CCM 3214 Human Physiology II PAST PAPER 2019/2020 PDF

MERU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY P.O. Box 972-60200 – Meru-Kenya. Tel: +254 (0)799529958, +254 (0)799529959, +254 (0)712524293 Website: www.must.ac.ke Email: [email protected] UNIVERSITY...

MERU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY P.O. Box 972-60200 – Meru-Kenya. Tel: +254 (0)799529958, +254 (0)799529959, +254 (0)712524293 Website: www.must.ac.ke Email: [email protected] UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2019/2020 SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER SUPPLEMENTARY/SPECIAL EXAMINATION FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CLINICAL MEDICINE AND COMMUNITY HEALTH CCM 3214: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY II DATE: JANUARY 2021 TIME: 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: 1. The exam consists of Three sections 2. Section one Short answer Questions 3. Section two long answer Questions 4. Section three multiple choice questions 5. All questions are compulsory SECTION A MULTIPE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.Homeostasis A. Refers to the unwavering control of a physiological setpoint. B. Refers to maintaining a stable internal environment. C. Refers to maintaining a stable external environment. D. A and B. E. A and C. 2.Hormones A. Are chemical regulators that are conveyed from one organ to another via the blood stream. B. May be secreted by endocrine cells. C. May be secreted by nerve cells. D. A and B. E. A, B and C Meru University of Science & Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified Foundation of Innovations Page 1 3.Some neurons in the vagus nerve terminate on sinoatrial (pacemaker) cells in the heart. These neurons secrete acetylcholine, which ultimately results in a decreased heart rate. This is an example of A. Endocrine control. B. Exocrine control. C. Hormonal control. D. Neural control. E. None of the above. 4. The internal pacemaker that sets biological rhythms A. Is located in the brain. B. Is located in the heart. C. Does not function in the absence of light or other environmental cues. D. A and C. E. None of the above. 5. The reactions of the Krebs cycle A. Take place in the cytosol of cells. B. Generate ATP directly by substrate phosphorylation. C. Are important for the metabolism of carbohydrates but not other molecules. D. A and B. E. All of the above. 6. Which of the following statements concerning energy storage in the body is true? A. Most is stored in the form of ATP. B. Most is stored in the form of glucose. C. Most is stored in the form of fat. D. Most is stored in the form of protein. E. Most is stored in the form of DNA. 7. The resting membrane potential A. Occurs only in nerve and muscle cells. B. Is the same in all cells. C. Is oriented so that the cell's interior is positive with respect to the extracellular fluid. D. Requires the separation of most of the cell's charged particles. Meru University of Science & Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified Foundation of Innovations Page 2  E. None of the above. 8. During the rising phase of an action potential, A. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open. B. Voltage-gated K+ channels open. C. Voltage-gated Na+ channels close. D. Voltage-gated K+ channels close. E. A and D. 9. Thick filaments in skeletal muscle are composed of A. Actin. B. Myosin. C. Troponin. D. Calmodulin. E. Tropomyosin. 10. Which of the following statements regarding the shortening of a skeletal-muscle fibre is not true? When a skeletal-muscle fibre shortens, A. The sarcomeres shorten. B. The distance between Z lines decreases. C. The myofilaments shorten. D. The myofilaments slide past each other. E. The length of the A bands remains the same. 11. Rigor mortis occurs in a dead animal because A. ATP, which is necessary for the detachment of cross bridges, is not being formed. B. ATP, which is necessary for the formation of cross bridges, is not being formed C. ATP, which is necessary for the formation of cross bridges, continues to be formed for several hours after death. D. Deterioration of muscle proteins prevents detachment of cross bridges. E. None of the above. 12. “Motor unit” refers to A. A single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibres it innervates. B. A single muscle fibre plus all of the motor neurons that innervate it. C. All of the motor neurons supplying a single muscle. D. A pair of antagonistic muscles. Meru University of Science & Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified Foundation of Innovations Page 3  E. All of the muscles that affect the movement of any given joint. 13. During an isometric contraction of a skeletal muscle, A. The I bands shorten and the A bands stay the same length. B. The thick and thin filaments slide past each other. C. Sarcomere length does not change. D. A and B. E. None of the above. 