Cells Anaphy PDF - Cells Structure

ANAPHY: CELLS STRUCTURE Chromatin Organelles - loosely coiled chromosomes - little organs that perform specific Nucleus pores functions inside the cells - passageway where materials pass Cytopla...

ANAPHY: CELLS STRUCTURE Chromatin Organelles - loosely coiled chromosomes - little organs that perform specific Nucleus pores functions inside the cells - passageway where materials pass Cytoplasm through in and out of cell - living material that surrounds nucleus, Nuclear envelope it has many types of organelles; jelly like - at the edge of nucleus, consist of outer fluid (cytosol, organelles, cytoplasmic and inner membrane with a narrow inclusions) space between them Cell membrane Extracellular - the cytoplasm is enclosed by the cell - substances outside the cell membrane or plasma membrane Cytoplasmic FUNCTIONS OF CELLS - substances inside the cell (intracellular) Cell metabolism ORGANELLES AND THEIR LOCATION AND - chemical reactions that occur within FUNCTIONS cells Nucleus Cell synthesize various types of molecules such as protein, nucleic acids, and lipids. - (Variable location within cell) Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and Communication. Cells produce and receive nucleoli; site of RNA synthesis and chemical and electrical signals that allows ribosomal subunit assembly them to communicate. Ribosomes Reproduction and inheritance. Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information - (In cytoplasm) site of protein synthesis of the individual. Rough endoplasmic reticulum CELL MEMBRANE - (In cytoplasm) Has many ribosomes - outermost component of a cell and it attached; site of protein synthesis encloses cytoplasm and forms a Smooth endoplasmic reticulum boundary between the material inside and outside of the cell. - (In cytoplasm) Site of lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification Chromosomes Golgi apparatus - found inside nucleus; made up of DNA; 23 pairs of genetic materials - (In cytoplasm) Modifies protein - (In cytoplasm) Supports cytoplasm; structure and packages proteins in assists in cell division and forms secretory vesicles. components of cilia and flagella Secretory Vesicle Centrioles - (In cytoplasm) Contains materials - (In cytoplasm) Facilitates the produced in cell; formed by the Golgi movement of chromosomes during cell apparatus; secreted by exocytosis division; play an important role in cell division; specialized area of cytoplasm Lysosome Cilia - (In cytoplasm) Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell; - (On the surface of the cell) Move formed by the golgi apparatus substances over surfaces of certain cells “Digestive system of the cell”. Contains Flagella lysozyme (lyzo enzyme) that can help kill bacteria and other foreign materials - (On the surface of the cell) propel sperm cells (hydrophilic head, Microfilaments hydrophobic tail) - Smallest diameter Microvilli Involved in cell movement - (Extensions of cell surface with many Small fibrils formed from protein subunits on each cell) Increase surface area of that structurally support the cytoplasm— certain cells determining the cell shape Cell membrane is primarily made out of Ex: Microfilaments in the muscle cells enable two major types of molecules: (1) the contraction of the cells phospholipids and (2) proteins. It also contains other molecules such as (3) cholesterol and (4) carbohydrates. Peroxisome Prokaryotes - (In cytoplasm) Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide - single-celled organisms; e.g. bacteria, virus Smaller; rigid cell membrane ; contains Mitochondrion only few organelles ; no membrane bound nucleus - (In cytoplasm) Site of aerobic Eukaryotes respiration and major site of ATP - multicellular organisms ; e.g. humans, synthesis “powerhouse of the cell” animals, plants ; larger ; flexible cell Microtubule membrane ; has membrane bound  nucleus ; the cell wall is made up of - Lysis (burst) cellulose. Isotonic solution Phospholipids - forms a double layer of molecule. The - Equal concentration of water and solute polar phosphate containing ends of outside and inside the cell phospholipids are hydrophilic while the Hypertonic solution non-polar are at the end of phospholipids or hydrophobic. - Higher concentration of solutes outside (contains fatty acids at the end) the cell - Lower concentration of water inside the PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT (NO cell ATP) - Water moves out of cell Diffusion - Crenation – shrink - movement of solute from the area of Facilitated diffusion higher concentration to the area lower - Mechanism: mediated transport of concentration in solution (no ATP) process, involving membrane proteins Concentration gradient or carrier proteins to move substances across the cell membrane. - the difference in concentration of - Leak channels : constantly allow ions to solute in a solvent between two points pass divided by the distance of two points. - Gated channels : limit the movement of Osmosis ions across the membrane by opening and closing - Diffusion of water across selectively - Carrier molecules : proteins within the permeable membrane from a region of cell that participate in the facilitated a higher water concentration to one of diffusion lower water concentration ACTIVE TRANSPORT (W/ ATP) Osmotic pressure - Force required to prevent water movement across a selectively Active transport permeable membrane. - Process that utilize membrane proteins Hypotonic solution to move substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower - The cell will become inflamed or concentration to higher concentration, swelled against a concentration gradient - Higher concentration of water outside the cell Secondary active transport - Lower concentrations of solute inside the cell - Involves the active transport of one - G2 phase – preparation for division substance across the cell membrane, Prophase establishing concentration gradient, which provide energy for moving - Chromatin condensed into visible substances across the membrane. chromosomes - spindle fibers extended from nucleus Endocytosis Metaphase - Brings materials into the cell using vesicles - centromere aligns near the center of cell Phagocytosis - movement is regulated by spindle fibers - Cell eating; used when solid particles Cytokinesis are digested - physical process of cell division, which Pinocytosis divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell - Cell-drinking; containing liquid particles into two daughter cell. - Formation of cleavage furrow Exocytosis (indention of the cell membrane as the - Release of substances from the cell cell begins to split) through fusion of a vesicle with the cell Anaphase membrane - Separation of chromatids Transcytosis Telophase - Substances is taken into the cell by endocytosis, the vesicle is moved across - Formation of two new nuclei, each the cell, and the substances is then contains the chromosomes released from the cell through Cytoplasm division exocytosis - Complete division of cell CELL CYCLE/DIVISION Differentiation Mitosis - Process when stem cells develop a - Cell division specialized function - Chromatid (two genetically identical strands of chromatin) Apoptosis - Centromere (specialized region where - Programmed cell death chromatids are attached - Process which cell within tissues are Interphase adjusted and controlled - G1 phase – routine metabolism DNA - S phase – DNA synthesis Deoxyribonucleic Acid  Double helix structure Nucleotide’s central molecule Contains: ○ Deoxyribose– 5 carbon sugar ○ Nitrogenous base ○ Phosphate group Genetic Code - mRNA contains codons. Translation - mRNA is converted into amino acids – polypeptides – which produce proteins