Unit IV. Resources in Taxonomy (Nomenclature) PDF

Unit IV. Resources in Taxonomy (Nomenclature) Jennifer G. Opiso IBS- Plant Biology Division  OUTLINE 2. Nomenclature A. Principles of Nomenclature B. Scientific Names C. Ranks D. Authorship E. Nomenclatural Types F. P...

Unit IV. Resources in Taxonomy (Nomenclature) Jennifer G. Opiso IBS- Plant Biology Division  OUTLINE 2. Nomenclature A. Principles of Nomenclature B. Scientific Names C. Ranks D. Authorship E. Nomenclatural Types F. Priority of Publication G. Conservation of Names H. Valid Publication I. Synonyms J. Abbreviations K. Botanical Names  BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE The formal, scientific naming of plants. Assignment of plant names utilizing a formal system. What organisms are covered by the ICN? Land plants, "algae," and fungi (+slime molds, water molds) The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN or ICNafp) It was formerly called the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN); the name was changed at the International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in July 2011 as part of the Melbourne Code which replaced the Vienna Code of 2005. How are changes to the ICN made? International Botanical Congress held in Melbourne, Australia - July 2011 Shenzhen, China, 23–29 July 2017 recently in Madrid, Spain, July 21-27, 2024 What are two basic activities governed by the ICN? 1) Naming new taxa 2) Determining the correct name for previously named taxa (altered in some way) What are the Principles of Plant Nomenclature? 1) Botanical nomenclature is independent of Zoological and Bacteriological nomenclature. 2) The application of botanical names is determined by means of nomenclatural types. 3) Botanical nomenclature is based upon priority of publication. What are the Principles of Plant Nomenclature? 4) Each taxon of a particular circumscription (Content of a taxon), position, and rank can have only one correct name, the earliest in accordance with the rules. [=Fundamental Principle!] 5) Scientific names are treated as Latin. 6) The rules and regulations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are retroactive.  Principles of Nomenclature 1. The Scientific name consists of two parts 2. A third name can be used for subspecies or a variety 3. The Genus name should always begin with a capital letter, while the species name should begin with a small letter 4. The Scientific name must be in italics, if printed and if handwritten, underline separately. 5. The name of the person who first described the term is added at the end (after the species or subspecies) without any punctuation mark and underline. Example: Mangifera indica Linn. 6. The Scientific name is in Latin or Greek language; when other language words are used other than Latin or Greek , they are Latinized. Example: Ficus benghalensis * Here, “benghalensis” denotes it from Bengal  Principles of Nomenclature 7. The Genus name of any two kingdoms will not be the same, but the species name can be repeated. Example: Mango – Mangifera indica Tamarind – Tamarindus indicus * Here, the term “indica” and “indicus” both indicate that it is from India 8. Sometimes, the genus name and common name of an organism are the same * For Example: Eucalyptus for Eucalyptus Chrysanthemum for Chrysanthemum Pothos for Pothos Monstera for Monstera  What is scientific/binomial nomenclature (Scientific name)? Carl Linnaeus (1750s) developed the system of binomial nomenclature (a two-part naming system) that we use today to name and classify living things. Species names consist of two parts: the first part is the generic name (genus name), while the second is the specific epithet (species name). Oryza sativa (generic name) (specific epithet) Which organisms are most closely related? Oryza sativa and Cannabis sativa B Podocarpus costalis and Podocarpus polystachyus Agathis philippinensis and C Araucaria heterophylla  What is a scientific name? = the names assigned by the rules of the ICN In Latin language E.g., Malpighia, Alliaceae, Zingiberales  RULES in using Scientific names 1. Scientific names are ALWAYS italicized when type-written/ computerized, when hand- written, underline separately instead. Example: Oryza sativa L. (Type-written/computerized) Oryza sativa L. (Hand-written) 2. The first letter of the genus name is ALWAYS capitalized Example: Oryza sativa L. (Capital “O” in Oryza) 