Cervical Cancer Final Presentation PDF

Testicular cancer Attendance code: 066762  By the end of this session: Demonstrate an understanding of the pathophysiology, epidemiology and aetiology of cervical and testicular cancer Able to recognise signs and symptoms of cervical and testicular cancer Recognise when to re...

Testicular cancer Attendance code: 066762  By the end of this session: Demonstrate an understanding of the pathophysiology, epidemiology and aetiology of cervical and testicular cancer Able to recognise signs and symptoms of cervical and testicular cancer Recognise when to refer patients to the appropriate healthcare provider Demonstrate an awareness of various NHS screening programs available to the public Identify drug therapy problems within patient presentations and outline proposals for their resolution  Overview: Definition of testicular and cervical cancer Epidemiology Aetiology pathology Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Screening programs for cervical cancer Treatment options  What is testicular cancer? Cancer affecting male reproductive organ Affect the testicles which are the two oval shaped sacks that hang below the penis in a pouch of skin known as the scrotum Testicles are responsible for sperm production and the male hormone testosterone. Testosterone is responsible for male characteristics such as; deep voice, beard and muscle development.  What is testicular cancer? The testicles are made of of many different cells, the origin of the cells that become cancerous determine the type of testicular cancer. For example: Germ cells are responsible for sperm production, they are also the cells most commonly affected by cancer. Testicular cancer has a good prognosis, it is one of the few solid tumour that can expect to be cured. Further reading see: cancer research UK website  Testicular cancer: Cisplatin discovered Serendipitously Discovered by Barnett Rosenberg, Physicist at Michigan State University in 1965 Cisplatin used to treat melanoma Sir Alexander Haddow, Head of the Chester Beatty Institute in London show cisplatin can be used to treat melanoma in mice and clinical trials in humans began in 1972 Cisplatin to treat testicular cancer Last 40 years since the introduction of cisplatin in chemotherapy, it has been used to successfully cure testicular cancer even in the presence of metastases  Epidemiology Rare cancer affecting 1 in 190 males In UK 2400 men were diagnosed with testicular cancer each year Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of all cancer cases in men It is the 16th most common cancer in males 5 year survival rate is 97%  Aetiology The risk of developing testicular cancer is dependent on the following factors: Family history of testicular cancer Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) Previous testicular cancer Testicular carcinoma in situ (CIS) Ethnic background HIV  Non Germ Cell Seminoma (B- Teratoma (None) tumour HCG) Makes up 90% Germ Cell Mixed (AFP and Teratocarcinoma of testicular tumour B-HCG) (None) cancer Choriocarcinoma Non- Seminoma (B-HCG) Embryonal Carcinoma (AFP and B-HCG) Yolk Sac tumour (AFP)  Grow more slowly than non Non Germ Seminoma seminoma 2 types: classical Cell tumour (B-HCG) (mainly between ages 25-45 years old) and Germ Cell Mixed (AFP spermatocytic (average age is 67 years old) tumour and B-HCG) 95% of these cancers are classical Non- Seminoma  Non Germ Cell Seminoma (B- Teratoma (None) tumour HCG) Germ Cell Mixed (AFP and Teratocarcinoma tumour B-HCG) (None) Rare and Choriocarcinoma Non- Seminoma aggressive (B-HCG) form in adults Embryonal Rare/ fast Carcinoma (AFP growing and B-HCG) Usually occurs between teens and 30’s Note: there can be a mixture of cancerous cells Yolk Sac tumour Most (AFP) common in children  Signs and symptoms Testicular lump that is usually painless Lumber back pain Cough and dyspnoea, difficulty swallowing CNS symptoms  Diagnosis Ultrasound- can be used to visualize abnormal growths, to diagnoses cancer and show fluid filled sacs (cysts) or infections if the doctor is unable to make a diagnosis following an ultrasound the patient may be required to have a MRI scan Chest X ray Blood test- AFP, LDH, β- HCG  Staging Stage I Tumour confined to testes Stage II Tumour spread to abdominal lymph nodes Stage III Tumour spread to lymph nodes above the diaphragm Stage IV Tumour invading organs other than lymph nodes such as liver or lungs  Treatment Is dependent on the type of cancer and the stage of cancer and will involve some or all of the following: Surgery Radiotherapy chemotherapy  Treatment: Stage I testicular cancer confined to the testes Observation Stage I testicular cancer- tumour Radiation Chemotherapy  Treatment: Stage II testicular cancer Stage IIa (Seminoma) Stage IIb (Seminoma) with a tumour size with a tumour size < Stages above IIB