Political Ideologies Review PDF

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES I. Liberalism II. Conservatism III. Socialism IV. Nationalism V. Feminism VI. Ecologism VII. Multiculturalism VIII. Religious Fundamentalism LIBERALISM - JOHN LOCKE The willingness to accept 1. Tradition - respe...

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES I. Liberalism II. Conservatism III. Socialism IV. Nationalism V. Feminism VI. Ecologism VII. Multiculturalism VIII. Religious Fundamentalism LIBERALISM - JOHN LOCKE The willingness to accept 1. Tradition - respect Believing in equality or respect behavior or for established Believing in opinions different from customs individual liberty our own 2. Pragmatism - Support private Conserve; preserve actions shaped by property and Reaction against the practical individual life growing pace of circumstances Support for social economic and political 3. Human justice change imperfection - Political and economic enforce laws to philosophy that contain morally emphasizes individual corrupt rights, freedom, and 4. Organicism - equality survives as whole Democracy, rule of law 5. Hierarchy - Advocate for social particular progress responsibilities Create a society where 6. Authority - everyone has an exercised from opportunity above 7. Property - ownership CONSERVATISM - response to FRENCH REVOLUTION Values tradition and stability Value of tradition Cautious about change and Organic society - interconnected prefer gradual progress to rapid entity transformation Limited government - advocates Uphold values that have been personal responsibility proven successful over time Cultural norms - importance of established cultural practices SOCIALISM An equal society where 1. Community- humans are social resources and wealth are shared creatures among everyone 2. Fraternity - bound by The government manages the comradeship economy to ensure everyone has 3. Social equality - social stability access to basic needs and cohesion Sharing resources and working 4. Need - distributed materials together helps society thrive based on need 5. Social class - reduce economic inequalities NATIONALISM Strong sense of Unity and cultural Nationalism VS pride and loyalty to pride Patriotism their country Dependent on promoting the patriotism Nationalism: belief that interests, culture, Civic Nationalism: one’s country is superior and unity of a based on shared specific nation values, political Patriotism: general sense through pride in beliefs, and of love and pride; national heritage citizenship ​ appreciating values  rather than ethnicity or culture Ethnic Nationalism: shared ethnicity, language, religion Cultural Nationalism: preserving and promoting culture Religious Nationalism: promotes religious practices that are central to the nation’s identity FEMINISM Fighting for equality between Equality between men and men and women women Women have equal rights and Challenge heteronormative opportunities as men gender roles Advocating for women’s rights ECOLOGISM Protecting the environment and Sustainability living in harmony with nature Conservation Conserve earth and its resources Reducing harm to the planet for future generations Promoting a balance between human activities and the natural world MULTICULTURALISM Promotes the Inclusivity Melting Pot Theory VS presence, Tolerance Salad Bowl Theory recognition, and Understanding preservation of Melting Pot: different different cultures cultures mix together to with the goal to form a unified substance celebrate diversity Respecting Salad Bowl: different different cultures cultures coexist with their and background distinct identities RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM Religious groups that look for Provides clear moral guidance literal interpretations of texts Gives sense of identity and People strictly believe that their purpose faith should shape all aspects of Tradition and stability society Strong adherence to traditional practices and values LEFT/RIGHT DIVIDE 1. Over values: left - liberty, equality, fraternity; right - order, authority, hierarchy 2. Over human nature: left - optimistic; right - pessimistic 3. Over state intervention: left - regulation, economic management; right - capitalism  POLITICS AND THE STATE I. Idealist - Georg Wilhelm, Friedrich Hegel Universal altruism (mutual sympathy) Drawback: fails to distinguish who are part of the State and those outside the State II. Functionalist - Neo-Marxists Set of institutions that uphold order and deliver social stability The belief that society is like a living organism, each playing a role in maintaining function and stability A system that serves specific functions The state is essential for providing order, stability, and security Drawback: tends to associate any institution that maintains order with the state itself III. Organizational Set of institutions that are recognizably “public” Responsible for the collective organization of social existence How institutions and structures with the state operate and interact Importance of organizational hierarchies, processes, and systems in governing a society It looks at how different governmental departments work together State is State is Exercise in Instrument of Territorial sovereign “public” legitimation domination association exercises responsible decisions authority is jurisdiction is absolute and for forming usually backed up by geographicall unrestricted collective accepted as coercion y defined power decisions binding on the members of society because of common good IV. International Belief that the state is the actor of the world The basic unit of international politics Relation with other states Ability to provide protection against external attack How countries interact with each other on the global stage Alliances, treaties, trade ~ FEATURES OF A STATE ~ Defined territory Permanent population Effective government Capacity to enter into relations with other states MODERN VIEW - establishes sovereign jurisdiction within defined territory borders THEORIES OF THE STATE