CBSE Class 10 Social Science Revision Notes - PDF

UNIT I: India and the Contemporary World-II CHAPTER-1 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE TOPIC-1 French Revolution and Making of Nationalism in Europe Concepts Covered:  The French Revolution and The Idea of The Nation...

UNIT I: India and the Contemporary World-II CHAPTER-1 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE TOPIC-1 French Revolution and Making of Nationalism in Europe Concepts Covered:  The French Revolution and The Idea of The Nation  Transport and communication system were approved. Revision Notes  Taxation and censorship were imposed and military Idea of the Nation services were made mandatory.  The concept of nationalism emerged in Europe during Rise of Conservatism and Revolutionaries  The middle class believed in freedom and equality the nineteenth century. of all individuals before the law. Liberalism was used  It marked the downfall of feudalism and the beginning to end aristocracy and clerical privileges. After the of Renaissance which literally means ‘Rebirth’. defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, the European  The feeling of nationalism was illustrated by a French government adopted the idea of Conservatism. artist named Frédéric Sorrieu. In 1848, he prepared a  Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed series of four prints visualising his dream of a world the importance of tradition, established institutions made up of ‘Democratic and Social Republics’, as he and customs, and preferred gradual development to called them. quick change.  After 1815, several liberals began working in secret  The painting depicted his dream of a world free of societies all over Europe to propagate their views and the absolutist institutions and the establishment of train revolutionaries. Revolutionaries were seen as a democratic and social republics. It also illustrated the threat to the restored monarchies, and hence, were Statue of Liberty holding a torch of Enlightenment and repressed. the Charter of the Rights of Man.  Giuseppe Mazzini, a famous Italian revolutionary  The concepts of liberty, equality, fraternity and was born in 1805 in Genoa. He was the part of a nationalism dominated the social and political scene of secret society called Carbonari and founded two Europe in the 19th century. underground societies called Young Italy in Marseilles, French Revolution: Beginning and Salient Features and Young Europe in Berne. [Board, 2017]  In 1831, Mazzini was sent into exile for attempting  Till 1789 France was under absolute monarchy. a revolution in Liguria. Mazzini believed in the  However, the French Revolution in 1789 was an unification of the small kingdoms and principalities influential event that marked the age of revolutions in Italy. These societies were joined by like-minded in Europe. The major outcome of the revolution was young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German the formation of a constitutional monarchy, thereby, states. a remarkable reduction in the royal and feudal KEY TERMS privileges.  It paved the way for the achievement of bigger goals of Nationalism: An ideology which emphasises faithfulness, national identity and national pride, which can aptly devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds be called as Nationalism. that such obligations out-weigh other individual or group interests.  The revolution transferred the sovereignty from the Feudalism: A social system existing in medieval Europe in monarch to the people. which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them  The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen protection and land in return. (the citizen) were adopted. Renaissance: The revival of European art and literature  The Estates General was renamed as the National under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th Assembly, which was elected by the body of active centuries. citizens. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: These words are regarded  French armies moved into Holland, Belgium, as the most famous slogan of the French Revolution. Men Switzerland and Italy in the 1790s with a promise of and women are born and remain free and equal in rights. liberating the people from their despotic rulers. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the common Napoleon (1769-1821) [Board, 2019] good. Absolute Monarchy: A monarchy in which the monarch  Ruled France from 1799 to 1815. holds the supreme or absolute powers. A monarchy that is  Assumed absolute power in 1799 by becoming the First not limited or restrained by laws or a constitution. Consul. Constitutional Monarchy: It is a system of government  Introduced the Civil Code in 1804 which also came to in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally be known as the Napoleonic Code. organized government.  The Code established equality before the law and La patrie: It is a French word used for fatherland. abolished all privileges based on birth. Le citoyen: It is the French word used for the citizens.  It also abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom.  2 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X Napoleonic Code: The Civil Code of 1804 introduced by 1807: Mazzini was born in Genoa. Napoleon, is known as the Napoleonic Code. This Code 1814-15: Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement. did away with all the privileges based on birth, established 1815: Napoleon defeated by the European powers. equality before the law and secured the right to property. 