Police Scotland Intelligence PDF

OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11...

OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence Lesson Aim: The learner will be able to explain what intelligence is and how it is utilised by Police Scotland Learning Outcomes: On successful completion of the lesson, Introduction students will be able to:- Police Scotland as an organisation 1. Define Intelligence recognises the importance and benefits of gathering, managing and ultimately using intelligence in order to improve the safety of 2. Explain the NIM as a model for policing and our communities in Scotland. its relevance to their role Police Scotland utilises information and intelligence from a wide variety of sources to ensure that we deploy our resources 3. Identify elements of the rules and efficiently and effectively. conventions relating to the collection and retention of intelligence Whilst you are on patrol or carrying out your duties it is important to understand the opportunities you have to gather intelligence and how this can assist in building up a picture of criminal activity at a local, divisional and even national level. This lesson will give you a basic overview of the importance of recognising intelligence opportunities, the types of information of interest, how information and intelligence is collated using the Scottish Intelligence Database and how it is used operationally. 1 th Amended 25 April 2024 v.4 OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence Information vs Intelligence What is the difference between information and intelligence? Information within law enforcement can be defined as:- ‘items of knowledge’ or ‘things told’. The material can be random, disorganised and its accuracy can be hard to determine. Example:- A woman on your beat tells you that her next door neighbour's daughter is dealing in drugs. At this stage this is information. Intelligence can be defined as:- “Information which has been subject to a defined evaluation and risk assessment process in order to assist with police decision making.” Example:- The information you received above moves from being information to intelligence once it has been evaluated according to a defined set of criteria and properly sanitised to reduce risk to the source of the information. This is the stage where your information becomes intelligence. It is important to note that information obtained must be evaluated and interpreted before it is classed as intelligence to be used operationally. The key element of the process is that all those within Police Scotland use the same defined criteria to evaluate the information and that it is uniformly applied on every occasion to ensure the integrity of the intelligence. 2 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence Sources of Information By ensuring we understand Police Scotland's priorities at a local, divisional and national level we can focus on gathering the specific information we know is being sought. As you go about your work you need to understand your responsibility to seek and gather intelligence. As a police officer you will be involved in the collection of information for intelligence purposes from a variety of sources, while there are specific departments who collect intelligence from specialist sources the majority of your information will be provided overtly by human sources. Categories of Individuals Providing Information As an organisation we gather information from a wide variety of sources:- 1. Members of the public 2. Partner Agencies 3. Police 4. CHIS (Covert Human Intelligence Source) 1. Members of the Public Members of the public are encouraged to give information and provide assistance to the Police. This is a civic rather than a legal duty. This is commonly achieved by the public passing on information to police in writing, by telephone or in person. Some of the people passing on information may also be willing to provide a witness statement.Example of "Member of the Public" source There has been a number of instances of vandalism to bus stands within Brookbank town centre with no named suspects yet identified. An anonymous caller telephones your local station and advises that they have heard that John BROWN is responsible but provides no other information. Action you should take:- A member of the public has passed on information to the police potentially relating to an ongoing criminal investigation. An intelligence report should be raised and entered on the Scottish Intelligence Database with how they know the information clearly detailed. 3 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence 2. Partner Agency There are a variety of partner agencies who will be active within your local area who can be excellent sources of information. Often these agencies have a different relationship with those in community giving them a different level of access to information which could be of value to the police but cannot be evidenced. Example of "Partner Agency" source A housing officer gains access to a drug user’s house on Main Street, Brookbank as part of their regular visit to check on a council property. Whilst within the occupant who trusts the housing officer discloses that they are concerned about their neighbour who has offered to sell them drugs and has lots of random callers at their door, the occupant does not want to contact police or provide a witness statement. Later while you are at the Housing office on unrelated business the housing officer discloses this information to you. They have no personal knowledge of the information and cannot confirm its validity. Action you should take:- The housing officer