Ch. 18 Taxonomy BIO 1010 PDF

Chapter 18: Classification of Plants and Other Organisms Chapter 18 Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Define taxonomy and explain the assignment of scientific names to each species is important. Identify the biologist who originated the binomial nomenclature system and describe the gene...

Chapter 18: Classification of Plants and Other Organisms Chapter 18 Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Define taxonomy and explain the assignment of scientific names to each species is important. Identify the biologist who originated the binomial nomenclature system and describe the general scheme of the system. List and describe the taxonomic hierarchy. Define systematics and describe the cladistic approach to systematics. List and briefly describe the three domains and the kingdom system (updated from your book). Summarize the scientific limitations of categorizing Protists. Organismal Classification ❖ Naming and Compartmentalization ❖ Classification is a constantly evolving process ❖ Taxonomy versus Systematics What’s in a Name? ❖ Many common names may be given to same species. • Dicentra cucullaria – ❖ Many common names: • Dutchman’s breeches, • little-boy’s breeches, • monkshood, • boys-and-girls, • soldier’s cap, • white hearts, • plus others in different languages What’s in a Name? ❖ Or one common name may be applied to a number of different species. • Monkshood is common name for Dicentra cucullaria and for Aconitum species, which is in a different family. What’s in a Name? Eastern hognose aka.. puff adder Heterodon platirhinos What’s in a name? Puff adder Bitis arietans Development of the Binomial System of Nomenclature ❖ Beginning of 18th century: • Polynomial nomenclature – Highly detailed, multi part names Rosa carolina fragrans, foliis medio tenus serratis Development of the Binomial System of Nomenclature ❖ Carolus Linnaeus Rosa carolina fragrans, foliis medio tenus serratis Rosa carolina L. Binomial Scientific Names ❖ Mentha spicata L. Genus specific epithet species (taxon) name Authority Binomial Scientific Names Rules ❖ Genus name can be used alone to refer to a group of related species • ex./ Quercus sp. (oaks) ❖ A species is referred to by the full binomial name: • Genus and specific epithet. – ❖ Quercus laevis Walter (turkey oak) Must be italicize or bold in print, • underlined when written. ❖ 1st letter of Genus must be capitalized, specific epithet is lowercase What is a species???? Species Concepts ❖ The biological species concept defines a species as • “A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring and are reproductively isolated from other species” Classification of Major Groups (Division) Modern Classification ❖ ❖ 3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya 6 supergroups from which Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia and Fungi arose Classification of Major Groups ❖ Depending on the classification system: • 12 to 30 plant phyla recognized. ❖ In-between categories: • Subphylum • Subclass • Suborders • Subspecies, varieties and cultivars Classification of Major Groups ❖ Common onion Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Liliales Family: Liliaceae Genus: Allium Species: Allium cepa L. Major Rank Endings: Taxonomic Rank Name Ending Example Domain and Kingdom Eukarya Plantae ---- Phylum (Division) -phyta Magnoliophyta Class -opsida Magnoliopsida Order -ales Asterales Family -aceae Asteraceae Genus and specific epithet ---- Helianthus annus ---- Common Domesticated Sunflower Common name How to learn scientific names: 1) Syllabize and accent. Clematis? 2) elliotii? taeda? serotina? Use mnemonic devices. Dancing King Phillip Can Only Find Good Sandwiches 3) Learn the etymology (meaning). http://davesgarden.com/guides/botanary/#b http://theseedsite.co.uk/latin.html 4) Practice and review: oral and written recitation. The International Botanical Congress ❖ Standardized rules governing the naming and classification of plants • Linnaeus is starting point • revised and expanded at periodic international botanical congresses. – Latest congress was in Shenzhen, China 2017 • Multi-language translations The International Botanical Congress ❖ Requires two steps to officially recognize new plant species: 1. Latin description of plant must be published in a journal or other public publication. 2. Author must designate type specimen that is deposited in a herbarium. The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) ❖ ❖ Developed by the International Society of Horticulture Science (ISCR) Cultivated plants = originate from wild-type plants and have been manipulated and selected intentionally by humans • Artificial breeding or selection ❖ Some plant lines are only maintained through clonal breeding or inbred lines • Results in terms such as cultivar or variety Artificial Selection of Plants 22 The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP): Cultivars Purple Coneflower Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) (Echinacea purpurea var. “Tiki Torch”) Horticulture Plant Societies ❖ American Hemerocallis Society (AHS) • Education and science • Promote development and improvement of the genus Hemerocallis Tools for Identification Classification of Major Groups ❖ Taxonomists ❖ Systematists • incorporate evolutionary processes to sort out natural relationships. • Use phylogenies and cladograms Basic Phylogeny Diagram Simple Plant Cladogram Seeds Flowers, double fertilization, endosperm and fruit Megaphylls Apical Growth Vascular Tissue Embryo Protection • Analyzes primitive and derived characters • A clade is an evolutionary branch that includes a common ancestor and all descendants Modern Classification ❖ ❖ 3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya 6 supergroups from which Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia and Fungi arose Modern Classification: Archeaplastida ❖ ❖ Kingdom Plantae is said to have arisen from Supergroup Archeaplastida Distinguishing Features: • Plastids derived from cyanobacteria • Unicellular, colonial, multicellular • Photoautotrophs ❖ Protist Members: • Green algae(a): Charophytes and Chlorophytes • Red Algae (b) Supergroup Archaeplastida (a) (b) Supergroup Archaeplastida: Green Algae: Charophytes • Filamentous algae • Cellulose cell wall • • • • Branch Branched & unbranched Sexual Reproduction via conjugation Typically freshwater habitats main axis node a. Chara, several individuals most closely related to land plants Spirogyra sp. b. One individual Simple Plant Cladogram Seeds Flowers, double fertilization, endosperm and fruit Megaphylls Apical Growth Vascular Tissue Embryo Protection • Analyzes primitive and derived characters • A clade is an evolutionary branch that includes a common ancestor and all descendants Eukarya Questions?????