Nationalism - Chapter 4 PDF

CHAPTER IV NATIONALISM  NATIONALISM Etymologically, the origins of the term can be traced back to the Latin word natio, or “something born,” which was used by Romans to refer to a community of foreigners. It is commonly believed that in its modern sense of “love for a particular...

CHAPTER IV NATIONALISM  NATIONALISM Etymologically, the origins of the term can be traced back to the Latin word natio, or “something born,” which was used by Romans to refer to a community of foreigners. It is commonly believed that in its modern sense of “love for a particular nation,” the term was first used in 1798.  NATIONALISM ▪ Is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation’s sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland. ▪ Nationalism holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference. It further aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social characteristics of culture, ethnicity, geographic location, language, politics, religion, traditions and belief in a shared singular history, and to promote national unity or solidarity.  NATIONALISM Defined by Oxford as an identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.  NATIONALISM: ISSUES AND CONCERNS ▪ Nationalism means patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts or an extreme form of patriotism marked by a feeling of SUPERIORITY over other countries. ▪ The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines nationalism as loyalty and devotion to a nation; especially, a sense of a national consciousness exalting one nation ABOVE ALL OTHERS placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those other.  NATIONALISM THREAT ON WORLD PEACE “So, it is human condition that wish for the greatness of one’s fatherland is to wish evil to one’s neighbors”, said Voltaire. TYPES OF NATIONALISM 1. CIVIL NATIONALISM ▪ Civil nationalism defines the nation as an association of people who identify themselves as belonging to the nation, who have equal and shared political procedures. ▪ According to the principles of civic nationalism, the nation is not based on common ethnic ancestry, but is a political entity whose core identity is not ethnicity 2. CREOLE NATIONALISM ▪ Refers to the ideology that emerged in independence movements among the creoles (descendants of the colonizers). ▪ It was facilitated when French Emperor Napoleon seized control the Spain and Portugal, breaking the chain of control from the Spanish and Portuguese kings to the local governors. ▪ Allegiance to the Napoleonic states was rejected, and increasingly the creoles demanded independence. They achieved it after the civil wars. 3. NATIVIST NATIONALISM ▪ Similar to creole or territorial types of nationalism, but which defines belonging to a nation solely by being born on its territory. ▪ In countries where strong nativist nationalism exists, people who were not born in the country are seen as lesser nationals than those who were born there and are called “immigrants” even if they became naturalized. 4. ETHNIC NATIONALISM ▪ Also known as ethno-nationalism ▪ Is a form of nationalism wherein the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity. ▪ The central theme of ethnic nationalists is that nations are defined by a shared heritage, which usually includes a common language, a common faith, and a common ethnic ancestry. ▪ It also includes ideas of a culture shared between members of the group, and with their ancestors. 5. ECONOMIC NATIONALISM ▪ Refers to an ideology that favors state interventionism in the economy, with policies that emphasize domestic control of the economy, labor and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital. 6. RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM ▪ Religious nationalism is the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief, dogma or affiliation where a shared religion can be seen to contribute to a sense of national unity, a common bond among the citizens of the nation. ▪ Saudi Arabia, Iranian, Egyptian, Iraqi and the Pakistani-Islamic nationalism are some of examples. 7. LEFT-WING NATIONALISM ▪ Occasionally known as Socialist Nationalism, refers to any political movement that contributes left-wing politics and nationalism. ▪ Many nationalist movements are dedicated to national liberation, in the view that their nations are being persecuted by other nations and thus need to exercise self-determination by liberating themselves from the accused persecutors. ▪ Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism (equal) often in opposition to social hierarchy. 8. TERRITORIAL NATIONALISM ▪ Territorial nationalists assume that all inhabitants of a particular nation owe allegiance (loyalty) to their country of birth or adoption. Citizenship is idealized by terrible nationalists. 9. RACIAL NATIONALISM ▪ Is an ideology that advocates a racial definition of national identity. Racial nationalism seeks to preserve a given race through policies such as banning race mixing and the immigration of other races. Specific examples are black nationalism and white nationalism. 10. SPORTS NATIONALISM ▪ Sport spectacles command worldwide audiences as nations battle for supremacy and the fans invest intense support for their national team. ▪ Increasingly people have tied their loyalties and even their cultural identity to national teams.