Cellular Respiration Summative (Simple) PDF
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Al-Bayan International School
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Summary
This document is a simple summary of the stages and processes involved in cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. It also highlights the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, as well as fermentation. The document includes key terms about ATP, NADH, and mitochondria.
Full Transcript
What is Cellular Respiration? A process that releases energy (ATP) from sugars and other carbon-based molecules. Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP Before Cellular Respiration 1. Food (e.g., carbohydrates) is broken down into glucose. 2. Glucose is converted into pyruvate through...
What is Cellular Respiration? A process that releases energy (ATP) from sugars and other carbon-based molecules. Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP Before Cellular Respiration 1. Food (e.g., carbohydrates) is broken down into glucose. 2. Glucose is converted into pyruvate through a process called glycolysis. ○ "Glyco" means sugar, and "lysis" means to break apart. Stages of Cellular Respiration 1. Glycolysis ○ Location: cytoplasm. ○ Reactants: Glucose and NAD⁺. ○ Products: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, and NADH. ○ Does not require oxygen (anaerobic). ○ Produces 2 ATP. 2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) ○ Location: mitochondrial matrix. ○ Reactants: Pyruvate, NAD⁺, and FAD. ○ Products: CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, and a small amount of energy (2 ATP). ○ Prepares energy carriers (NADH and FADH₂) for the next stage. ○ Requires oxygen (aerobic). 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) ○ Location: inner mitochondrial membrane. ○ Reactants: NADH, FADH₂, and O₂. ○ Products: H₂O, NAD⁺, FAD, and the majority of ATP (34-36 ATP). ○ Requires oxygen (aerobic). Fermentation (When oxygen is unavailable) 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation ○ Location: Cytoplasm. ○ Reactants: Pyruvate and NADH. ○ Products: Lactic acid and NAD⁺. ○ Provides 2 ATP via glycolysis. ○ Occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise. 2. Alcoholic Fermentation ○ Location: Cytoplasm. ○ Reactants: Pyruvate and NADH. ○ Products: Ethanol, CO₂, and NAD⁺. ○ Provides 2 ATP via glycolysis. ○ Used by yeast in brewing and baking. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration: ○ Requires oxygen. ○ Takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. ○ Reactants: Glucose and O₂. ○ Products: CO₂, H₂O, NAD⁺, FAD, and 36-38 ATP. Anaerobic Respiration: ○ Does not require oxygen. ○ Takes place in the cytoplasm. ○ Reactants: Glucose and NADH. ○ Products: Lactic acid (or ethanol + CO₂), NAD⁺, and 2 ATP. Key Terms 1. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The main energy carrier in cells. 2. NADH & FADH₂: High-energy electron carriers used in the ETC to produce ATP. 3. Mitochondria: The organelle where aerobic respiration occurs; the powerhouse of the cell. 4. Glycolysis: The first step of cellular respiration, breaking glucose into pyruvate. 5. Fermentation: An anaerobic process that regenerates NAD⁺ to keep glycolysis running.