3. The first letter of the specific epithet is NEVER capitalized, even when it refers to the name of a place or a person Example: Agathis philippinensis, NOT Agathis Philippinensis Hoya buotii, NOT Hoya Buotii (Named after Dr. Inocencio E. Buot) Scientific Names usually italicized or underlined: Quercus dumosa Nuttall Scientific Names may be bolded: Quercus dumosa Nuttall  RULES in using Scientific names 4. In its first use within a particular document, the genus name is ALWAYS written in full. In subsequent uses, the genus name can be abbreviated using the first initial and a period. Example: Oryza sativa L. (First use) O. sativa L. (In subsequent uses) In the case where two different species from different genera have the same abbreviation for their genus, prevent confusion by writing the FULL genus name Example: Agathis philippinensis and NEVER write!!! Araucaria heterophylla A. philippinensis and A. heterophylla 5. A species is NEVER used without a genus or genus abbreviation Example: write Oryza sativa or O. sativa but NEVER!!! sativa 6. If you use a common name, first define it in terms of the scientific name Example: “Oryza sativa (rice)”  Source of Scientific Names Person/s with distinction: Polystichum elmeri Copel. Polystichum alcali Amoroso Polystichum mieri Coritico Polystichum abingii Place: Alsophila negrosiana (Christ) R.M.Tryon Sphaeropteris zamboangana (Copel.) R.M.Tryon Lindsaea hamiguitanensis Karger & Amoroso. Mt. Hamiguitan, Davao Oriental Named after a person and ends in a vowel or er, the letter i is added but if it ends in a consonant, the letters ii are added When named for a female, it ends in iae or ae Morphological Characters: Named for a geographical names denticulate Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mett. Kuhn truncate usually are terminated by ensis, Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J.Sm. (a) anus, inus, ianus or icus What are legitimate and illegitimate names? Legitimate Names in accordance with the rules of the ICN Illegitimate Names violate one or more rules of the ICN  Name the reasons that common names are disadvantageous? 1) Only scientific names are universal, used the same world- wide; e.g., Ipomoea -Woodbine, Morning Glory 2) Common names are not consistent. a) A taxon may have more than one common name (e.g., chamise, greasewood for Adenostoma fasciculatum). b) One common name may refer to more than one taxon (e.g., ”hemlock” for both Tsuga and for Conium maculatum). 3) Common names tell nothing about rank; scientific names do. 4) Many, if not most, organisms have no common name in any language. What are the rules vs. regulations of the ICN? Rules = required Recommendations = not required Who first consistently used binomials? Linnaeus What is the correct form of binomials? Binomial = “two names” E.g., for Quercus dumosa Nuttall Quercus = genus name (capitalized) dumosa = specific epithet (not capitalized) Quercus dumosa = species name Nuttall = author  What is rank? Hierarchical classification in which a higher rank is inclusive of all lower ranks. What is position? Placement as a member of a taxon of the next higher rank E.g., Aster & Rosa of same rank (genus) but different positions (Asteraceae & Rosaceae) Taxonomic Hierarchy A system of classification of organisms is based on taxonomic hierarchy, i.e. different levels of groups of organisms. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family:Araucariaceae Genus: Agathis Species: philippinensis Scientific Name: Agathis philippinensis Warb.  What are the ranks? Kingdom (various) Plantae Phylum [Division] -phyta Magnoliophyta Subphylum [Subdivision] -phytina Magnoliophytina Class -opsida Magnoliopsida Subclass -idae Asteridae Superorder -anae, [-iflorae] Asteranae Order -ales Asterales Suborder -ineae Asterineae Family -aceae Asteraceae Subfamily -oideae Asteroideae Tribe -eae Heliantheae Subtribe -inae Helianthinae Genus (various) Helianthus Subgenus (various) Helianthus Section (various) Helianthus Species (various) Helianthus annuus Subspecies (various) Helianthus annuus ssp. annuus Variety (various) Helianthus annuus var. annuus  Major Rank Endings: Order -ales Asterales Family -aceae Asteraceae Subfamily -oideae Asteroideae Tribe -eae Heliantheae Subtribe -inae Helianthinae Genus (various) Helianthus Subgenus (various) Helianthus Section (various) Helianthus Species (various) Helianthus annuus Subspecies (various) Helianthus annuus ssp. annuus Variety (various) Helianthus annuus var. annuus  What is the rank of: Zygophyllaceae family Tribonanthes genus Rosales order Linnaea borealis var. longiflora variety Tribonanthes variegata species Phlebocarya ciliata subsp. pilosissima subspecies Conostylidoideae subfamily Haemodoreae tribe Hamamelidae subclass Liliopsida class Magnoliophyta phylum  What is a ternary name? subspecies or variety name (both are infraspecific names) E.g., Toxicodendron radicans subsp. diversilobum (diversilobum = subspecific epithet) Brickellia arguta var. odontolepis (odontolepis = varietal epithet)  Two reasons for name change? 