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Questions and Answers
Homeostasis refers to maintaining a stable internal environment.
Homeostasis refers to maintaining a stable internal environment.
True (A)
Hormones can be secreted by nerve cells.
Hormones can be secreted by nerve cells.
True (A)
The control of heart rate by the vagus nerve is an example of hormonal control.
The control of heart rate by the vagus nerve is an example of hormonal control.
False (B)
The internal pacemaker in the brain functions even in the absence of light or other environmental cues.
The internal pacemaker in the brain functions even in the absence of light or other environmental cues.
The reactions of the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria of cells.
The reactions of the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria of cells.
The majority of the body's energy is stored in the form of ATP.
The majority of the body's energy is stored in the form of ATP.
Meru University of Science and Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
Meru University of Science and Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
$6 (2 + 5) = 36$
$6 (2 + 5) = 36$
A person who specializes in long, endurance activities is more likely to have hypertrophy of type I muscle fibers than a person who specializes in short, fast bursts of activity.
A person who specializes in long, endurance activities is more likely to have hypertrophy of type I muscle fibers than a person who specializes in short, fast bursts of activity.
Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose.
Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose.
The resting membrane potential is the same in all cells.
The resting membrane potential is the same in all cells.
The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.
The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.
During the rising phase of an action potential, voltage-gated potassium channels open.
During the rising phase of an action potential, voltage-gated potassium channels open.
Negative feedback mechanisms maintain stability in a homeostatic system.
Negative feedback mechanisms maintain stability in a homeostatic system.
The cardiac sphincter is located between the stomach and the small intestine.
The cardiac sphincter is located between the stomach and the small intestine.
Thick filaments in skeletal muscle are composed of actin.
Thick filaments in skeletal muscle are composed of actin.
Increased renal blood flow directly leads to increased urine production.
Increased renal blood flow directly leads to increased urine production.
When a skeletal-muscle fiber shortens, the myofilaments shorten.
When a skeletal-muscle fiber shortens, the myofilaments shorten.
Rigor mortis occurs because ATP, which is necessary for the detachment of cross bridges, continues to be formed for several hours after death.
Rigor mortis occurs because ATP, which is necessary for the detachment of cross bridges, continues to be formed for several hours after death.
The ileocecal sphincter is located between the large intestine and the rectum.
The ileocecal sphincter is located between the large intestine and the rectum.
Hormones have no direct impact on the cardiovascular system.
Hormones have no direct impact on the cardiovascular system.
A motor unit is a single muscle fiber plus all of the motor neurons that innervate it.
A motor unit is a single muscle fiber plus all of the motor neurons that innervate it.
During an isometric contraction, the sarcomere length changes.
During an isometric contraction, the sarcomere length changes.
Fast-glycolytic fibers have a greater abundance of myoglobin than slow-oxidative fibers.
Fast-glycolytic fibers have a greater abundance of myoglobin than slow-oxidative fibers.
Fast-glycolytic fibres are able to generate greater tension than slow-oxidative fibres.
Fast-glycolytic fibres are able to generate greater tension than slow-oxidative fibres.
John, the sprinter, is likely to have legs with a smaller diameter than Jim, the marathon runner.
John, the sprinter, is likely to have legs with a smaller diameter than Jim, the marathon runner.
The hypothalamus, also known as the "master gland", controls the endocrine system.
The hypothalamus, also known as the "master gland", controls the endocrine system.
During the cardiac cycle, the volume of blood leaving the right side of the heart is greater than the volume leaving the left side.
During the cardiac cycle, the volume of blood leaving the right side of the heart is greater than the volume leaving the left side.
Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying the number of heartbeats per minute by the stroke volume.
Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying the number of heartbeats per minute by the stroke volume.
Increased venous return contributes to increased stroke volume during exercise.
Increased venous return contributes to increased stroke volume during exercise.
Increased blood temperature can lead to a decrease in the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
Increased blood temperature can lead to a decrease in the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
Transverse tubules are responsible for rapidly spreading an action potential from the motor end plate to the central portion of a muscle cell.
Transverse tubules are responsible for rapidly spreading an action potential from the motor end plate to the central portion of a muscle cell.
Flashcards
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body.