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM ▪ While the terms patriotism and nationalism were once regarded as synonymous, distinct connotations were assumed. While both are people's feelings of affection for their nation, the values on which they are based are very distinct. Patriotism feelings are based on the country's positive values- like liberty, justice and equality. The patriot thinks that both their country's state system and individuals are inherently good and working together to achieve a better quality of life. ▪ On the other hand, nationalism emotions are based on the belief that one's nation is superior to all others. It also holds a connotation of other countries distrust or disapproval, leading to the premise that other states are competitors.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM ▪ Nationalism is a poisonous idea for it is a feeling of superiority over others and hostility towards other nations. It is naturally leads to interventionism, conflicts, and wars. ▪ In contrast, patriotism is productive. It is not the same as nationalism. Patriotism is being prideful of one’s own people or nation for its accomplishments, ready to cooperate with others towards doing good deeds, and willing to defend it against any foreign aggression. It breeds positive energy to nurture growth.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM ▪ According to Sydney J. Harris, the patriot is proud of his nation for what it does, and the nationalist proud his nation whatever it does; first approach generates a sense accountability and the second sense of blind stupidity leading to war. ▪ Nationalism means being proud of one's country no matter what it does. ▪ Patriotism means being proud of one’s country for what it does.  CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIONALISM 1. Giving authenticity to territory, blood or language is the basis of nationalism. Instead of basing unity on belief and ideology, nationalism bases it on language, territory and race. Homeland and nationality become the axis of patriotism. 2. The next basic characteristic of nationalism is that all the loyalty is centered upon the homeland. All other loyalties such as loyalty to God, religion, belief and ideology are subordinated to loyalty the country check patriotism, and nation.  CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIONALISM 3. Belief that one should defend a compatriot against a foreigner, whether the former is in the right or not. 4. Eulogizing and almost worship of national personalities and historical heroes of one's country. 5. Revival of past traditions such as ancient idolatry. Neo- nationalism too, in this connection, relies on myths, ancient and dead customs, such as the ceremonies of the last Tuesday night of the year. 6. A tendency to distort historical facts to glorify one's country, and to invent stories and create models to show one's nation at its best.  CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIONALISM 7. Like old Totemism, there are special emblems in nationalism which are given sanctity. The flag, national emblem, and national anthem are considered sacred, for each of which a human being has the duty of self-sacrifice.  FILIPINO NATIONALISM  "Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know profoundly the past, so that we may be in complete openness with the men who made that history and in intimate communion with their thoughts, their deeds and their noble lives.“ Claro M. Recto Jr.  FILIPINO NATIONALISM Refers to the awakening and support towards a political identity associated with modern Philippines leading to a wide-ranging campaign for political, social, and economic freedom in the Philippines. Filipino nationalism started in the Philippines in the 1800s with an upsurge of patriotic feelings and nationalistic ideals resulting from more than two decades of Spanish rule. This served as the backbone of, and continues to this day, the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896. These nationalistic feelings have resulted to a comprehensive campaign in the Philippines for political, social and economic liberty. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FILIPIΝΟ ΝΑΤΙΟΝALISM The Philippines had been split into various principalities known as "barangays" in the years before the 11th century, a name originating from Malayan ships called "balangays." Datus, rajahs or sultans governed these tiny political units (H. In 1565, when Spanish explorer Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived from Mexico and established the first European colonies in Cebu, European colonization started in earnest HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FILIPIΝΟ ΝΑΤΙΟΝALISM Starting with only five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks and further strengthened by two hundred soldiers in 1567, he was able to repel competing Portuguese colonizers and lay the foundations for the Spanish colonization of the archipelago. The Spanish occupied the kingdoms of Maynila and Tondo in 1571 and founded Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies. This Spanish colonization united the archipelago of the Philippines into one political unit.  The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism The term "Filipino" originally referred to the Spanish criollos of the Philippines. During their 333-year rule of the Philippines, the Spanish rulers referred the natives as indios Also during the colonial era, the Spaniards born in the Philippines, who were more known as insulares, criollos, or Creoles, were also called "Filipinos." Spanish-born Spaniards or mainland Spaniards residing in the Philippines were referred to as Peninsulares. Those of mixed ancestry were referred to as Mestizos.  The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism The sense of national consciousness came from the Creoles, who now regard themselves as ”Filipino”. It was brought to its advent by the three major factors: economy, education and secularization of parishes.  