1) Name contrary to the rules (illegitimate). 2) Additional research has changed definition and delimitation of a taxon.  Authorship? the name of the person who first validly published the name  AUTHORITY/AUTHORSHIP The “authority,” or author (the person credited with the first formal use of the name), is formally included after the genus and species in the full version of the scientific name Oryza sativa L. (generic name) (specific epithet) (Author) Article 49 of the 1994 Code states: "When a genus or a taxon of lower rank is altered in rank but retains its name or the specific epithet in its name, the author of the earlier, name-or epithet-bringing legitimate name (the author of the basionym) must be cited in parentheses, followed by the name of the author who effected the alteration (the author of the new name). Example: Laelia purpurata by Lindley and Paxton Cattleya by Van den Berg Cattleya purpurata (Lindl. & Paxton) Van den Berg 46.7. When a name has been ascribed by its author to a pre-starting-point author, the latter may be included in the author citation, followed by “ex”. For groups with a starting-point later than 1753, when a taxon of a pre-starting- point author was changed in rank or taxonomic position upon valid publication of its name, that pre-starting-point author may be cited in parentheses, followed by “ex”. Ex. 1. Linnaeus (Gen. Pl., ed 5: 322. 1754) ascribed the name Lupinus to the pre-starting-point author Tournefort; the name is cited as either Lupinus Tourn. ex L. (Sp. Pl.: 751. 1753) or Lupinus L. (see Art. 13.4). Ex. 2. “Lyngbya glutinosa” (Agardh, Syst. Alg.: 73. 1824) was taken up as Hydrocoleum glutinosum by Gomont in the publication that marks the starting-point of the “Nostocaceae homocysteae” (in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 7, 15: 339. 1892). The name is cited as either H. glutinosum (C. Agardh) ex Gomont or H. glutinosumGomont. Ex. 3. Designations of desmids published prior to their starting-point (see Art. 13.1(e)) may be cited according to their validation in Ralfs (Brit. Desmid. 1848) as follows: “Closterium dianae” (Ehrenberg, Infusionsthierchen: 92. 1838), cited as C. dianae Ehrenb. ex Ralfs (Brit. Desmid.: 168. 1848); “Euastrum pinnatifidum”(Kützing, Phycol. Germ.: 134. 1845), cited as Micrasterias pinnatifida (Kütz.) ex Ralfs (Brit. Desmid.: 77. 1848).  E.g., Rosaceae Jussieu Conostylideae Lindley Mohavea A. Gray Mohavea confertiflora (A. DC.) A. Heller Monardella linoides A. Gray ssp. erecta (Abrams) Elvin & A.C. Sanders AUTHOR NAMES OFTEN ABBREVIATED: Haemodoraceae R. Br. (for Robert Brown) Liquidambar styraciflua L. (for C. Linnaeus) CHECK http://www.ipni.org (standardized)  What is a nomenclature type? Herbarium specimen (usu.) permanently associated with a name. Holotype - primary specimen upon which a name is based, designated at the time of publication. Isotype - duplicate of the holotype, collected at the same time by the same person from the same place. Lectotype - selected from the original material to serve as the type when holotype not available. Neotype - specimen derived from a non-original collection that is selected to serve as the type.  PRIORITY OF PUBLICATION "The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon the priority of publication." The rule of priority means that the earliest applicable, properly published name is the correct one. Priority extends back to 1 May 1753 for most plants, the publication date for Linaeus' Species Plantarum. Priority is concerned with the precedence of the date of valid publication and determines acceptance of one of two or more names that are otherwise acceptable. A name is said to be legitimate if it is accordance with the rules and illegitimate if it is contrary.  