I. Pluralist State (liberal lineage) Neutral arbiter Acts as a referee in society amongst competing groups Capable of protecting citizens from each other The belief that power is spread out among various interest groups Decisions are made through negotiation and compromise THOMAS HOBBS - Brutal society - Political obligation wherein the individual is expected to respect state - Agreement/contract to safeguard from state of nature JOHN LOCKE - State of nature is governed by law of nature  - Due to equality, possessions, and property can easily be taken - protects private property JJ ROSSEAU - State of nature is ideal because everyone is equal and without conflicts - Humans procreate - Resource depletion due to multiplied population II. Capitalist State - Cannot be understood separately from the economic structure of society - Reflects class system - How money and business influence politics and government decisions III. Leviathan State - Desperate to interfere in every aspect of human existence - Over-bearing nanny - Self-serving, autonomous entity 🎉NATION - a group of people who see themselves as a cohesive unit based on shared cultural/historical criteria 🎉NATION-STATE - governed by its own sovereign state: each state contains a nation; state and nation are harmonious - The nation is a cultural identity that is shared by the people, and the state is the governing administration. 🎉NON-STATE ACTORS - organizations and individuals not affiliated or funded through the government  THE PH GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE Written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited, and defined by which these powers are distributed among several departments Powers of the STATE: police power, taxation, eminent domain I. Declaration of Principles and State Policies - Section 1: The Philippines is a democratic and republican state. Sovereignty resides in the people, and all government authority emanates from them. a. Bill of Rights b. Rule of Majority c. Government of laws, not of men - Section 13: The State recognizes the role of the youth ~ ARTICLE V. SUFFRAGE - Election: choosing of officials for a fixed period to exercise powers of the government Plebiscite: voting for/against a proposed law Referendum: submission of law for ratification or rejection Initiative: people propose and enact laws; propose amendments Recall: public officials may be removed from office ~ ARTICLE VI: LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT ~ Legislative power: authority under the constitution to make laws and when the need arises to alter and repeal House of Representatives: not more than 250 members - 20% are party list representatives - ½ of seats provided to be filled from labor, peasants, urban poor ~ ARTICLE VII: EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT~ President: executive holding executive power to administer laws; carrying them into practical application Balance of power: separation of powers (divides government); checks and balances (impose limitations to each branch) ~ ARTICLE VIII: JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT ~ Judicial Power: power/duty of courts of justice to interpret and to apply the laws the contests/disputes concerning legally recognized rights/duties between the state and private persons Adjudicatory Power: settle controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable and determine whether there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction Judicial review: pass upon the validity or constitutionality of the laws of the state and acts of other departments Incidental Power: effective discharge of the judicial functions such as the power to punish persons adjudged in contempt I. Decentralization Transferring basic powers from the national to the local government to allow maximum participation of citizens in governmental and community activities A. Local Autonomy - exercise of basic powers: police power, taxation, eminent domain by LGUs B. LGU - local sectors are given powers and adequate support ~ ARTICLE X: (Section 1) REGION, PROVINCE, CITY, MUNICIPALITY, BARANGAY Section 2: The territorial and political subdivisions shall enjoy local autonomy Section 3: Local Government Code of 1991 I. Territorial and Political Subdivisions of the Philippines A. BARANGAYS – basic unit of governance (42) Governance directly relates to the concerns of communities 2000 population 5000 for highly urbanized areas Compact and contiguous B. MUNICIPALITIES - collection of barangays (1,489) Average annual income: 2.5 M for at least 2 years 25000 population Territory with adjacent lands at least 50 square km C. CITIES - group of barangays Average annual income: 100 M for 2 years 150000 population Highly developed Territory with adjacent lands at least 100 square km Component city: part of province and elects officials D. PROVINCE - municipalities and cities (82) Average annual income: 20 M for at least 2 years 250000 population 2000 square km E. REGIONS Administrative: 17 regions Autonomous: BARMM, CAR Special Economic and Freeport  PHILIPPINE LOCAL POLITICAL FRAMEWORKS PATRON - BOSSISM POLITICAL ROBREDO CLIENT MACHINERY STYLE CARL JOHN KIT TAKESHI LANDE SIDEL MACHADO KAWANAKA Involves informal LGUs are Utilization of an Urbanization and linkages between composed of organized group good governance political leaders bosses who are for a specific redefine local who can provide predatory power cause politics and goals and services brokers who encourage for their clients achieve Relationships voluntary breeds who in turn monopolistic between political benefits received control over patron-client are mobilization from the former, economic short-term, reciprocate by resources impersonal, Political leading rendering support instrumental, without coercive and loyalty Unlike PCFs no specific political guaranteed swift transactions machinery, response to monopoly of supporters’ needs Example: party power, or 3Gs orgs recruiting Guns, Goons, members through Gold incentives to support and ensure victory of candidate