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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of NADH and FADH₂ in cellular respiration?
What is the primary role of NADH and FADH₂ in cellular respiration?
During intense exercise when oxygen is depleted in muscle cells, which process allows for ATP production in those conditions?
During intense exercise when oxygen is depleted in muscle cells, which process allows for ATP production in those conditions?
Which of the following accurately describes the location and necessity of oxygen for the Krebs cycle?
Which of the following accurately describes the location and necessity of oxygen for the Krebs cycle?
Which of the following products are generated during glycolysis?
Which of the following products are generated during glycolysis?
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What is the primary purpose of fermentation in anaerobic conditions?
What is the primary purpose of fermentation in anaerobic conditions?
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What is the precise role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
What is the precise role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
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Which of the following processes is not considered a stage of aerobic cellular respiration?
Which of the following processes is not considered a stage of aerobic cellular respiration?
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In the overall equation for cellular respiration, what role does molecular oxygen (O₂) serve?
In the overall equation for cellular respiration, what role does molecular oxygen (O₂) serve?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- A process releasing energy (ATP) from sugars and other carbon-based molecules
- Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Before Cellular Respiration
- Food (e.g., carbohydrates) breaks down into glucose
- Glucose converts into pyruvate through glycolysis
- "Glyco" means sugar, "lysis" means to break apart
Stages of Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis
- Location: cytoplasm
- Reactants: glucose and NAD+
- Products: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and NADH
- Does not require oxygen (anaerobic)
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Location: mitochondrial matrix
- Reactants: pyruvate, NAD+, and FAD
- Products: CO2, NADH, FADH2, and a small amount of ATP
- Prepares energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) for the next stage.
- Requires oxygen (aerobic)
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
- Location: inner mitochondrial membrane
- Reactants: NADH, FADH2, and O2
- Products: H2O, NAD+, FAD, and the majority of ATP (34-36 ATP)
- Requires oxygen (aerobic)
Fermentation (When oxygen is unavailable)
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Location: cytoplasm
- Reactants: pyruvate and NADH
- Products: lactic acid and NAD+
- Provides 2 ATP via glycolysis
- Occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise
2. Alcoholic Fermentation
- Location: cytoplasm
- Reactants: pyruvate and NADH
- Products: ethanol, CO2, and NAD+
- Provides 2 ATP via glycolysis
- Used by yeast in brewing and baking
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
- Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen, takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondria, produces 36-38 ATP, Reactants: Glucose and O2. Products: CO2, H2O, NAD+, FAD.
- Anaerobic Respiration: Does not require oxygen, takes place in cytoplasm, produces 2 ATP, Reactants: Glucose and NADH, Products: Lactic acid (or ethanol + CO2), NAD+.
Key Terms
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The main energy carrier in cells
- NADH & FADH2: High-energy electron carriers used in the ETC to produce ATP
- Mitochondria: The organelle where aerobic respiration occurs; the powerhouse of the cell
- Glycolysis: The first step of cellular respiration, breaking glucose into pyruvate
- Fermentation: An anaerobic process that regenerates NAD+ to keep glycolysis running
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Description
Explore the key processes involved in cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Understand how glucose is converted into energy (ATP) and the significance of each stage in the process. Test your knowledge of the biochemical reactions that provide energy for cellular functions.