1821: Greek struggle for independence began. Liberalism: It is a political and moral philosophy which is based on liberty, equality before the law and consent of the 1831: Mazzini sent into exile for attempting a revolution in governed. Liguria. Conservatism: It is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL civilisation. Curricular Goals: CG-3 Understands the idea of a nation and Giuseppe Mazzini: A famous Italian revolutionary who was born in 1805 in Genoa. He was part of a secret society called the emergence of the modern Indian Nation with respect to Carbonari and founded two underground societies called French Revolution and Making of Nationalism in Europe. Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. Points Related to the Goals: 1. The emergence of modern Indian nationalism was KEY FACTS influenced by similar ideals, especially during the struggle The French Revolution was primarily caused due to the against British colonial rule. financial crisis and it began with the Storming of the Bastille, 2. Indian nationalist leaders like Gandhi and Nehru 14th July 1789. mobilised masses and articulated the vision of a free and In October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the remote island united India, drawing inspiration from global movements of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, where he remained for independence and democracy. until he died on May 5, 1821, at the age of 51. 3. India’s struggle for independence culminated in the partition of British India and the subsequent formation of KEY DATES the modern Indian nation in 1947. 1789: French Revolution. 4. The Indian Constitution, adopted in 1950, reflects the 1797: N apoleon invaded Italy; Napoleonic wars began. principles of democracy, secularism, and social justice, 1799 to 1815: Napoleon ruled France. laying the groundwork for the nation’s governance. 1804: Napoleonic Code was introduced, that did away with all the privileges based on birth. It upheld equality before the law. TOPIC-2 The Age of Revolutions (1830-1848) Concepts Covered:  The upheavals that took place in France  Romantic imagination and national feeling. all-German National Assembly. Revision Notes zzThe issue of extending political rights to women National Feeling became a controversial one. zzLiberalism and Nationalism became associated with zzConservative forces were able to suppress liberal the revolution in many regions of Europe such as movements in 1848, but could not restore the old order. the Italian and German states, the provinces of the zzAfter 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland. association with democracy and revolution. zzThe first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. KEY TERMS The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power The Greek War of Independence: It was a successful war during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now waged by the Greeks to win independence for Greece from overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. the Ottoman Empire. zzThe Greek War of Independence was another event which Romanticism: A cultural movement that rejected science mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite and reason and introduced heart and emotions. The in Europe. [Board, 2020] concern of the romantics was to create a sense of shared zzCulture played an important role in creating the idea collective heritage and a common cultural past for arousing of the nation. Art, poetry, stories and music helped nationalism. express and shape nationalist feelings. zzRomanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments. KEY DATES zzLanguage too played an important role in developing 1830: The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830; nationalist sentiments. Period of Economic Crisis in Europe. zzRussian language was imposed everywhere. 1832: Greece gained independence. zzThe 1830s saw a rise in prices, bad harvest and 1834: Zollverein or the Customs Union was formed in Prussia poverty in Europe. Besides the poor, Scan this to abolish tariff barriers. unemployed and starving peasants and even educated middle classes 1848: Revolutions in Europe; Artisans, industrial workers and revolted. peasants revolt against economic hard-ships; middle zzIn 1848, a large number of political classes demanded constitutions and representative associations came together in Revolution of governments; Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Frankfurt and decided to vote for an 1830 and 1848 Czechs, etc., demanded nation-states.  Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 3 TOPIC-3 Nation States – Unification of Italy, Germany and Britain Concepts Covered:  The making of Germany and Italy,  The strange case of Britain. Britain has a different history of how it consolidated as Revision Notes  a nation-state without uprisings and revolutions.  After 1848, nationalist sentiments were often mobi-  The British Isles was inhabited by ethnic English, lised by conservatives for promoting state power and Welsh, Scot or Irish. The English nation grew more in achieving political domination over Europe. The unifi- power and wealth, and it began to exert influence over cation of Italy and Germany came about through this the other nations of the islands. process.  