Taxonomy Notes PDF

Remedios National High School General Biology 2 PREPARED BY: JENNICA LYN N. BAGANG Teacher  Taxonomy is the science of classification ✓ helps us organize and cla...

Remedios National High School General Biology 2 PREPARED BY: JENNICA LYN N. BAGANG Teacher  Taxonomy is the science of classification ✓ helps us organize and classify living organisms based on their similarities and differences. Systematics is the study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships. ✓ aims to understand the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms. Image source: https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/2022/06/Jun22_17_107813677.jpg  Known as the “Father of Taxonomy” Linnaeus developed the binomial nomenclature system, where each species is given a two-part Latin name (genus + species). E.g. Homo sapiens Linnaeus introduced hierarchical classification, grouping organisms into categories such as kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Image source: https://cdn.britannica.com/05/147505-050-0685F7F4/Carolus-Linnaeus-Robert-John-Thornton-The-Temple.jpg  TONGUE TWISTER TIME!!! Dear King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti TONGUE TWISTER TIME!!! Dear Kids Prefer Candy Over Fried Green Spinach ✓ DOMAIN: The highest taxonomic rank, dividing life into three major groups based on cellular structure: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. ✓ KINGDOM: A broad category of organisms within a domain, grouping together organisms with similar characteristics. Example, Animalia within Eukarya. ✓ PHYLUM: Subdivisions of kingdoms, representing major evolutionary lines within a kingdom. For example, Chordata within Animalia. ✓ CLASS: Subdivisions of phyla, representing distinct groups of organisms with shared characteristics. Example: Mammalia within Chordata. ✓ ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES: Successively smaller and more specific categories, with species being the most specific level. ACTIVITY: Why is it important to know organism’ scientific name? ENGLISH: Carabao TAGALOG: Kalabaw KAPAMPANGAN: DAMULAG How about on your own dialect? ACTIVITY: Why is it important to know organism’ scientific name? ENGLISH: Carabao Scientific name: TAGALOG: Kalabaw KAPAMPANGAN: DAMULAG Bubalus bubalis ACTIVITY: Why is it important to know organism’ scientific name? ENGLISH: String beans TAGALOG: Sitaw Scientific name: BISAYA: Batong Phaseolus BATANGAS: Kibal vulgaris ILOCANO: Utong COMMON NAME GENUS SPECIES Cat Felis catus Cow Bos taurus Rat Rattus norvegicus Squid Loligo vulgaris Bangus Chanos chanos COMMON NAME GENUS SPECIES Apple Malus domestica Grapes Vitis vinifera Mango Mangifera indica Egg plant Solanum melongena Bell pepper Capsicum annuum  Using DNA and protein sequences to infer evolutionary relationships. By comparing the genetic makeup of various organisms, scientists can infer how closely related they are and how they diverged over time. Image source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Genetic-Similarities-STREAM-03-1000x600.jpg  It's the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms through constructing phylogenetic trees or diagrams. These trees depict the evolutionary history and relatedness of species based on shared characteristics, including molecular data, morphology, behavior, and more. Image source: https://cdn.britannica.com/00/110900-131-D91942A1/family-tree-animal-kingdom.jpg?w=840&h=460&c=crop  This field focuses on developing and applying computational techniques to analyze biological data. Bioinformatics tools and algorithms help researchers extract meaningful insights from vast amounts of biological data, aiding in tasks like sequence alignment, genome assembly, and evolutionary analysis. Image source: https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Bioinformatics-Introduction-and-Applications.jpg  This involves studying the physical characteristics and anatomical features of organisms to understand their taxonomy, evolution, and relationships. Image source: https://cdn-wordpress-info.futurelearn.com/info/wp-content/uploads/29fde54d-7007-4d03-8362-9ad6d2b6111f-1.png  A tool used in taxonomy and biology to identify organisms based on their characteristics. It consists of a series of paired statements, each offering two choices that lead to further statements or identifications. Image source: https://cdn-wordpress-info.futurelearn.com/info/wp-content/uploads/29fde54d-7007-4d03-8362-9ad6d2b6111f-1.png ACTIVITY #1: On a one whole sheet of yellow paper, make a list of 10 animals and 10 plants that can be found in the Philippines. Write their common name and scientific name. PLANTS COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Mango Mangifera indica ANIMALS COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Cow Bos taurus