has been given information from a member of the public who will not engage with the Police. The information’s value is not known at this stage however it may form part of a wider picture. This information should be noted and an intelligence report should be raised on the Scottish Intelligence Database outlining exactly where the information has come from. 3. Police Police officers can also provide information which can be recorded on the Scottish Intelligence Database. In the main this information will relate to the officers own observations witnessed whilst on patrol or information relative to an investigation they have been involved in. Example of a "Police" source Constable Jones is on duty in uniform when they observe Ian Murray, a known drug dealer, in the company of another known criminal at School Road, Brookbank. This association has not been previously known. Action you should take:- In this case Constable Jones would compile an Intelligence report detailing themselves as the source. 4 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence 4. Covert Human Intelligence Source (CHIS) This category incorporates intelligence which has been obtained from a Covert Human Intelligence Source (CHIS). Under RIP(S)A a person is a CHIS if:- a) He or she establishes or maintains a personal or other relationship with another person for the covert purpose of facilitating the doing of anything falling within paragraph b) or c) below; b) He or she covertly uses such a relationship to obtain information or to provide access to any information or to another person; or c) He or she covertly discloses information obtained by the use of such a relationship or as a consequence of the existence of such a relationship. A relationship is established or maintained for a covert purpose if and only if it is conducted in a manner calculated to ensure that one of the parties to the relationship is unaware of its purpose. A relationship is used covertly, and information obtained is disclosed covertly, if and only if the relationship is used or the information is disclosed in a manner that is calculated to ensure that one of the parties to the relationship is unaware of the use or disclosure in question. By law, only specially trained officers can deal with Covert Human Intelligence Sources. There are guidelines for dealing with CHIS but in the first instance an intelligence report should be submitted and an assessment will be carried out on the likelihood that the source may have the potential to become a Covert Human Intelligence Source. 5 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence Example of a "CHIS" Lisa Morgan from 22 School Road, Brookbank has a daughter, Jane, who is a heroin addict. Her daughter routinely tells her when her “dealer” will be getting more “gear” delivered. Lisa telephones Brookbank police station and offers to telephone you every time she has information. She asks if there is any specific information that you need to help you catch the “dealer”. Lisa assures you that the “dealer” doesn’t know that her daughter has told her anything. Lisa also assures you that her daughter doesn’t know she is passing this information onto the police. Action you should take:- Lisa Morgan is covertly using her relationship with her daughter to obtain information AND the information is being passed on to you at Brookbank without her daughter’s or the dealer's knowledge. If Lisa provides you with ongoing intelligence or you instruct her to gather specific information (this is known as “tasking) then this activity would constitute running a CHIS. You are not authorised to deal with CHIS. You should submit an Intelligence Report with the information given to you so far and a CHIS referral form which is available from the intranet. Intelligence within the Police Environment It has previously been specified that intelligence is utilised to assist in operational aspects of policing, however, it must be understood that intelligence relates to all aspects whether crime or community based. Within a policing environment, intelligence is used to “focus on the future which allows resources to be deployed to the best effect”. 6 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence Activity 1 A1 You will now be led through an activity by your instructor, please refer to Appendix A The National Intelligence Model All UK Police forces operate the National Intelligence Model (NIM). The NIM is a model used to direct all areas of policing, and is not, despite its name, limited to covert operations, intelligence specialists or the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). It is used in all aspects of policing including community safety, road policing and uniformed operations. Information and intelligence gathering should be focused on filling identified gaps Identify Risks - Analysis of information and intelligence Allocate resources - Coordinate tactical options Achieve successful results - In identified priority areas 7 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence The Scottish Policing Model Intelligence led policing involves the collection and analysis of information and intelligence to produce an end product designed to inform police decision makers. This end product allows Police Scotland and commands to focus policing activity by:- Identifying Risks - By analysing information and intelligence Allocating Resources - To target and address these risks Achieving Results - When challenging the risks The Basic Policing Objectives It is important to remember that intelligence is not collected just for intelligence’s sake. It allows the Police to be as effective as possible in achieving the basic policing objectives:- Reduce Crime Increase Public Safety Control criminality and disorder Levels of Operation The NIM splits criminality into three operational levels; Level 1 - Local issues - usually local policing areas or area command issues Level 2 - Cross Border Issues - whether between commands, divisions, neighbouring forces or a group of forces Level 3 - Serious Organised Crime Groups (SOCG) - further defined as ‘usually operating at a national or international level’ Within each level of criminality there is a standard framework for directing intelligence collection, setting priorities and allocating resources. 