Conserved name (Nomen conservandum (Plural nomina conservanda) A scientific name that has specific nomenclatural protection. That is, the name is retained, even though it violates one or more rules which would otherwise prevent it from being legitimate. 14.1. In order to avoid disadvantageous nomenclatural changes entailed by the strict application of the rules, and especially of the principle of priority in starting from the dates given in Art. 13 and F.1, this Code provides, in App. II– IV, lists of names of families, genera, and species that are conserved (nomina conservanda) (see Rec. 50E.1). Conserved names are legitimate even though initially they may have been illegitimate. The name of a subdivision of a genus or of an infraspecific taxon may be conserved with a conserved type and listed in App. III and IV, respectively, when it is the basionym or replaced synonym of a name of a genus or species that could not continue to be used in its current sense without conservation. 14.2. Conservation aims at retention of those names that best serve stability of nomenclature. 41.1. In order to be validly published, a new combination, name at new rank, or replacement name must be accompanied by a reference to the basionym or replaced synonym. BASIONYM. A previously published legitimate name-bringing or epithet-bringing synonym from which a new name is formed for a taxon of different rank or position * An earlier valid scientific name of a species that has since been renamed and from which the new name is partially derived. Giffordia mucronata (D. A. Saunders) Ectocarpus mucronatus D. A. Saunders Kjeldsen & H. K. Phinney 33.4. On or after 1 January 1953, a new combination, a new generic name with a basionym, or an avowed substitute (replacement name, nomen novum) based on a previously and validly published name is not validly published unless its basionym (name-bringing or epithet-bringing synonym) or the replaced synonym (when a new name is proposed) is clearly indicated and a full and direct reference given to its author and place of valid publication, with page or plate reference and date. On or after 1 January 2007, a new combination, a new generic name with a basionym, or an avowed substitute is not validly published unless its basionym or replaced synonym is cited. Ex. 11. In transferring Ectocarpus mucronatus D. A. Saunders to Giffordia, Kjeldsen & Phinney (in Madroño 22: 90. 27 Apr 1973) cited the basionym and its author but without reference to its place of valid publication. They later (in Madroño 22: 154. 2 Jul 1973) validly published the binomial G. mucronata (D. A. Saunders) Kjeldsen & H. K. Phinney by giving a full and direct reference to the place of valid publication of the basionym. TAUTONYM is a binomial name in which the genus name and the specific epithet are given the same name. EXAMPLE: Mangifera mangifera In plant nomenclature (ICN), tautonyms are NOT VALID AUTONYM Used in trinomial nomenclature when Species and subspecies/variety names are the same When the final epithet of an autonym is used in a new combination under the requirements of Art. 11.6, the basionym of that combination is the name from which the autonym is derived, or its basionym if it has one. EXAMPLE: The publication of Salix tristis var. microphylla Andersson (Salices Bor.-Amer.: 21. 1858) simultaneously established the autonym S. tristis Aiton (in Hort. Kew. 3: 393. 1789) var. tristis. If S. tristis, including var. microphylla, is recognized as a variety of S. humilis Marshall (Arbust. Amer.: 140. 1785), the correct name is S. humilis var. tristis (Aiton) Griggs (in Proc. Ohio Acad. Sci. 4: 301. 1905). However, if both these varieties of S. tristis are recognized as varieties of S. humilis, then the names S. humilis var. tristis and S. humilis var. microphylla (Andersson) Fernald (in Rhodora 48: 46. 1946) are used. SYNONYM In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. A synonym is a scientific name applied in whole or in part to a particular taxon but is not the correct accepted name (in a particular taxonomic classification) for the taxon to which it refers. EXAMPLE : Solanum lycopersicum is the scientific name of the Tomato. The tomato was transferred to the Solanum lycopersicum in the Solanum genus after previously being designated to the Lycopersicon genus. Lycopersicon esculentum is synonymous with Solanum lycopersicum. How will you write the correct Scientific name? Tomato was originally named Solanum lycopersicum by Linnaeus in 1753; Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten has also been used (Valdes and Gray, 1998). Miller (1768) in The Gardener's Dictionary used Lycopersicon esculentum.  