Ch. 3 Outline PDF - AP Human Geography
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This outline chapter focuses on migration within the context of human geography. It explores the patterns of migration, causes, interregional and intraregional movements, as well as governmental and personal factors involved within different contexts and countries.
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Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION OUTLINE *indicates information specific to the text and is not in the AP Human Geography course **indicates information is background or foundational to building further underst...
Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION OUTLINE *indicates information specific to the text and is not in the AP Human Geography course **indicates information is background or foundational to building further understanding and development I. Key Issue 1: Where are Migrants Distributed? A. Migration & Geography 1. Definitions a migration—permanent move to a new location b mobility—movement between locations 2 Reasons for migration a economic opportunity b cultural freedom c environmental comfort 3 Migration principles a migration transition—mirrors economic and population changes of the demographic transition B. International & Internal Migration 1. International Migration a voluntary migration b forced migration c migration flows** i. Latin America to North America ii. Asia to Europe iii. Asia to North America 2. Internal Migration a interregional migration b intraregional migration C. Immigration & Emigration 1. Definitions a emigration—migration from a location b immigration—migration to a location c net migration—difference between immigration and emigration 2. Migration flows** a involve two-way connections b Asia, largest number of migrants c U.S. has a higher number of foreign-born residents than any other country d highest in-migration rates are in the petroleum-exporting countries of Southwest Asia e largest flow of migrants from Mexico to the United States 89 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography 3. Migration Patterns in Europe** a About 10 percent of Europe’s population are immigrants b Highest foreign-born population in Luxembourg (41%) c Russia has the largest number of emigrants d Russia has a net in-migration e Large influx of refugees to Europe in recent years 4. Changing U.S. Immigration** a at independence i. Europe, primarily from British Isles ii. Atlantic seaboard, Jamestown, Plymouth iii. Sub-Saharan Africa—imported slaves b Nineteenth-century immigration** i. 1840s–1850s—Ireland and Germany ii. 1870s—Ireland and Germany iii. 1880s—Scandinavia iv. 1905–1914—Southern and Eastern Europe c Recent immigration** i. Latin America ii. Asia iii. Mexico is now the largest country of origin for migrants to the United States II. Key Issue 2: Where do People Migrate within Countries? A. Interregional Migration, United States** 1 1790, hugging the coast 2 1800–1840, crossing the Appalachians 3 1850–1890, rushing to the gold 4 1900–1940, filling in the Great Plains 5 1950–2010, moving South B. Interregional Migration in Other Large Countries** 1 China a primarily rural to urban b immigration restrictions lifted by government 2 Brazil a encourage movement to interior through the building of Brasilia b net out-migration from coastal cities 3 Canada a Alberta largest in-migration b Quebec-largest out-migration 90 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes 4 Russia a population clustered in the western European part b resources in the east c Soviets used forced migration to exploit resources d now, net in-migration to cities in the west near Europe C. Intraregional Migration 1 Rural to Urban a began with the Industrial Revolution b migrants seek employment opportunities in cities c also evident in developing countries 2 Urban to suburban a developed countries b attracted to suburban lifestyle with single family homes, etc. c development may impinge on urban lands 3 Urban to rural a developed countries b counterurbanization—net migration from urban to rural areas c facilitated by communication technologies III. Key Issue 3: Why do People Migrate? A. Ravenstein’s Principles 1 Most people migrate for economic reasons 2 Political and environmental reasons also induce migration, although not as frequently as economic reasons B. Definitions 1 Push factor—factor that induces people to leave the old location 2 Pull factor—factor that attracts people to a new location 3 Intervening obstacles—an environmental or cultural feature that inhibits migration C. Forced Migration of Native Americans 1 Trail of Tears D. Forced Political Migration 1 Refugee a 25.4 million (2017) b largest numbers from Afghanistan, Syria, Myanmar, South Sudan (2017) c tend to migrate to neighboring countries 2 Internally displaced persons (IDPs)—40 million (2017) 3 Asylum seekers—3.1 million (2017) 91 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography E. Environmental Reasons for Migrating 1 Push Factor: Katrina Flooding a New Orleans located on a floodplain b most migrants were African Americans c population levels have yet to reach pre-migration levels 2 Push Factor: hurricanes Harvey & Maria 3 Pull Factor: Attractive environments a mountains and highlands b warm winters c coastal environments F. Economic Reasons for Migrating 1 Developing Countries a South and East Asia—largest source region for employment-seeking migrants b Southwest Asia i oil producing countries major destinations for other Asians ii immigrants are 84% of population of the United Arab Emirates 2 Developed Countries 3 U.S. and Canada leading destinations for economic migrants 4 Remittances a migrants working in another country transfer monies to people in the country from which they emigrated. b most remittances sent to India G. Gender & Age of Migrants*/** 1 Ravenstein’s theory a most long-distance migrants are male b most long-distance migrants were adult individuals rather than families with children 2 Age of Migrants (patterns in the U.S.) a for the most part, Ravenstein’s theory hold true b most immigrants are young adults (between 20 and 39) c immigrants from developing countries are more likely to be elderly, than children d number of unaccompanied minors has increased 3 Gender of Migrants a true for migration to the U.S. in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth centuries b Female migrants to the U.S. began to outnumber male migrants around 1970 c in developing countries female migrants to developing countries has increased i high percentage of women working in developed countries attracts female immigrants ii wives may be joining husbands who had already migrated 92 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes IV. Key Issue 4: Why do Migrants Face Challenges? A. Government Immigration Policies** 1 Maintain the current level of immigration, 120 countries 2 Increase the level of immigration, 24 countries 3 Reduce immigration, 25 countries 4 No formal policy B. Unauthorized Immigration* 1 Definition—migrants who enter a country without proper documents 2 Characteristics of U.S. undocumented immigrants a source country—most from Mexico, other Latin American countries b destination—California and Texas c children—1 million of 11 million unauthorized migrants d years in United States—residency in U.S. increasing, most at least 10 years e labor force, 8 million employed, likely to work in construction, hospitality jobs C. Quotas** 1 Definition—establishes the maximum number of people who can migrate into a country 2 U.S. Quota Acts* a 1921 i 3 percent of residents from that country already living in the U.S. ii favored migrants from Northern and Western Europe b 1924 i based on 1910 census ii 2 percent of the number from that country already in the U.S. c 1965—country quotas replaced with hemisphere quotas d 1978—global quota set e 1990—global quota increased 3 Skill and Family-based Migration* a current preferences for applicants i family reunification, ¾ of migrants ii skilled workers iii diversity lottery for people from countries with few historical immigrants to the U.S. b quotas do not apply to refugees c brain drain—sending countries negatively affected by emigration of their highly educated and skilled people D. U.S. Mexico Border Issues* 1 Border issues* a border security b workplace c civil rights d local initiatives 2 Diverse Border Crossings* a 67 border crossings between the U.S. and Mexico b urban areas San Diego, CA; Brownsville, TX c pedestrian only crossings 93 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography d sparsely inhabited areas E. European Immigration Issues 1 Guest workers** a policy of the 1960s and 1970s workers admitted temporarily to fill employment needs b expected workers would return home (circular migration) c these programs no longer exist d guest workers and families remained in host country 2 Attitudes toward immigrants* a plank of some political parties b immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment, etc. c friction between different cultural customs and those of the host country d religious conflict between Muslim immigrants and predominantly Christian Europe 94 Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.