8 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence Tasking and Co-ordination Group This framework is known as Tasking and Co-ordination Group (T&CG) and allows senior management to prioritise policing activity and review previous objectives to ensure the policing plan is working. So where does the intelligence that drives the NIM come from? Intelligence officers identify gaps in knowledge about areas of criminality, for example cross border drug dealing. They then develop what are known as intelligence collection plans detailing where information needs to be collected to fill these gaps. The information can be collected from a number of sources, for example surveillance of a suspected criminal or a Covert Human Intelligence Source (CHIS). Once the raw information is collected it is interpreted and translated into a useable form of intelligence to inform decision-making enabling Police Scotland and partner agencies to accurately profile crime and disorder problems. Briefing and Debriefing A key element of the NIM process is to link the T&CG with frontline officers. Team briefing and debriefing plays a key role in this link. During briefing at the start of your shift you will be expected to listen carefully and take notes if necessary. During the briefing your supervisor will:- Reinforce what the command/force priorities are Highlight intelligence requirements Allocate tasks from the T&CG to officers on the team Your supervisor will also complete a debrief at the end of the shift. During the debrief your supervisor will:- Review any arrests or incidents of note Ask for an update on any tasks issued to you Check welfare 9 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence Activity 2 A2 You will now be led through a scenario by your Instructor Intelligence Cycle As previously mentioned, information must be evaluated and interpreted before it can be classed as intelligence. In practice, information obtained in your role as a police officer will probably be directed through a Divisional or Local Intelligence Unit. The information you submit is duly processed and thereafter used for operational purposes. Example:- Information is collected from a number of sources about a suspected local drug dealer. The information is evaluated, collated and analysed within the Intelligence Unit and a target package is disseminated to an appropriate local proactive investigations unit for development and executive action. The process of collecting, evaluating, interpreting and thereafter utilising information is known as the Intelligence Cycle and is important when considering the route taken to convert information into usable intelligence. 10 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence The cycle has six distinct interlinked components:- Directio Collecti n on Dissemi Evaluati nation on Collatio Analysis n 1. Collection The collection element is where the majority of officers and staff will contribute. While there are specialists whose core function is to collect intelligence for uniform officers it involves being alive to intelligence opportunities, understanding the local, divisional and national intelligence requirements and by submitting intelligence via the SID system. Example:- Before deploying for patrol you are briefed by your supervisor that there is an intelligence requirement in relation to vehicles being used by a local person of interest actively involved in drug dealing. Whilst driving on Main Street, Brookbank you observe the person of interest as the front seat passenger in a vehicle being driven by another individual linked to drug supply. You note their details and the details of the vehicle which you then submit via the Scottish Intelligence Database (SID). 11 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence 2. Evaluation When intelligence is initially input to the Scottish Intelligence Database it is evaluated by the submitting officer who graded according to the UK wide ‘3 x 5 x 2’ standard. This evaluation is double checked by the intelligence officers who process the raw intelligence and sanitise it to ensure that all references to the Source are removed. This evaluated and santised intelligence is now ready to be utilised by Police Scotland operationally. 3. Collation Intelligence is gathered across all of Police Scotland’s business areas including Organised Crime, Public Protection, Acquisitive Crime, Road Policing, Drugs, Events and Community Safety. There are thousands of logs submitted every day and it is important that these are grouped by relevance and into manageable chunks. The collation process puts intelligence that is linked by crime type, location, person or other factors together so that it can be further processed within the cycle. 