Cell_structure_function 1.ppt

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO BIOMOLECULES Cell as the basic unit of life, Overview of cell structure and functions. Carbohydrates: Properties and biological functions. Nucleic Acids: Structure and roles of DNA and RNA. Proteins: Structure, and its functions, Significance of lipids. Role of biomolecules:...

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO BIOMOLECULES Cell as the basic unit of life, Overview of cell structure and functions. Carbohydrates: Properties and biological functions. Nucleic Acids: Structure and roles of DNA and RNA. Proteins: Structure, and its functions, Significance of lipids. Role of biomolecules: Characteristics and roles of enzymes, vitamins, and hormones UNIT II: NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts), Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim suits),. Human Blood substitutes- hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and perflourocarbons (PFCs). Introduction to Biomimetics and Biomimicry UNIT III: ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVES OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Biology and engineering crosstalk –Hybridoma technology, Plant Tissue Culture, Animal Tissue Culture; Tissue Engineering, Nanobiotechnology, Introduction to Radiology, High-throughput diagnostics in clinics, Bioprocessing and Biomaterials. UNIT IV: TRENDS IN BIOENGINEERING Stem cell and its applications, Bio printing techniques and materials. Applications of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence for diagnosis and detection of communicable and non-communicable diseases, Biosensors in healthcare, Environmental monitoring, Food Safety and Biosecurity. Cell Structure & Function Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Why are cells considered the basic unit of life? Structural and Functional Unit: Reproduction: Cells provide the structure and organization Cells are capable of replicating themselves, for living organisms. a fundamental characteristic of life. Each cell is like a tiny factory, carrying out Through cell division, existing cells create essential functions like respiration, digestion, new cells, ensuring the growth and reproduction, and waste elimination. continuity of life. Heredity: Energy Utilization: Cells contain genetic material (DNA) which Cells take in nutrients and convert them into carries the instructions for an organism's energy, a process known as metabolism. traits and characteristics. This energy is used to fuel all cellular This genetic material is passed from parent activities and sustain life. cells to daughter cells during reproduction.  Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic  Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes Few internal structures One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html  Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms Plant Animal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html  Animal Cell Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose Animal Cell has cell Plant cells contain organelles called membrane chloroplasts No presence of chloroplast Plant cells have a large, central Nucleus at the centre vacuole that stores water, nutrients, and waste products  “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif  “Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif Cell Parts Organelles Surrounding the Cell Cell Membrane Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer of phospholipids & proteins Carrier proteins transport some molecules Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells Inside the Cell  Nucleus Nuclear Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope Pore  Nucleus Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA  Nuclear Envelope Nuclear lamina: A Double-layered membrane: Inner and outer network of protein Nuclear nuclear membranes separated by a thin space filaments on the Envelope called the perinuclear space. inner nuclear membrane occupying up to 25% of the nucleus in actively Nucleolus The nucleolus typically appears as a round or oval, dense structure growing cells. under a Componen It's primarily made up of proteins and RNA ts The primary function of the Ribosome nucleolus is to synthesize and assemble ribosomes Chromatin: It's a dynamic Chromatin complex of DNA and protein DNA wrapped around a core of eight histone proteins. Chromoso They are highly condensed and organized versions of chromatin mes Chromosomes In nucleus Made of DNA Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html  Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is responsible for holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage. The Cytosol and organelles Organelle together compose the cell's Cytosol cytoplasm s Cytosol is the fluid part of cytoplasm. Organelles are tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell.  Cytoplasm Functions The cytoplasm functions to support and suspend organelles and Support cellular molecules. Many cellular processes also occur in the cytoplasm, such as protein Cellular synthesis, the first stage of cellular respiration (known as glycolysis), processes mitosis, and meiosis The cytoplasm helps to move materials, such as hormones, around Movement the cell and also dissolves cellular waste.  Endoplasmic reticulum Plays a vital role -ERtransport, in protein production, and modification. Protein Proteins need to be properly folded and equipped with chemical tags to Folding function correctly. The SER specializes in Synthesis manufacturing lipids and steroids ER acts as a calcium reservoir, Storage storing and release  Rough Endoplasmic reticulum - RER Processing/ Protein Synthesis Package Protein Folding Ribosomes attached to its Proteins are packaged into Proteins are folded into the surface read messenger RNA tiny transport vesicles and correct shape, have sugars (mRNA) and translate it into shipped out to other parts of and lipids proteins. the cell, Amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains according to the instructions encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA).  Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum - SER Lipid Synthesis Steroid hormones Detoxification Numerous enzymes involved Assembles steroid In liver cells, the SER in synthesis of Lipids , hormones, such as cortisol contains enzymes that Phospholipids and and testosterone, from breakdown toxins and drugs Cholesterol cholesterol. SER- It as a network of smooth, interconnected tunnels,  Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex or Golgi body, Protein Glycosylation Modification Involves attaching sugar It receives proteins from the molecules to proteins, which endoplasmic reticulum (ER) affects their structure, and then modifies, sorts, and function, and stability packages them into vesicles Some of the proteins Lysosome modified by the Golgi formation apparatus are destined for lysosomes The transport vesicles carrying the proteins travel through the cytosol and fuse with the cis-face of the Golgi apparatus. After Modification proteins may pinched-off in separate vesicle and then Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus  Lysosomes Digestive Contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and sac lipids Cell Play a crucial role in keeping our cells clean and functioning properly Cleaning Break down old cell parts Aid in cell renewal Digest bacteria  Mitochondria – Power House Own DNA Energy production Matrix - Enzymes Matrix: The inner space of Unlike other organelles, Responsible for generating the mitochondria is filled mitochondria have their own most of the cell's energy in with a gel-like substance DNA, making them semi- the form of adenosine called the matrix, where key autonomous within the cell. triphosphate (ATP), enzymes for energy production reside Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration) Glucose Fatty acids Release energy ATP Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll Where photosynthesis takes place