Philippine Political Ideologies PDF

POLSCI (FE)- 119 Philippine Political Thoughts Philippine Political Ideologies Prepared by: BAPOS AP3-3 GROUP 2 Asoy, Marinella C. Alcover, Chester Gabriel Advincula, Alexa Frauline Introduction to the Illustrado Mostly composed of the wealthy and educated filipino...

POLSCI (FE)- 119 Philippine Political Thoughts Philippine Political Ideologies Prepared by: BAPOS AP3-3 GROUP 2 Asoy, Marinella C. Alcover, Chester Gabriel Advincula, Alexa Frauline Introduction to the Illustrado Mostly composed of the wealthy and educated filipinos who had the opportunity to study in Europe. Socio- Political Context of 19th Century Philippines The social structure in 19th century Philippines was highly stratified, with Spaniards and clergy at the top ruling over native Filipinos. Politically, the Spaniards exploited the Filipinos by imposing high taxes and forcing them into slave labor. There was widespread corruption within the Spanish administrative system due to appointment of unqualified officials, complicated union of church and state affairs, and officials prioritizing personal interests over public welfare. Economic development from foreign trade in the late 18th century stimulated agriculture and exports, allowing some prosperous families to educate their sons in Europe, where they absorbed new intellectual ideas that fueled the rise of Filipino nationalism. The 19th century Philippines experienced many social, economic, and political changes, including: 1. Changing economy - The Philippines' economy shifted, leading to the emergence of new upper and middle classes, as well as poverty. 2. Education - Education reforms in the 1860s increased access to higher education 3. Social classes - Spaniards who were born in Spain or the 'peninsulares' were considered at the top of the class system, followed by the 'insulares' or Spaniards born in the Philippines, then the 'mestizos' or those with mixed Filipino and Spanish ancestry, and lastly, the 'indios' or the native Filipinos at the bottom of the social.. 1  4. Nationalist sentiments - Nationalist sentiments awakened, and a propaganda movement began. 5. Anti-colonial movement - A national anti-colonial movement and revolution began. 6. Freemasonry - Freemasonry played a role in the nationalist movement Enlightenment Ideals and the Illustrados ENLIGHTENMENT- Crossroads of European history. A crisis in a philosopher's view of the European conscience. It denied the past and searched for the new. Reason was key to knowledge and the solution of human problems. HOW DID THIS AFFECT THE FILIPINOS? The idea of justice, equality, good government was not new to them. But, INDEPENDENCE became an alternative for Filipino propagandists of the last quarter of the 19th century it was clear that Spain was reluctant to grant the reforms. Period of Enlightenment: 1872- 1898 - After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit awakened when 3 priests GOMEZ, BURGOS, ZAMORA were guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. This buttressed with the spirit of the Philippines. - They were greatly influenced by the Enlightenment Ideals: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY. Jose Rizal: National Hero and Revolutionary Thinker & the Political Ideology of Dr. Jose Rizal Rizal is without a doubt the greatest protagonist for recognition of Filipino rights and Equality before the law. A product of the best school in his country. His contact with Liberal Nationalism in Spain reoriented his life. Befriended by the leading anti-clericals, he gave up the external practices of the religion of his youth. One of the writers he most admired was Voltaire, who served both as his ideological and artistic inspiration. The chief contours et Philosophe of Enlightenment. By his time, Rizal wrote about relations between Spaniards and Filipinos. The question was whether Spain would be willing to direct his change, or, by neglect, leave the initiative to Filipinos and risk violent revolution. In Rizal’s words not only were the Filipinos despised, but they were insulted, denied the basic human capacity to reason. They were described as brutes, merely muscles without brains. Discrimination against native Filipinos was official policy. This gave birth to their sense of being different, at the same time gave them the sense of oneness among themselves. 2 Rizal stands head and shoulders above all the other propagandas for while others were negative, he approached the matter positively and wrote that both Filipinos and Spaniards needed to reform conditions are: - Spaniards, first, by granting freedom of speech and representation in the Cortes. Cortes- Congress and Senate - But to arrive in consensus for common good, this was not easy. Filipinos are extremely sensitive, people must learn hard by discipline and cooperative to one another Rizal advocated a total moral regeneration of his countrymen without which they did not deserve self-rule. That is why, to the end he refused to think of violent revolution against Spain. The Filipinos needed two basic social virtues: 1. ECONOMIA- Making the best use of existing resources, for no nation has all the resources it needs. 