Hormones
Hormones
Chemical regulators transported through the bloodstream, affecting various organs.
Vagus Nerve Control
Vagus Nerve Control
Control exerted by neurons in the vagus nerve on heart pacemaker cells.
Internal Pacemaker
Internal Pacemaker
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Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle
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Energy Storage in the Body
Energy Storage in the Body
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Resting Membrane Potential
Resting Membrane Potential
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Neural Control
Neural Control
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Action Potential Rising Phase
Action Potential Rising Phase
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Thick Filaments in Skeletal Muscle
Thick Filaments in Skeletal Muscle
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber Shortening
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Shortening
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Rigor Mortis Cause
Rigor Mortis Cause
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Motor Unit Definition
Motor Unit Definition
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Isometric Contraction
Isometric Contraction
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Slow-Oxidative Fibers
Slow-Oxidative Fibers
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Fast-Glycolytic Fibers
Fast-Glycolytic Fibers
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Cardiac output
Cardiac output
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Stroke volume
Stroke volume
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Binding affinity of hemoglobin
Binding affinity of hemoglobin
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Motor end plate
Motor end plate
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Anterior pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland
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Increased contractility
Increased contractility
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Homeostasis Stability
Homeostasis Stability
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Muscle Fiber Types
Muscle Fiber Types
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Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
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Sphincter Muscles
Sphincter Muscles
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Renal Blood Flow
Renal Blood Flow
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Cardiovascular Hormones
Cardiovascular Hormones
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Respiratory Mechanics
Respiratory Mechanics
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Coagulation Mechanism
Coagulation Mechanism
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Study Notes
Multiple Choice Questions
- Homeostasis: Refers to maintaining a stable internal environment (options A and B correct)
- Hormones: Chemical regulators carried in the bloodstream from one organ to another, often secreted by endocrine cells (options A and B correct)
Additional Multiple Choice Questions
- Neurotransmitters in Heart Rate Control: Some vagus nerve neurons secrete acetylcholine to decrease heart rate via neural control (option D correct)
- Biological Rhythms: The internal pacemaker for biological rhythms is located in the brain (options A and C correct)
- Krebs Cycle: The Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and generates ATP via substrate phosphorylation; it's crucial for carbohydrate metabolism (options B and C correct)
- Energy Storage: Most body energy is stored in the form of fat (option C correct)
- Resting Membrane Potential: The resting membrane potential is present in nerve and muscle cells, with the cell interior being negative relative to the exterior (option A correct)
- Action Potential: During the rising phase of an action potential, voltage-gated sodium channels open (option A correct)
- Skeletal Muscle Filaments: Thick filaments in skeletal muscle are composed of myosin (option B correct)
- Skeletal Muscle Shortening: During skeletal-muscle fiber shortening, sarcomeres shorten and the distance between Z lines decreases; myofilaments slide past each other, but the length of the A bands remain unchanged (option E is incorrect)
- Rigor Mortis: Rigor mortis occurs because ATP, necessary for detaching cross-bridges, is no longer produced after death, preventing muscle relaxation (option A correct)
- Motor Unit: A motor unit comprises a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates (option A correct)
- Skeletal Muscle Contraction: During isometric contraction, sarcomere length does not change (option C correct).
- Muscle Fiber Types: Fast glycolytic fibers generate more tension than slow oxidative fibers (option C correct)
- Sprinter vs. Marathon Runner: A sprinter (John) is likely to have legs with a larger diameter and have hypertrophy of type II muscle fibers, whereas the marathon runner (Jim) does have hypertrophy of type I muscle fibers.
- Endocrine Master Gland: The anterior pituitary gland is often described as the master gland of the endocrine system.
- Cardiac Cycle: Blood leaving the left ventricle of the heart has a greater volume and pressure compared to the right side during the cardiac cycle.
- Factors Affecting Stroke Volume: Stroke volume is increased by factors such as increased contractility, increased venous return, and increased filling time during diastole; also, increased sympathetic stimulation of ventricular muscle.
- Oxygen and Hemoglobin: Factors that decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen include increased blood temperature and decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes.
- Neurotransmitter Transmission: Neurotransmitter transmission occurs via the transverse tubules.
- Insulin Action: Glucose intake requires the presence of Vanadium.
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