4. Analysis Depending on the crime type, the level of criminality analysis may be required to bring clarity to the intelligence picture. Collated intelligence may be reviewed by skilled analysts who will consider all available intelligence and produce a complete picture capturing all the moving parts. The analyst may produce a “Network Association Chart” which clearly shows associates, addresses, vehicles or even communications used. This demonstrates how important it is for you to submit any information you may have on an intelligence report in order to build up the best possible picture of a criminal’s activity. (See Appendix A). 5. Dissemination Now we have gathered, processed, collated, analysed and charted our intelligence we need to get the relevant information back out to the organisation so they can use the knowledge operationally or we can focus on filling any identified gaps. For example if we have identified that an individual presents an officer safety risk this may be put out as an operational officer safety bulletin so that we can prepare any officers and mitigate risk. 12 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence 6. Direction As we disseminate the intelligence we have gathered and processed out we also give direction to the operational and intelligence assets to continue to seek more information on the areas we have identified as being of interest or to fill the gaps in our knowledge. This means intelligence officers putting out intelligence requirements, supervisors briefing their teams or tasking specialized intelligence units like Dedicated Source Units (CHIS teams) to start the collection phase again. The concept of the intelligence cycle is that rotates constantly and with each rotation we gather more information or identify the key gaps we need to deploy resources to fill. It is imperative that regardless of your role you contribute towards its success. Intelligence Rules & Conventions Human Rights HR The legislation under The Regulatory Powers (Scotland) Act 2000 (RIPSA) links in with the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) you learned about previously. The main purpose of RIPSA is to ensure that the relevant investigatory powers are used in accordance with the ECHR. When you receive information from any person, you must consider the fact that a duty of care exists. For example, if a person approaches you and provides confidential information, then you have a duty to ensure the identity of the source is not disclosed to unauthorised people. Articles 2 and 8 of ECHR relates to an individual’s Right to Life and Right to Respect for Private and Family Life respectively. Both articles are relevant when dealing with information from a human source. 13 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence The Scottish Intelligence Database (SID) Police Scotland makes use of the Scottish Intelligence Database commonly known as SID. Every officer, and select staff members within Police Scotland are given access at the appropriate security level. Read access is also granted to a number of trusted key partners who are embedded within Police Scotland. SID is the single repository for all intelligence gathered in Scotland and it is vitally important that any information received is submitted timeously to allow it to be captured in the system so that this information can be shared with partner Law Enforcement Agencies. In order for a user to have an account created for the Scottish Intelligence Database they must undergo specific training including completing a bespoke Moodle package after which access will be granted. Specific training in terms of the SID system, its operation and the rules and conventions for data entry will be covered later within the operational training programme. Standard Grounds for Submitting Intelligence Before submitting information for intelligence purposes, you should apply the “standard grounds” test as to whether the grounds on which you are recording intelligence are met. Intelligence can be collected and retained where it is believed that the recording of intelligence material is likely to be of value in:- 1. The interests of national security. 2. The prevention or detection of crime and disorder. 3. The maintenance of community safety. 4. The assessment or collection of any tax or duty or any imposition of a similar nature. 5. Otherwise serves a significant public interest. While as an operational officer your primary grounds for intelligence submission will predominantly fall into category 2. or 3. from above you must be alive to the UK threat levels in relation to terrorism and recognise opportunities to report on individuals potentially linked to UK based or international terrorist organisations under 1. 14 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence Here is an example of grounds for "prevention and detection of crime and disorder":- At 1400 hours on the 6th of June, outside 14 Canal Street, Brookbank, you see John Galbraith talking to Angela Brown. (You submit this information as you were told at your briefing that it is suspected that John Galbraith is believed to be involved in supplying drugs.) You would submit this information as it may assist in the prevention and detection of drug offences. Here is an example of grounds for “maintenance of community safety”:- There is an upcoming football match planned between fierce rivals Brookbank FC and Brookbank United at which significant crowds are expected and there has previously been violence and disorder. Someone who has an associate within the Brookbank FC ‘risk support’ element advises that they have been told that a number of organised fights are being discussed in online forums and contact has been made between groups intent on violence on the day. You would submit this information as it may assist in the maintenance of public safety for those planning and deploying resources around the match on the day to ensure that