Chapter 10 Violent Crime PDF

Chapter 10 Violent Crime Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 1 Violent Crime  Two types of violence: 1) Instrumental violence violence designed to improve financial, social position of the criminal e.g. armed robbery, arson 2) Expr...

Chapter 10 Violent Crime Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 1 Violent Crime  Two types of violence: 1) Instrumental violence violence designed to improve financial, social position of the criminal e.g. armed robbery, arson 2) Expressive violence crimes that vent rage, anger, frustration e.g. sexual, domestic violence, assault Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 2 Roots of Violence: Personal Traits  Link between violence and personality traits/disorders  Violent offenders often demonstrate abnormal personality structures e.g. aggression, dishonesty, pathological lying, lack of remorse, impulsivity Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 3 Roots of Violence: Personal Traits  Homicidal youth have shown signs of major neurological impairment e.g. abnormal EEGs, severe seizures, low IQ, psychotic close relatives, psychotic symptoms  High proportion of serial rapists and repeat sexual offenders show psychopathic personalities  No single diagnosis can characterize all criminal behaviour Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 4  Psychopathology Mental disorder Deviation from normal behaviour Psychosis Delusions Hallucinations Impaired contact with reality Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 5 Roots of Violence: Ineffective Families  Rejecting, ineffective, absent or deviant parents  Inconsistent discipline, lack of supervision have all been linked to persistent violent offending  Children who are clinically diagnosed as abused have higher rate of later delinquent behaviours, including violence  High percentage of convicted murderers were seriously abused youth  patricide, matricide Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 6 Roots of Violence: Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct  Other scientists view aggression and violence as the result of inborn animal instincts  Violence contributes to the success of the species i.e. only the strong survive Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 7 Roots of Violence: Exposure to Violence  If people are constantly exposed to violence at home, school or in their environment they may adopt violent methods too  Exposure to violence may also have effect on adults, including police officers Officer’s use of deadly force is increased in areas with high violence and murder rates Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 8 Roots of Violence: Subculture  A cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture.  Subcultures have values and norms distinct from those of the majority and are held by a group within a wider society.  For example: ? Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 9 Roots of Violence: Subculture  https://youtu.be/IG8GUlhTax0?si=av1T2pjgik2MtD91  Jane and Finch Toronto  Boys and Girls Club  Gangs, violence and growing up Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 10 Subculture of Violence  Wolfgang and Ferracuti (1967)  Some members of lower socioeconomic classes and some ethnic groups possess values and live by different rules  Hold different conceptions of the meaning and importance of honour and status Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 11 Subculture of Violence  Different orientations to violence  View physical aggression as acceptable  Aggression is culturally mandated E.g. teenage gangs in urban areas Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 12 Roots of Violence: Subculture  Subculture of violence – norms and customs that legitimize and expect the use of violence to resolve social conflict These norms are separate from society’s dominant value system Potent theme of violence that influences lifestyle, socialization process, interpersonal relationships An individual who has been offended in some way turns to violence to seek reparation Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 13 Gangs and Guns  Toronto police seize 62 guns, make several arrests in “Project Barbell” investigation  Guns headed for the streets of Toronto Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 14 Roots of Violence: Substance Abuse  Substance abuse (especially alcohol) influences violence in 3 ways: 1)psychopharmacological relationship 2)economically compulsive behaviour 3)systemic link  In ½ Canadian homicides, accused had taken drugs or alcohol at time of murder Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 15 Roots of Violence: Firearm Availability  Firearm availability does not cause violence but it is a facilitating factor Small arguments can escalate into fatalities 81% of firearm deaths are suicides Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 16  Rape and Sexual Assault  Defined in traditional common law as: “the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will”  Involves non-consensual sexual intercourse  1983 Significant changes to Canadian laws on rape, including: 1) Replaced “rape” charge with “sexual assault” 2) Removal of marital exemption Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 17  Rape versus Sexual Assault  Some reasons for changing charge to “sexual assault” involve: Recognizing violent, aggressive nature of act Can be any form of sexual contact from unwanted touching to penetration  3 levels of sexual assault: Level I: simple sexual assault Level II: sexual assault with weapon or resulting in bodily harm Level III: aggravated sexual assault Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 18  Incidence of Sexual Assault  UCR 2022 = 36,000 sexual assaults reported to police  Females 5x more likely to be victim of sexual assault  Many cases of sexual assault are unreported Only 10% of sexual assaults are reported to police Reasons for not reporting = embarrassed, feel nothing can be done, blame themselves  Warm-weather crime (July, August)  Urban rates are higher than rural areas Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 19 Types of Sexual Assault  Some sexual assaults are planned, others are spontaneous  Some target a particular person, while other victims may be chosen at random  Some involve one offender while others have multiple attackers Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 20 Classifying Sexual Offenders  Every assault contains 3 elements: anger, power, sexuality  Resulting way of classifying offenders: 1) ‘Anger rape’ rape is way of expressing built-up anger and rage uses brutality 2) ‘Power rape’ attacker wants to control victim, not harm them goal is sexual conquest 3) ‘Sadistic rape’ involves both sexuality and aggression torture, torment, pain is thrilling to sadist Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 21 Types of Sexual Assault  50% of all sexual assaults involve acquaintances!  ‘Acquaintance rape’ – forcible sex in which offender and victim know one another  ‘Date rape’ – forcible sex during a courting (dating) relationship  ‘Marital rape’ – forcible sex between 2 people who are legally married to each other Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 22 Date Rape  Increase in sexual assault involving people in a “courting” relationship Some sexual assaults occur on 1st date while others later on in relationship In long-term relationships, male may feel he has invested in relationship and is “owed” sexual relations 15-30% of all college women are victims of sexual assault or attempted sexual assault Self-blame of victims Increase use of ‘date rape’ drugs Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 23 Date Rape Drugs  Rohypnol  Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)  Ketamine hydrochloride (“K”)  Ecstasy (MDMA) (methylenedioxy- methamphetamine) Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 24 Marital Rape  Marital exemption removed from Criminal Code in 1983  Research shows that many women are sexually assaulted each year by their husbands as part of overall spousal abuse  Many spousal sexual assaults are accompanied by beatings Copyright © 2013 by Nelson Education Limited. 25  Sexual Assault and Persons Under Age of Consent  Sexual interference – anyone touches body of someone