The concept of nation states, with England as the centre, came in 1688 after the Parliament snatched power Unification of Germany (1866-1871) from the monarchy. In 1707, the Act of Union between zzIn 1848, middle-class Germans tried to unite the England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the different regions of the German confederation into a ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. nation-state under an elected parliament.  To ensure the growth of British identity, Scotland’s zzIn Prussia, nation-building acts were repressed by the cultural and political institutions were suppressed. The combined forces of the monarchy and the military British imposed control over Ireland as well. Ireland and were supported by the large landowners called was deeply divided into two groups, Catholics and Junkers. Protestants. The English favoured the Protestants and zzPrussia took over the leadership of the movement. zzOtto von Bismarck, Chief Minister of Prussia, was the helped them establish their dominance over a largely architect in the process of nation-building. Catholic Ireland. zzPrussia emerged victorious after fighting three wars over seven years against the combined forces of Austria, zzIn 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the Denmark and France and the process of unification of United Kingdom after a failed Irish revolt. The symbols Germany was completed. zzOn 18th January, 1871, the new German Empire headed of new Britain were the English language, the British by the German Emperor Kaiser William I was declared in flag [Union Jack] and the British national anthem (God the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles. Save Our Nobel King). zzThe unification of Germany established Prussian dominance in Europe. KEY TERMS zzThe new German Empire focused on modernising the Nation-state: A state that establishes itself as a separate currency, banking, legal and judicial systems. political and geographical entity and functions as a complete Unification of Italy [SQP 2020-21] and sovereign territorial unit. This concept emerged in 19th century Europe as a result of the development of zzItaly was divided into seven states. nationalism. zzOnly Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Prussia: A former kingdom in north-central Europe including princely house. present-day northern Germany and northern Poland. zz North Italy was under Austrian Habsburgs. zzThe central part was under the Pope. Otto von Bismarck: He was the architect of a Prussian zzThe southern regions were under the Bourbon Kings consolidation that was also a form of German unification. of Spain. Once the empire was established, he actively and skillfuly zzDuring the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini formed a coherent pursued pacific policies in foreign affairs, succeeding in programme for uniting the Italian Republic and formed preserving the peace in Europe for about two decades. a secret society called Young Italy. zzThe failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and Emperor Kaiser William I: He was King of Prussia from 2 1848 prompted King Victor Emmanuel II from Sardinia- January 1861 and German Emperor from 18 January 1871 Piedmont to unify the Italian states. until his death in 1888. zzChief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, Count Cavour, led Victor Emmanuel II: He was King of Sardinia from 1849 until the movement for the unification of Italy. 17 March, 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy zzIn the year 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont with an alliance with France defeated the Austrian forces. and became the first king of an independent, united Italy zzIn 1860, Sardinia-Piedmont’s forces marched into since the 6th century. southern Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, The Union Jack: It is the de facto national flag of the United and drove out the Spanish rulers. Kingdom. zzIn 1861, Victor Emmanuel was declared as the king of united Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy.  4 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X KEY DATES KEY DATES 1707: The Act of Union was passed. 1859: Sardinia-Piedmont formed an alliance with France 1801: Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United and defeated the Austrian forces. Large number of Kingdom after a failed Irish revolt. people under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi 1848: Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different joined the movement. regions of the German confederation into Nation- 1860: Sardinia-Piedmont’s forces marched into South Italy state. and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and drove out the 1855: The Kingdom of Sardinia participated from the sides Spanish rulers. of British and French in the Crimean War. 1861: Victor Emmanuel II was declared as the King of United 1858: Cavour formed an alliance with France. Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy. 1859-1870: Unification of Italy. 1866-1871: Unification of Germany. 