Alternate Family/Subfamily Names Apiaceae = Umbelliferae Arecaceae = Palmae Asteraceae = Compositae Brassicaceae = Cruciferae Clusiaceae = Guttiferae Fabaceae = Leguminosae Lamiaceae = Labiatae Poaceae = Gramineae Faboideae = Papilionoideae  What are the main criteria of valid publication? 1) Name must be effectively published = in a journal generally available to botanists As of 1 Jan 2012: Electronic material published online in Portable Document Format (PDF) with an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) or an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) will constitute effective publication  What are the main criteria of valid publication? 2) Name must be published in the correct form, properly Latinized with the correct rank ending. 3) Name must be published with a Latin description or diagnosis or with a reference to such. [Vernacular description typically included.] As of 1 Jan 2012: A description or diagnosis may be in either Latin or English.  What are the main criteria of valid publication? 4) Rank must be indicated (e.g., “sp. nov.,” “subsp. nov.,” or “var. nov.”) 5) Nomenclatural type must be indicated (for genus and below).  Abbreviations: "in" = "in the publication of” E.g., Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. in T. & G. May be abbrev: Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. "ex" = "validly published by.” E.g., Microseris elegans Greene ex A. Gray May be abbrev.: Microseris elegans A. Gray.  Abbreviations: s.l. (sensu lato) means “in the broad sense” s.s. or s.str. (sensu stricto) means “in the narrow sense” E.g., Boraginaceae s.l. includes the families Hydrophyllaceae, Ehretiaceae, Heliotropaceae, Cordiaceae, and others Boraginaceae s.s. does not (those families are separate)  Abbreviations "x" = a hybrid. E.g., Salvia xpalmeri (A. Gray) Greene = S. apiana x S. clevelandii. "sp. nov." = species novum E.g., "Eryngium pendletonense sp. nov." "cf." = confer, meaning "compare.” E.g., "Calyptridium cf. monandrum” (meaning check this specimens of species for confirmation) aff. (affine) means “related to” E.g., Cryptantha aff. wigginsii (meaning something different but a close relative to this species) aff. (affine) means “related to” auct. non (auctorum non) means “not of these authors,” referring to a “misapplied” name, such that the type specimen of the name does not fall within the circumscription of the taxon being referred to by that name cf. (confer) means “compare to” comb. nov. (combinatio nova) means a new nomenclatural combination emend. (emendatio) means a correction or amendment et is Latin for “and” ex is Latin for “from,” meaning validly published by gen. nov. (genus novum) means a new genus in is Latin for “in,” meaning in the publication of ined. (ineditus) means not validly published nom. cons. (nomen conservandum) means a conserved name nom. nov. (nomen novum) means a new name, e.g., proposed as a substitute for an older name (e.g., an illegitimate homonym, in which case the older name serves as the type for the new one) nom. nud. (nomen nudum) means published without a description or diagnosis, making the name invalid non is Latin for “not” n. v. (non visus) is Latin for “not seen,” typically meaning that authors did not see a specimen, such as a type. orth. cons. (orthographia conservanda) means a conserved spelling s.l. (sensu lato) means “in the broad sense” s.s. or s.str. (sensu stricto) means “in the narrow sense” sp. nov. (species nova) means a new species stat. nov. (status novus) means a change in rank, e.g., elevating a varietal name to specific status typ. cons. (typus conservandus) means a conserved type specimen typ. des. (typus designatus) means the designation of a type specimen vide (video) means to cite a reference X indicates a hybrid ! (symbol for vidi, “I have seen it”) can mean a) a confirmation of a name, as on an annotation label agreeing with the name on the original herbarium label; or b) indication that a specimen (usually a type) has been seen by the author in a publication = a heterotypic synonym, based on a different type = a homotypic synonym, based on the same type Thank you for listening