The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism The Philippines opening to global or world trade, the increase of the upper class, and the influx of Europe's liberal thoughts were just a few instances of how the Philippines became a stable nation. "The first manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the 1880s and 1890s with a reform or propaganda movement carried out both in Spain and in the Philippines with the aim of "propagandizing" the circumstances of the Philippines in the hopes that the social, political and financial life of the Philippines would be changed by peaceful means. OTHER CONCEPTS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM Nationalism is the secular identification and engagement of our people with the Filipino nation and domestic community, the Philippines as our country and homeland. First and foremost, it is being pro-Filipino; believing that we belong to one body, mind, soul, and spirit. It's a pride to be a Filipino; self-respect as a Filipino; pride in our national cultural heritage and manner of life, with their constraints being realized. OTHER CONCEPTS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM It involves pride in our heroes, pride in our flags, national anthem and other symbols of our nationhood; national pride and dignity inspired by the willingness to serve our nation alone and with dedication, and to sacrifice for it, if necessary, with our own lives. It is a tool of change and reform; it aims our moral and spiritual regeneration, our liberation from ignorance, bigotry, parochialism, feudalism ; colonial mentality, bribery and distorted etilism. FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON OUR INDIGENOUS VALUES a. Pagsasarili b. Pakikisama c. Pagkabayani d. Pagkakaisa e. Pakikitungo f. Pakikipagkapwa - Tao g. Pagkakapantay- Pantay  DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OF NATIONALISM To show our sense of Filipino nationalism, everyone must: WORK – ACT – RESPECT - STAND PROUD - LOVE. Let us work on our own. Act today, and participate in the government. Respect everyone including others' raise. Stand proud for who you are Love everyone as how you expect they would love you back  DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OF NATIONALISM 1. Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity 2. Be Productive 3. Be Aware of the Issues in Our Country 4. Stand Proud for Every Achievement 5. Patronize and Support our Own Products 6. Preserve the Filipino Culture 7. Respect Everyone and Value Our Traditions 8. Speak Out Our Own Language 9. Remember and Commemorate our Heroes’ Sacrifices for our Country 10.Love our Family, our Neighbours, and our Countrymen  NATIONAL IDENTITY Refers to the to the shared sense of belongings, values and characteristics that define a nation and its people. National symbols and flags, national anthems, national languages, national myths and other symbols of national identity are highly important in nationalism.  NATIONAL SYMBOLS Is a symbol of any entity considering and manifesting itself to the world as a national community: the sovereign states but also nations and countries in a state of colonial or other dependence, (con) federal integration, or even an ethno cultural community considered a nationality despite having no political autonomy. National symbols intend to unite people by creating visual, verbal, or iconic representations of the national people, values, goals, or history.  Common official national symbols 1. The flag or banner of a nation-state 2. The coat of arms of the land or ruling dynasty 3. The seal or stamp of the land or ruling dynasty 4. The head of state, especially in a monarchy 5. The associated device and motto can also be used separately 6. The national colors, often derived from the above 7. Abstract symbols 8. National anthems, royal and imperial hymns; alongside such official hymns custom may also recognize the national symbol values of very popular songs  NATIONAL SYMBOLS OF THE PHILIPPINES The national symbols of the Philippines consist an symbols that represent Philippine traditions and ideals and convey the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity of the Filipino people. Some of these symbols namely the national flag, the Great Seal, the coat of arms and the national motto are stated in the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, which is also known as Republic Act 8491. In the Constitution of the Philippines, the Filipino language is stated as the national language of the Philippines. NATIONAL SYMBOLS OF THE  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: July 3, 1946 Coat of Arms of the (reaffirmed February 12, 1998) Philippines Legal Basis: Commonwealth Act No. 731 Reaffirmed by R.A No. 8491 - Paleways of two (2) pieces, azure and gules; a chief argent studded with three (3) mullets equidistant from each other; and, in point of honor, ovoid argent over all the sun rayonnant with eight minor and lesser rays. Beneath shall be the scroll with the words "REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS," inscribed thereon.  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: February 12, 1998 Great Seal of the Legal Basis: Republic Act No. 8491, Chapter V Philippines - The Great Seal shall be circular in form, with the arms as described in the preceding Sec., but without the scroll and the inscription thereon. Surrounding the whole shall be a double marginal circle within which shall appear the words "Republika ng Pilipinas." For the purpose of placing The Great Seal, the color of the arms shall not be deemed essential but tincture representation must be used. - The Great Seal shall also bear the National Motto.  