2. TRANISGENCIA- Mutual give and Share. For if the people wanted a democratic state they should be ready for it. Democracy is intelligent cooperation. Not one's opinion is to prevail over the rest. The Propaganda Movement: La Solidaridad La Solidaridad (lit. The Solidarity) was an organization created in Spain on December 13, 1888. Reforms Desired by the Propaganda Movement - Equality of the Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws - Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain - Restoration of the Philippine representative in the Spanish Cortes - Filipinization of the Philippine parishes and expulsion of the friars - Human rights for Filipinos and freedom of speech, freedom to meet and petition for redress of grievances Lopez Jaena & Del Pilar 3  - The first editor of La Solidaridad was Graciano Lopez Jaena, but it was totally under Marcelo del Pilar from its earliest inauguration to its ignominious death. - It's because Del Pilar and his Comite de Propaganda in Manila worked for the entire project and financing (real moving force, the conduit of funds, and the organizer of the newspaper). - Lopez Jaena was chosen as editor because he already had reputation as a fiery political orator and had influential contacts among the anticlerical republicans and masons of Barcelona, where the newspaper made its debut, but then he realized that his editorship was only nominal (La Solidaridad vol. 1, 1996) Rizal and Del Pilar's Differences - Rizal & Del Pilar When the year 1890 was about to end, an unwanted rivalry between Rizal and Del Pilar nonetheless arose. - By the time, Del Pilar had become the owner of La Solidaridad and had taken the place of Graciano Lopez Jaena as its editor. - Del Pilar's management and editorial policy were occasionally dissimilar to Rizal's political vision. The editorial policy of La Solidaridad under Del Pilar's management exacerbated the rift between Rizal and Del Pilar. - Rizal and his close friends objected to the periodical's editorial policy which was occasionally contrary to Rizal's political views. Rizal Gave Way to Del Pilar - Ideally to fix differences and solidify the unity among them, about 90 Filipinos in Madrid met on the New Year's Day of 1891. - It was agreed upon in the gathering that a leader called Responsable, be elected to administer the campaigns for reform of the Filipinos.The voting happened during the first week of February that year. It was decided that the 'Responsable' must be elected by a two-thirds vote of the participants. - The supposedly healthy election for a leader produced divisive unpleasant split among the Filipinos, the Rizalistas and the Pilaristas, as both camps zealously campaigned for their respective choice. - Rizal won the election but his votes fell short of the required two-thirds vote to be declared Responsable. - He won again on the second day, but then again, the votes counted for him did not reach the needed fraction. 4  - On the third day, since Mariano Ponce appealed to some Pilaristas to surrender their will to what the majority wanted, the election resulted in Rizal's becoming the 'legal' Responsable.Rizal, however, courteously declined the position. He knew that there were 'Pilaristas' who did not like either his views or personality. - Jose Rizal, a man of delicadeza, thus decided to abdicate his leadership and leave Madrid, lest his presence results in more serious faction among Filipinos in Madrid. The La Liga Filipina and its Impact La Liga Filipina (lit. 'The Philippine League') was a secret society. It was founded by José Rizal in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila on July 3, 1892. Purpose to build a new group that sought to involve the people directly in the reform movement. Aims: - To unite the whole archipelago into one vigorous and homogeneous organization - Mutual protection in every want and necessity - Defense against all violence and injustice - Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce - Study the application of reforms The Role of Women Illustrados and the Rise of Katipunan Gregoria Alvarez de Jesus also known as Ka Oriang, (May 9, 1875-March 15,1943) was the founder and vice president of the Katipunan's Women's chapter. She also served as the custodian of the Katipunan as almost all belongings of the Katipunan-seal, revolver, documents —were under her care. As such, when the Guardia Sibil would conduct search operations within their vicinity, she would gather all Katipunan-related items and documents and drive away, even all night, as needed, to ensure that the Katipunan would not be discovered. She also joined the war; she too took arms and fought. 