-source support occurs at the division main CP and forward tactical CPs and is a critical part of the intelligence architecture to subordinate commands. 7-93. The primary all-source analytical element supporting the division is the ACE, which supports situation development, the threat characteristics database, and targeting analysis. Generally, the division analytical capability within the ACE deploys to support the division main and forward tactical CPs. Table 7-7 describes division-level all-source intelligence capabilities. Table 7-7. Division-level all-source intelligence capabilities Intelligence Analytical focus: Division Analytical window support to— Analytical tasks: Provide warning intelligence, perform situation development, Current operations conduct collection management, and further refine intelligence products received Current to 24 hours from future operations. Analytical tasks: Conduct pre-mission analysis of the OE for all division forces, 24 to 48 hours provide database support, perform IPOE, perform situation development, and Echelon focus: conduct collection management. Division to battalion maneuver Provide IPOE products and mission analysis for the next mission. units. Future operations Provide basic analytical support based on higher-level analysis of multidomain Grouping of artillery and operation considerations. rockets. Perform specified analytical tasks to support the division as directed. Division specialty and Provide intelligence products to plans. supporting ground forces. Analytical tasks: Participate in IPOE and situation development and provide Targeting (for lethal support to targeting. 24 to 48 hours and nonlethal effects) Emphasize defining and assessing target nominations, target validations, and comprehensive battle damage assessments at the operational and tactical levels. Note. Time windows are examples; actual time windows depend on the situation. All analysis thoroughly accounts for civil considerations, terrain, and weather forecasts and effects on capabilities. IPOE intelligence preparation of the operational environment OE operational environment 01 October 2023 FM 2-0 7-23 Chapter 7 COMPETITION 7-94. Corps, divisions, and BCTs plan and prepare for movement into theater and accomplishing the RSOI. Corps and divisions integrate their ARNG and USAR main CP operational detachments and fully integrate their activit