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: June 12, 1898 (reaffirmed February 12, 1998) Legal Basis: Proclamation of President Emilio Aguinaldo Reaffirmed Republic Act No. 8491 - The flag of the Philippines shall be blue, white and red with an eight-rayed golden- Flag of the Philippines yellow sun and three five-pointed stars, as consecrated and honored by the people.  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) The Philippine national flag was designed by Emilio Aguinaldo. It was sewn by Doña Marcela Mariño Agoncillo, her five-year-old daughter Lorenza Mariño Agoncillo, and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa Natividad, Dr.José Rizal's niece by his sister Flag of the Lucia. It was first displayed in Philippines the Battle of Alapan on May 28, 1898.  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: Music - June 12, 1898 Lupang Hinirang Lyrics – May 26, 1968 (reaffirmed February 12, 1998) Legal Basis: Music – Proclamation of President Emilio Aguinaldo Lyrics – Department of Education Administrative Order Reaffirmed Republic Act No. 8491 -The National Anthem is entitled Lupang Hinirang. -The National Anthem shall always be sung in the national language within or without the country.  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Also known as "Marcha Nacional Filipina" Lupang Hinirang (original title of the march composed by Julián Felipe) Lyrics: José Palma (original Spanish lyrics) "Filipinas" (original title of the poem 1899) Felipe Padilla de León (Tagalog lyrics), 1956  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: February 11, 1987 National Language Legal Basis: Article XIV, Sec 6 of the 1987 FILIPINO Constitution of the Philippines - The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. - Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: February 12, 1998 National Motto of Legal Basis: Republic Act No. 8491, Chapter III, the Philippines Section 40 - The National Motto shall be "MAKA-DIYOS, MAKA- TAO, MAKAKALIKASAN AT MAKABANSA.“ - Derived from the last four lines of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag. - This motto reflects the country’s commitment to a harmonious relationship with nature, a strong connection to its culture and traditions, and a dedication to the welfare of its citizens.  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: July 4, 1995 Philippine Eagle Legal Basis: Proclamation No. 615 (Pithecoapaga jefferyi) - also known as the monkey-eating eagle or great Philippine eagle, is a critically endangered species of eagle of the family Accipitridae which is endemic to forests in the Philippines. It has brown and white- colored plumage, a shaggy crest, and generally measures 86 to 102 cm in length and weighs 4.04 to 8.0 kg. - the Philippine Eagle is the best biological indicator of the quality of our forest ecosystems and is the flagship species in the conservation of Philippine wildlife  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: February 1, 1934 Sampaguita Legal Basis: Executive Proclamation No. 652, (Jasminum sambac) issued by Governor General Frank Murphy - Its white flower is believed to symbolize purity, simplicity, fidelity, and hope,  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: October 15, 1996 Philippine Pearl Legal Basis: Proclamation No. 905 (Pinctada maxima) - The South Sea pearl or Philippine pearl was declared by Philippine President Fidel Ramos as the national gem in 1996 through Proclamation No. 905.The oyster and pearl are depicted on the reverse side of the Philippine New Generation Currency Series 1,000-peso bill. - The declaration of the Philippine Pearl as the National Gem shall further promote the cultural heritage of the country and support its national development efforts;  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: October 30, 2018 Filipino Sign Legal Basis: Republic Act No. 11106 Language - Filipino Sign Language (FSL) or Philippine Sign Language (Filipino: Wikang pasenyas ng mga Pilipino), is a sign language originating in the Philippines. Like other sign languages, FSL is a unique language with its own grammar, syntax and morphology. - The law also declares the country's national sign language as the official sign language of the government in all transactions involving the deaf.  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: December 11, 2009 Arnis (Eskrima/Kali) Legal Basis: Republic Act No. 9850 - Arnis, also known as kali or eskrima/escrima, is the national martial art of the Philippines. These three terms are, sometimes, interchangeable in referring to traditional martial arts of the Philippines ("Filipino Martial Arts", or FMA), which emphasize weapon-based fighting with sticks, knives, bladed weapons, and various improvised weapons, as well as "open hand" techniques without weapons.  LIST OF NATIONAL SYMBOLS (OFFICIAL) Adopted: February 1, 1934 Narra ( Pterocarpus Legal Basis: Executive Proclamation No. 652 indicus ) - commonly known as Amboyna wood, Malay padauk, Papua New Guinea rosewood, Philippine mahogany, Andaman redwood, Burmese rosewood, narra. - It is strong, sturdy, and durable. - It is tall and symbolizes the lofty ideals of the Filipino people. It is tall, strong, enduring and signify the persistence of the Filipinos in their demand for freedom. - known for its beautiful golden-yellow flowers.  Unofficial National Symbols of the Philippines While official national symbols hold a special place in a country’s identity, there are also unofficial symbols that resonate deeply with the people of the Philippines. These unofficial symbols are not officially designated by government decrees or laws but are widely embraced by the population for their cultural significance, historical relevance, and representation of the Filipino spirit.  