5 Melchora Aquino popularly known as Tandang Sora (January 6, 1812— March 2, 1919), was known as the "Mother of the Revolution." During her time as a supporter of the revolution, she would feed the Katipuneros, provide them shelter and other necessary provisions, and tend to their wounds. When she was arrested and jailed by the Spaniards, she refused to reveal her knowledge of the Katipunan despite the interrogations. She was deported and exiled to Guam, and was only brought back to the Philippines when she was repatriated by the US government. Teresa Magbanua or Nanay Isa, (October 13, 1868-August 1947) was known as the " Visayan Joan of Arc." She was a Filipino school teacher and military leader. When the Philippine revolution began, she did not hesitate in joining the Katipunan despite the opposition of her husband. She was known to have joined and led numerous battles against the Spaniards and the Americans. She was arguably the bravest llonggo woman in her time as she had been known as the only woman to have ever led troops in the Visayan region during the revolution. Agueda Kahabagan also known as Henerala Agueda, was the only known female general of the Army of the Filipino Republic. She was known as fierce combatant in the battlefields of Laguna as she rode a white horse and used rifles in battle. Revisiting Rizal’s Retraction and Legacy Rizal's retraction had significant long-term consequences on Philippine history and society. His retraction, which occurred before his execution, sparked debates about his true beliefs and loyalty. This event led to the polarization of opinions among Filipinos, affecting the unity of the nationalist movement and shaping differing interpretations of Rizal's legacy. The controversy surrounding his retraction also influenced how Rizal was perceived as a national hero, with some questioning his steadfastness in the face of adversity News reports that day covered not only his execution but also what happened in his prison cell on the eve of his death. A number of them reported that he had denounced his Masonic beliefs and re-professed his Catholic faith. 6 The local newspapers that reported the retraction were La Voz Española, El Español, El Comercio, and La Oceania Española. The news correspondents of La Voz Española even claimed to “have seen and read his own handwritten retraction” They based their narrative on the testimonies of the Jesuits and other colonial officials who visited and talked to Rizal the day before he was executed. The Illustrado Legacy in Contemporary Philippine Society The ilustrados played a crucial role in Filipino nationalism by advocating for reforms and independence from Spanish colonial rule. The ilustrados, or the educated class of Filipinos during the Spanish colonial period, were instrumental in the rise of Filipino nationalism. They were the first to articulate the need for national identity and independence, using their education and exposure to liberal ideas from Europe to challenge the oppressive Spanish rule. They were the ones who initiated the Propaganda Movement, a period of peaceful campaign for reforms, which marked the beginning of the Filipino struggle for freedom. The ilustrados were mostly composed of the wealthy and educated Filipinos who had the opportunity to study in Europe, where they were exposed to liberal and democratic ideas. They were greatly influenced by the Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. They used these ideas to critique the Spanish colonial government and the Catholic Church, which they saw as the two main pillars of Spanish colonial rule. The ilustrados used their education and skills to articulate the grievances of the Filipino people. They wrote essays, novels, and articles that exposed the abuses of the Spanish colonial government and the Catholic Church. They also used their influence on lobby for reforms in the Spanish Cortes, the Spanish parliament. Their writings and activities helped to awaken the political consciousness of the Filipino people and inspired them to fight for their rights and freedom. One of the most famous ilustrados was Jose Rizal, who is considered the national hero of the Philippines. His novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, exposed the abuses of the Spanish colonial government and the Catholic Church, and inspired the Filipino people to fight for their rights and freedom. His execution by the Spanish colonial government in 1896 sparked the Philippine Revolution, which eventually led to the declaration of Philippine independence in 1898. 7