14. Which of the following statements about different kinds of skeletal-muscle fibres is true? A. Slow-oxidative fibres have a greater abundance of glycogen than do fast-glycolytic fibres. B. Fast-glycolytic fibres have a greater abundance of myoglobin than slow-oxidative fibres. C. Fast-glycolytic fibres can generate greater tension than can slow-oxidative fibres. D. A and B. E. A, B and C. 15. John is a sprinter who specialises in quick and powerful bursts of speed followed by periods of rest. Jim is a marathon runner who specializes in long, steady runs. Compared to Jim, John is likely to have A. Legs with a larger diameter. B. Legs with a smaller diameter. C. Hypertrophy of type I muscle fibres. D. A and C. E. B and C. 16.The “master gland” of the endocrine system A. Is the anterior pituitary gland. B. Is the posterior pituitary gland. C. Is the hypothalamus. D. Is the pancreas. E. Is the testis. 17.During the cardiac cycle, A. The volume of blood leaving the left side of the heart is greater than that leaving the right side. B. The pressure of blood leaving the right side of the heart is greater than that leaving the left side. Meru University of Science & Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified Foundation of Innovations Page 4  C. The duration of systole is greater than that of diastole. D. The duration of diastole is greater than that of systole. E. A and D. 18. Cardiac output is the A. Volume of blood pumped per minute by both ventricles. B. Volume of blood flowing through the systemic circulation each minute. C. Product of the number of heartbeats per minute and the volume pumped per beat. D. A and C. E. B and C. 19. Which of the following does not contribute to increased stroke volume during exercise? A. Increased contractility of cardiac muscle. B. Increased venous return. C. Increased length of filling time during diastole. D. Increased sympathetic stimulation of ventricular muscle. E. Increased end-diastolic volume. 20. Which of the following would cause a decrease in the binding affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen? A. Increased pH of the blood. B. Increased temperature of the blood. C. Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes. D. A and B. E. B and C. 21. An action potential in the motor end plate rapidly spreads to the central portions of a muscle cell by means of the A. Z lines. B. Sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. H zone. D. Transverse tubules. E. Pores in the plasma membrane. 22. Which of the following element is needed for insulin to exert its maximal effect in glucose uptake? A. Vanadium Meru University of Science & Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified Foundation of Innovations Page 5  B. Molybdenum C. Selenium D. Chromium E. Amylase 23. Which of the following features of a system is unlikely to lead to a stable homeostatic system? A. Negative feedback B. Positive Feedback C. Redundancy D. Complexity E. Equilibrium 24. John is a sprinter who specialises in quick and powerful bursts of speed followed by periods of rest. Jim is a marathon runner who specializes in long, steady runs. Compared to Jim, John is likely to have A. Legs with a larger diameter. B. Legs with a smaller diameter. C. Hypertrophy of type I muscle fibres. D. A and C. E. B and C. 25. Which of the following statements regarding glycogenolysis is not true? A. Glycogenolysis releases glucose into the blood. B. Glycogenolysis helps correct hypoglycaemia. C. Glycogenolysis is the formation of carbohydrates from monosaccharides. D. Glycogenolysis is stimulated by glucagon. E. Glycogenolysis is dependent on immune status SECTION TWO (30 Marks) 1. Column I contains names of the sphincter muscles of the alimentary canal and column II contains their locations. Match them properly and choose the correct answer. (5 Marks) Meru University of Science & Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified Foundation of Innovations Page 6  Column I Column II A Sphincter of ani internus p opening of hepatopancreatic duct into duodenum B Cardiac sphincter q between duodenum and posterior stomach C Sphincter of oddi r guarding the terminal part of alimentary canal D Ileocaecal sphincter s between esophagus and anterior stomach E Pyloric sphincter t Between small intestine and bowel 1. Explain the role that renal blood flow has in producing urine. Include in the answer the effects of pressure and the various vascular structural modifications within the kidney. (5 marks) 2. Explain the role that renal blood flow has in producing urine. Include in the answer the effects of various vascular structural modifications within the kidney. (5 Marks) 3. Discuss the effects of hormones on the cardiovascular system. (5 Marks). 4. Describe the physiological basis of limb movements. (5 Marks). 5. Outline the mechanics of respiration. (5 Marks) 6. Outline the mechanism behind coagulation. (5 Marks) SECTION THREE 1. Discuss the Transport of nutrients in blood and their storage in tissues. (20 Marks) 2. Discuss the process and functions of gIomerular filtration. (20 Marks) 3. Discuss the mechanics of respiration and describe control of respiration. (20 Marks) Meru University of Science & Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified Foundation of Innovations Page 7