1871: The Prussian King, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor. TOPIC-4 Visualising The Nation: Nationalism and Imperialism Concepts Covered:  Personification of nation into female Revision Notes zzThis rivalry for colonies resulted in a series of war, resulting in the outbreak of the First World War. Visualising the Nation: zzThere emerged an upsurge in the nationalist zzNation was personified in the female form by the artists of the 19th century. movements against imperial domination globally, zzFemale allegories such as that of liberty, justice and inspired by the struggle for independent nation-states republic were invented. and collective national unity. zzIn Germany, Germania became the allegory of the nation. zzThese movements against imperilaism led to the zzIn France, the idea of a people’s nation was Christened development of unique forms of nationalism in Marianne. She was characterised by the ideas of Liberty colonies. and Republic. zzMarianne’s fasces or a bundle of rods with an axe in zzThe European idea of nation-states became widely the middle was used to symbolise strength in unity. accepted, but with its own adaptation and evolution The red Phrygian cap signified freedom of a slave. It was also known as the Liberty Cap. French people within different regions and cultures. wore these caps a few days before the storming of the KEY TERMS Bastille. Female allegories: They were invented by artists in the zzThese symbols were usually popular images from nineteenth century to represent the nation. everyday life that uneducated masses could easily identify with. Allegory: It is a poem, story, play, etc. in which characters and events represent qualities or ideas relating to morals, zzDuring revolutions, artists represented a nation as religion or politics. There is hidden meaning implied to be a person. This personification gave life to an abstract interpreted by the readers. concept like a nation. Nationalism and Imperialism: Imperialism: The policy of extending a country’s power zzThrough the 18th and the mid 19th century, Europe was and influence through colonisation, use of military force or marked by a lot of chaos and turmoil. After 1871, there other means. was a significant change in the concept of nationalism in Europe. KEY PERSONALITIES zz Nationalist groups in Europe had become increasingly Marianne and Germania: Marianne and Germania incompatible with each other and were constantly in were the female allegories of France and German nations conflict. The major European powers, namely Russia, respectively. These were an allegory of nation in the same Germany, England and Austro-Hungary began taking way as Bharat Mata, a female figure is imagined in India. advantage of nationalism in Europe to materialise their The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of aims for Imperialism. [SQP, 2020-21], [Board, 2018] Liberty and the Republic—the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade. The Statues of Marianne were made and erected at zzThe European powers sighted the much-disturbed public places and a picture of Marianne printed on postage Balkan region to fulfil their imperialist goals. The stamps. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves because Balkan region consisted of the following countries that tree stands for heroism. She holds a sword in her hand. of our times – Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, KEY FACT Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Marianne is displayed in many places in France and holds a Serbia and Montenegro. place of honour in town halls and law courts.  Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 5 COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL Curricular Goals: CG-3 Understands the idea of a nation and 2. Anti-imperial movements globally emerged as nationalist the emergence of the modern Indian Nation with respect to struggles for independence, shaping diverse forms of Visualising The Nation: Nationalism and Imperialism. nationalism. Points Related to the Goals: 3. Nationalist symbols, such as those representing the British 1. Nationalism in Europe intertwined with imperialism, Empire, reflected imperial pride and dominance. leading to catastrophic events like the disaster of 1914. 4. Nations came to be viewed as large-scale solidarities based on collective identities.  CHAPTER-2 NATIONALISM IN INDIA TOPIC-1 The First World War; Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement, Differing Strands within the Movement Concepts Covered:  The Effect of the First World War on India  The Idea of Satyagraha  The Rowlatt Act  Non-cooperation Movement  The notion of Swaraj zzPeasants’ Movement in Kheda district (Gujarat) in Revision Notes 1918. Effects of First World War zzMill Workers’ Movement in Ahmedabad in 1918.  The Rowlatt Act (1919): zzThe First World War led to a huge increase in defence expenditure. This was financed by war loans and zzThe Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative by increasing taxes. Custom duties were raised and Council in 1919. The Indian members did not support income tax was introduced to raise extra revenue. the Act, but it was passed nevertheless. The Act gave Prices of items increased during the war years. The enormous powers to the British Government to repress prices doubled between 1914 and 1918. The common political activities. It allowed the detention of political people were the worst sufferers because of the price prisoners without trial for two years. rise. Forced recruitment of rural people in the army was zzOn 6th April 1919 Gandhiji launched a nationwide another cause of widespread anger amongst people. satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. The call for  Crop failure in many parts of India resulted in an a strike on 6th April got a huge response. People came acute shortage of foods. Influenza epidemic further out in support in various cities, shops were shut down aggravated the problem. According to the 1921 census, and workers in railway workshops went on strike. about 12 to 13 million people died because of famines The British administration decided to clamp down on and epidemic. the nationalists. Several local leaders were arrested. The Idea of Satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.  