those attending the match, and those living in the surrounding community are able to go about their business safely. This could mean additional public order officers being deployed, mounted units or even additional traffic routing measures to keep fans apart. It could also assist the Football Intelligence Unit in monitoring the online forums prior to the match and in deploying specialist resources to monitor risk supporters on the day of the event. Here is an example of grounds for “National Security”:- You are told by an individual that they housemate who is constantly online browsing extremist media, has joined various radical forums and is has begun to act out of character causing his friends to become concerned about his welfare and his activities. You would submit this information as it may assist our specialist counter terrorist intelligence in identifying someone who may be becoming radicalised and moving from simple interest in terrorist organisations to becoming an active part of one. 15 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence Intelligence Reports Do you recall what you must do once you have decided you have information you are considering submitting as intelligence? When the decision is made to create an intelligence report, you must apply the test as to whether the standard grounds have been met. Remember, the two most relevant areas to you as an operational police officer are:- 1. The prevention or detection of crime and disorder 2. The maintenance of community safety When you have relevant information associated with one of the two above valid reasons you will submit an intelligence report which should be entered onto the Scottish Intelligence Database. Provenance The term Provenance, in the context of Intelligence Reports, means evidencing the origins of the information provided. To accurately “provenance” a report, details of how the source knows the information must be stated. Examples could include overhearing it in a pub, observing it personally or being told the information by an associate etc. This must be entered in the intelligence log in the "Provenance" section. This ensures the report can be evaluated correctly by the Local Intelligence Officer (LIO) after you have submitted it and appropriate source protection measures applied in terms of its handling. Sanitisation Sanitising intelligence is the process of removing any reference or inference to where the intelligence came from i.e. its source. Do you recall the Intelligence Cycle from earlier in this lesson? As you are aware, the main components are Direction, Collection, Evaluation, Collation, Analysis and Dissemination. Consider the element of “Dissemination” when sanitising your log. This term simply relates to the passing of intelligence to another party, however, the original information you received as it appears in the text of your log should never allow the reader to identify the source of the information. It should be noted at this stage that the 16 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence police have a duty of care toward human sources and to protect them. Retention As with all information gathered and recorded by the police, intelligence cannot be retained for an indefinite amount of time. Where it is believed that intelligence material should be retained on the grounds of ‘significant public interest’, the material may be retained after being subject to A record being made of the reason for the retention Regular review of its continuing retention The imposition of additional safeguards concerning access There will always be regular review and weeding (removal) of intelligence to ensure Police Scotland’s compliance. The Police National Database (PND) The Police National Database (PND) was adopted by UK law enforcement in 2011. It was established after recommendations from the Bichard Enquiry into the circumstances leading to the murder of two young girls in Soham, England in 2010. Prior to PND Police Forces in England and Wales had separate intelligence systems which did not communicate providing opportunity for a person of interest to move between force areas without any intelligence held by one Police force being readily visible to another. This was particularly relevant where there had been no criminality to date or the individual changed their name and only intelligence products were held. PND is a UK wide system which is fed by the Scottish CHS and SID systems allowing users to carry out a true UK wide check on people, objects (telephone numbers, images, email addresses etc.), locations and events Within your division there will be a variety of units who can carry out checks for you, the National Intelligence Bureau (NIB) PND Bureau work from the Scottish Crime Campus (SCC) Gartcosh can assist and advise if you need support or guidance. 17 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence Appendix A 18 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence For further information, use the resources shown below:- Local Intelligence Officer (LIO) SID SOP Intelligence Support Site -SCD Intranet Page Review: You can define Intelligence You can explain the NIM as a model and its relevance to your role You can identify elements of the rules and conventions relating to the collection and retention of intelligence 19 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL  OFFICIAL Unit 4 Lesson 11 Intelligence Learning Log: How will what you have learned in this module impact your day-to- day role? Are there any skills or knowledge you would like to develop further following this module? End of Module 20 Scots Criminal Law: Introduction and Investigation OFFICIAL