03 Plant Nomenclature 1.pdf

The usage of the "Scientific Names All languages have common or vernacular names for almost all the important plants of the countries concerned, but the vernacular names of a given plant naturally differ in various languages. This had been a problem for the botanists and for the laymen in general...

The usage of the "Scientific Names All languages have common or vernacular names for almost all the important plants of the countries concerned, but the vernacular names of a given plant naturally differ in various languages. This had been a problem for the botanists and for the laymen in general in the absence of a common basis for communication. ‫‪.‬تكليف ‪ :1‬أكتب نبذة مختصرة عن نظام التسمية الثنائية فى النبات مع ا‪%‬مثلة‬  In 1753, Linnaeus devised a new system, the "Binomial Nomenclature", which became universally accepted by botanists up to the present day. An International Botanical Congress establish a 'Code' for botanical nomenclature (International code of botanical nomenclature ICBN )  Each organism should have two epithets; the first is the generic name written in capital letter and the second is the specific epithet the two written in italics or underlined followed by author name in abbreviated form e.g Hordeum vulgare L. Latin origin is used because it is dead language and can not be changed. The scientific names are used because they are fixed allover the world and do not changed in diffrent countries.  Accepted Name This is the name which should be used to refer to the species (or to a subspecies, variety or forma). Synonym A Synonym is an alternative name which has been used to refer to a species (or to a subspecies, variety or forma) but does not consider to be the currently accepted name. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature gives broad outline for the use of the Code including typification, author citation, effective and valid publication etc. The first part or the Code deals with the ranks of taxa in plant classification. Kingdom: ………….., divided into divisions Division: ……………., divided into classes Class: ……………………, divided into orders Order (-ales): ………., divided into families Family (-aceae):.……., divided into genera Genus : …………………., divided into species Species:…………………The smallest taxon.  Division- phyta Spermatophyta Class- ae Angiospermae Subclass- neae Dicotyledoneae Superorder- idea Rosidae Order- ales Fabales Family- aceae Fabaceae Subfamily- oideae Papilionoideae Tribe- eae Vicieae Subtribe- ineae Vicineae A. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature ‫مبدأ التسمية‬ ‫الثنائية‬ This principle concerns with the scientific taxon name, species only, not any other ranks. If the name of species has two parts only , It will be known: i) Monotypic name such as Pisum stavium If the name of species have more than two parts ii) Polytypic name: B) Independence of Botanical Nomenclature Same names can exist in botanical and zoological codes. Morus = mulberry and a bird, the gannet Ficus = figs and of a group of gastropods.  C ) Principle of Priority ‫لوية‬%‫مبدأ ا‬ Priority: is the principle of recognizing the first valid application of a name to a plant or an animal. There are two aspects to this: The first formal scientific name given to plant or animal taxon shall be the name that is to be used, called the valid name in zoology and correct name in botany. Once a name has been used, no subsequent publication of that name for another taxon shall be valid. The North American wildflower genus Agalinis was published in 1837, but for a long time, it was included in the ambiguously- named genus Gerardia. In 1961, the problem with the name Gerardia was resolved, and Agalinis came into common use. However, three relatively unknown names for the genus had been published earlier: Virgularia Ruiz & Pav. in 1794, Chytra C.F.Gaertn. in 1807, and Tomanthera Raf. in 1837, of which Virgularia would have priority. These three names have since been rejected in favour of Agalinis.  D ) Principle of the First Reviser ‫ول‬#‫ا(راجع ا‬ The Principle of the First Reviser deals with situations that cannot be resolved by priority where: o Two or more items that have the same date of publication (or the same year of publication when no details are known). These items may be two or more different names for the same taxon. o Two or more names with the same spelling used for different taxa. o Two or more different spellings of a particular name, etc. In such cases the first subsequent author who deals with the matter, makes a choice and publishes the decision in the required manner, the First Reviser, is to be followed.  E) Principle of Homonymy ‫سم‬#‫شاركة فى ا‬,‫مبدأ ا‬ Homonym: One or more identical but independently proposed names for different taxa are called homonym. It states that any one name, in one particular spelling, should be used only once (within its group). This will be the first-published name; any later name with the same spelling (a homonym) is prevented from being used. Example: the later homonym Myroxylon L.f. (1782), in the family Leguminosae, is conserved against the earlier homonym Myroxylon J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (1775) (now called Xylosma , in the family Salicaceae ). Myroxylon Xylosma  F) Principle of Synonymy ‫سم‬#‫مبدأ مرادف ا‬ Synonym: Each of the two or more different names for the same taxon is called synonym. i,e. Synonyms are different words which have the same meaning. A synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnaeus was the first to give a scientific name (under the currently used system of scientific nomenclature) to the Norway spruce, which he called Pinus abies. This name is no longer in use, so it is now a synonym of the current scientific name, Picea abies.  G) Principle of Typification This is the principle that each nominal (typical) taxon in the family group, or genus group, or species group has actually or potentially a name-bearing type which determine the application of a name. In biology, a type is one particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to define the features of that particular taxon.  Categories of Typification Holotype: When a single specimen of a species is clearly designated in the original description, this specimen is known as the holotype of that species. The holotype is typically placed in a major museum, or similar well-known public collection, so that it is freely available for later examination by other biologists. ‫صلي‬$‫نواع بوضوح في الوصف ا‬$‫عندما يتم تحديد عينة واحدة من ا‬. Paratype: When the original description designated a holotype, the remaining specimens listed in the type series are termed paratypes. ‫تبقية بعد تحديد العينة النمطية‬D‫العينات ا‬. Allotype: is a specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype, designated from among paratypes. ‫خر من العينة النمطية‬H‫العينة من الجنس ا‬.  Neotype: is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen when an original holotype has been lost or destroyed or where the original author never cited a specimen. ‫حقا ً لتكون بمثابة العينة النمطية حال فقد العينة النمطية‬6 ‫عينة يتم إختيارها‬. Syntype: is all specimens that are listed in a species description where no holotype was designated. ‫درجة في وصف النوع في حالة عدم تحديد عينة نمطية‬H‫جميع العينات ا‬. Lectotype: A lectotype is a single specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen for species originally described from a set of syntypes. A lectotype is a kind of name- bearing type. ‫ أحد عينات الـــــ‬Syntypes ‫حقأ لتكون بمثابة العينة النمطية‬6 ‫التي يتم إختيارها‬. Paralectotype: A paralectotype is any remaining specimen from the syntype series, after a lectotype has been designated from among them. ‫تبقية من الـــ‬H‫ العينات ا‬Syntypes ‫بعد تحديد عينة الــ‬Lectotype.