Jallianwala Bagh Incident: zzMahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. zzOn 10th April, 1919, two nationalist leaders-Dr Saifuddin His heroic fight for the Indians in South Africa was Kitchlew and Dr Satya Pal were arrested in Punjab well-known. His noble method of mass agitation under the infamous Rowlatt Act. Martial Law was known as satyagraha had yielded good results. imposed in Amritsar and the command of the area was zzThe idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth given to General Dyer. and the need to search for truth. In April 1917, Gandhi zzThe infamous (shocking) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants took place on 13thApril 1919 when the peaceful gathering to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. was attended by men, women and children to protest  The method of satyagraha was based on the idea that if someone is fighting for a true cause, there is no against these arrests. It was enclosed from all sides need to use any physical force to fight the oppressor. with narrow entry points. Scan this Gandhiji believed that a satyagrahi could win a battle zzGeneral Dyer blocked the exit points through non-violence, i.e., without being aggressive or and opened fire on the crowd. revengeful. Hundreds of people were killed in that incident. Public reaction to the  Some early satyagraha movements organised by Khilafat incident took a violent turn in many Movement and Gandhiji: north Indian towns. Non-Cooperation  [Delhi Set–2 2023] Movement zzPeasants’ Movement in Champaran (Bihar) in 1917.  6 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X  Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat issue allowed the Police and brutally beaten up. Mahatma Gandhi to bring the Hindus and Muslims KEY TERMS on a common platform. Ottoman Turkey was badly Satyagraha: The policy of passive political resistance was defeated in the First World War. There were rumours inaugurated by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi during his about a harsh peace treaty likely to be in the Ottoman stay in South Africa. It is based on the ideals of truth and Emperor; who was the spirit of the Islamic world (the non-violence. Khalifa). A Khilafat comiittee was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa. This committee Rowlatt Act: It was an Act which gave the British government had leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and enormous power to repress political activities. It allowed Shaukat Ali. They also wanted Mahatma Gandhi to that government could arrest anybody without a trial for two take up the cause to build a united mass action. At the years. Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement: Began in January 1921, the resolution was passed to launch a Non-Cooperation main aim of this movement was not to cooperate with the Movement in support of Khilafat and also for swaraj. British. It included surrendering of government titles, boycott [Board, 2020], [SQP, 2020-21] of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts and Legislative Councils,  Non-Cooperation Movement: In his famous book Hind school and foreign goods; and a full Civil Disobedience Swaraj (1909), Mahatma Gandhi declared that British Campaign would be launched. rule was established in India with the cooperation Begar: It is a practice where the worker is forced to render of Indians and had survived only because of this service to the ‘master’ free of charge or at a nominal charge. cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British The Peasant’s Movement: It was a social movement involved rule in India would collapse within a year and swaraj with the agricultural policy, aiming to protect peasants’ would be established. Gandhiji believed that if Indians rights. begin to refuse to cooperate, the British rulers will have Inland Emigration Act of 1859: Under the Inland Emigration no other way than to leave India. Act of 1859, without permission, plantation labourers were  Some of the proposals of the Non-Cooperation: not allowed to leave tea gardens. zzSurrender the titles which were awarded by the British Government. KEY DATES zzBoycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts, 1885: The first meeting of the Indian National Congress in Legislative Councils and Schools. Bombay. zzBoycott of foreign goods. 1905: The Partition of Bengal officially came into existence. zzLaunch a full civil disobedience campaign, if the government persisted with repressive measures. 1906: Formation of the Muslim League.  Differing Strands within the Movement: The Non- 1914-1918: The war years-prices increased in double. Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921. 