List of Unofficial National Symbols National Dance (Sayaw ng Bayan) TINIKLING A popular traditional Filipino dance that involves bamboo poles. It represents the country’s creativity and agility. Gracefulness is symbolized by this dance.  List of Unofficial National Symbols National Food (Pambansang Pagkain) ADOBO a flavorful and savory dish made from meat (often chicken or pork) marinated in vinegar, soy sauce, and spices, is considered a quintessential Filipino dish.  List of Unofficial National Symbols National Animal (Pambansang Hayop) CARABAO a water buffalo, is a symbol of hard work, endurance, and rural life in the Philippines.  List of Unofficial National Symbols National Fish (Pambansang Isda) BANGUS Bangus, or milkfish, holds a special place in Filipino cuisine and represents the country’s rich marine resources. Symbolizes versatility, because of many ways in which it can be cooked.  List of Unofficial National Symbols National House (Pambansang Bahay) BAHAY KUBO A traditional nipa hut made from indigenous materials, represents simplicity, adaptability, and rural life.  List of Unofficial National Symbols National Leaf (Pambansang Dahon) ANAHAW Often used in Filipino traditional decorations, is a symbol of tropical beauty and resilience. This plant is often used as hat, umbrella, or fan symbolizing the Filipino’s resourcefulness.  List of Unofficial National Symbols National Fruit (Pambansang Prutas) MANGO Particularly the Philippine Carabao Mango, is celebrated for its sweetness and is a source of national pride.  List of Unofficial National Symbols National Costume (Pambansang Kasuotan) BARONG TAGALOG Barong Tagalog (for men) and the Baro’t Saya (for women) are considered the national costumes of the Philippines. The Barong Tagalog is a formal shirt for men made from pineapple or abaca fibers, representing Filipino elegance and artistry. The Baro’t Saya or the Maria Clara dress, named after a character in a novel, is a traditional dress for women known for its grace and modesty.  List of Unofficial National Symbols National Hero (Pambansang Bayani) DR. JOSE RIZAL Dr. Jose Rizal, often referred to as the national hero of the Philippines, played a pivotal role in the country’s struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule. His writings and actions inspired the Filipino people to seek freedom and fight for their rights. Rizal’s dedication to education, social reform, and love for the Philippines make him an enduring symbol of Filipino patriotism and nationalism.  A national myth is an inspiring narrative or anecdote about a nation's past. Such myths often serve as an important national symbol and affirm a set of national values. A national myth may sometimes take the form of a national epic or be incorporated into a civil religion. A group of related myths about a nation may be referred to as the national mythos, from μύθος, the original Greek word for "myth". NATIONAL MYTH A national myth is a legend or fictionalized narrative which has been elevated to a serious mythological, symbolic, and esteemed level so as to be true to the nation. It might simply over-dramatize true incidents, omit important In some places, the national myth may be spiritual in tone and refer to stories of the nation's founding at the hands of a God, several gods, leaders favored by gods, or other supernatural beings. NATIONAL MYTH A national myth is a legend or fictionalized narrative which has been elevated to a serious mythological, symbolic, and esteemed level so as to be true to the nation. It might simply over-dramatize true incidents, omit important In some places, the national myth may be spiritual in tone and refer to stories of the nation's founding at the hands of a God, several gods, leaders favored by gods, or other supernatural beings. NATIONAL MYTH A national myth is a legend or fictionalized narrative which has been elevated to a The body of stories and epics originating from, and part of, serious mythological, symbolic, and esteemed level so as to be the indigenous Philippine folk religions, which include various true to the nation. It might simply ethnic over-dramatize faiths true incidents, distinct from omit important one another In somePhilippine places, the national myth may mythology be spiritual in tone is incorporated and various from refer to stories of sources, the nation'ssimilarities having founding at the hands with of a God, several Indonesian gods, leaders and Malay favored myths, by gods, as well as orHindu, other supernatural beings. Buddhist, and Christian traditions, such Muslim, Shinto, as the notion of heaven (kaluwalhatian, kalangitan, kamurawayan, etc.). hell (kasamaan, sulad, etc.), and the human soul (kaluluwa, kaulolan, makatu, ginokud, etc.). NATIONAL MYTH A national myth is a legend or fictionalized narrative which has been elevated to a serious mythological, symbolic, and esteemed level so as to be true to the nation. It Philippine mythology attempts to explain might simply over-dramatize true incidents, omit important the nature of the world through the lives and actions of heroes, deities (referred to as anito or diwata in some ethnic groups), and mythological Increatures. some places,The the national myth may be spiritual in tone and refer to stories of majority of these myths were passed on through the oralnation's founding tradition, at the and hands of athrough preserved God, several thegods, aid leaders favored by gods, of community or other supernatural spiritual leaders or beings. shamans (babaylan, katalonan, mumbaki, baglan, machanitu, walian, mangubat, bahasa, etc.) and community elders. NATIONAL MYTH  THAT’S ALL. ANY QUESTION????