1914 - 1918: The First World War. Various social groups participated in this movement, 1915: Mahatma Gandhi returns to India. each with its own specific aspiration. All of them April 1917: Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire responded to the call of swaraj, but the term meant different things to different people. the peasants to struggle against the oppressive  Awadh: The Peasants’ movement in Awadh was led by plantation system. Baba Ramchandra. He was a Sanyasi who had earlier Feb 1918: Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha Mill worked in Fiji as an indentured labourer. The peasants Workers’ Movement in Ahmedabad were against the high rents and many other cesses, March 1918: Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha which were demanded by talukdars and landlords. The Movement in Kheda District (Gujarat). peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of 1919: The Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative the and social boycott of oppressive landlords. Council.  Tribal Peasants: Tribal peasants gave their own interpretation of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of March, 1919: Khilafat Committee was founded in Bombay. swaraj. The tribals were prevented from entering the 6th April, 1919: Gandhiji launched a nationwide Satyagraha forests to graze cattle or to collect fruits and firewood. against the proposed Rowlatt Act. The new forest laws were a threat to their livelihoods. 13th April, 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place. The government forced them to do the begar on road construction. September, 1920: Congress Session held in Calcutta decided zzMany rebels from the tribal areas became violent to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of and often carried guerrilla warfare against the British Khilafat, as well as, for Swaraj. Officials. December 1920: Congress Session at Nagpur—a compromise  Swaraj in the Plantations: The plantation workers was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without adopted. permission; as per the Inland Emigration Act of 1859. October 1920: Setup of Oudh Kisan Sabha headed by J. L. When the news of Non-Cooperation Movement spread Nehru. to the plantations, many workers began to defy the January 1921: Start of the Non-Cooperation- Khilafat authorities. They left plantations and headed towards Movement. their homes. But they got stranded on the way because 1922: Chauri Chaura incident at Gorakhpur. of a railway and steamer strike. They were caught by  Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 7 COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL Curricular Goals: CG-3 Understands the idea of a nation and the emergence of the modern Indian Nation with respect to The First World War; Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement, Differing Strands within the Movement. Points Related to the Goals: 1. Growth of modern nationalism in India is linked to the anti-colonial movement. 2. Sense of unity emerged during the struggle against colonialism. 3. Oppression under colonial rule provided a shared bond among diverse groups. 4. Different classes and groups experienced colonialism differently, leading to varied notions of freedom. 5. Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi, attempted to unite these groups within one movement, though not without conflicts. 6. Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements in the aimed to develop the national movement. 7. This period was characterised mass processions and protests. 8. The idea of a nation played a crucial role in the emergence of the modern Indian nation by providing a shared sense of identity, unity, and purpose during the struggle for independence and in the post-independence period of nation-building. It continues to shape India’s socio-political landscape and serves as a foundation for the country’s democratic ethos and pluralistic society. TOPIC-2 Towards Civil Disobedience; The Sense of Collective Belonging Concepts Covered:  The advent of the Simon Commission  Features of the Civil Disobedience Movement  The famous Dandi March was quite brutal. Even women and children were Revision Notes beaten up. About 100,000 people were arrested.  Simon Commission  Round Table Conference: When things began to zzThe British Government constituted a Statutory take a violent turn, Mahatma Gandhi called-off the Commission under Sir John Simon. The Commission movement. He signed a pact with Irwin on 5th March, was made to look into the functioning of the 1931. This was called the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. As per the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. Pact, Gandhiji agreed to participate in the Round Table But since all the members in the Commission were Conference in London. In lieu of that, the government British, the Indian leaders opposed the Commission. agreed to release the political prisoners. Gandhiji went zzThe Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. It to London in December 1931. The negotiations broke was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’. All down and Gandhiji had to return with disappointment. parties joined the protest. In October 1929, Lord Irwin When Gandhiji came back to India, he found that most announced a vague offer of ‘Dominion Status’ for India of the leaders were put in jail. Congress had been but its timing was not specified. He also offered to declared illegal. Many measures were taken to prevent hold a Round Table Conference to discuss the future meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. Mahatma Constitution. Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.  Salt March (Beginning of Civil Disobedience By 1934, the movement had lost its momentum. Movement)  Farmers: For the farmers, the fight for Swaraj was a zzMahatma Gandhi believed that salt could be a powerful struggle against high revenues. When the Movement symbol to unite the whole nation. Most of the people; was called off in 1931; without the revenue rates being including the British scoffed at the idea. Abolition of revised; the farmers were highly disappointed. the Salt Tax was among many demands which were  Businessmen: The Indian merchants and industrialists raised by Gandhiji through a letter to Viceroy Irwin. could grow their Business during the First World zzThe Salt March or Dandi March was started by Gandhiji War. They were against those colonial policies which on 12th March, 1930. He was accompanied by 78 restricted their business activities. They wanted volunteers. They walked for 24 days to cover a distance protection against imports and a Rupee-Sterling of 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi. Many more Foreign Exchange ratio which would discourage joined them on the way. On 6th April, 1930, Gandhiji imports. The Indian Industrial and Commercial ceremonially violated the law by taking a fistful of salt. Congress was formed in 1920 and the Federation of zzThe Salt March marked the beginning of the Civil the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries Disobedience Movement. Thousands of people broke (FICCI) was formed in 1927. These were the results of the salt law in different parts of the country. People attempts to bring the common business interests on a demonstrated in front of government salt factories. common platform. For the Businessmen, Swaraj meant Foreign cloths were boycotted. Peasants refused to an end to oppressive colonial policies. They wanted pay revenue. Village officials resigned. Tribal people an environment which could allow the Business to violated forest laws. flourish. They were apprehensive of militant activities  Response of British Rulers: The Colonial Government and of growing influence of Socialism among the began to arrest the Congress leaders. This led to violent younger members of the Congress. clashes in many places. The Government’s repression  8 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X  Industrial Workers: The Industrial workers showed resolution demanding the immediate transfer of power a lukewarm response to the Civil Disobedience to Indians and quit India. Movement. Since, industrialists were closer to the zzOn 8 August 1942 in Bombay, the All India Congress Congress, workers kept a distance from the Movement. Committee endorsed the resolution which called for a But some workers selectively participated in the non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale Movement. Congress did not want to alienate the throughout the country. It was on this occasion that Industrialists and hence, preferred to keep the workers’ Gandhiji delivered the famous ‘Do or Die’ speech. demands at bay. zzGandhi’s electrifying speech galvanised the nation,  Depressed Classes: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar demands for prompting widespread participation from across social separate electorates for dalits. This made a clash classes. Strikes, demonstrations, and nationalistic between Gandhiji and Ambedkar. When British fervour gripped the country as ordinary people, accepted their demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto students, workers, and women like Matangini Hazra death as he believed that it would slow down the and Kanaklata Barua joined the fight. process of their integration into society. As a result zzDespite fierce British crackdowns, the movement’s Ambedkar and Gandhiji signed an agreement known impact spanned over a year, showcasing the as Poona pact of September 1932 in which dalits got unwavering desire for freedom. reservation in Provincial and Central Legislative councils. zzIn conclusion, Growing resentment towards British  Women’s Participation: Women also participated in rule drew diverse groups and classes together in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers. a shared pursuit of freedom. Led by Gandhi, the However, most of the women was from High-Caste Congress aimed to channel this anger into organised families in the urban areas and from rich peasant movements, striving to forge a unified national front. households in rural areas. But for a long time, the zzHowever, participants held diverse aspirations for Congress was reluctant to give any position of authority what an independent India should look like, leading to women within the organisation. The Congress was to internal fissures. The Congress constantly sought just keen on the symbolic presence of women. to reconcile these differences, preventing one group’s  The Sense of Collective Belonging goals from alienating others, but unity remained zzNationalist Movement spreads when people belonging fragile. to different regions and communities begin to develop KEY TERMS a sense of collective belongingness. The identity of a Dominion status: It meant giving a semi autonomous nation is most often symbolized in a figure or an image. status to India and not full independence where India would zzThis image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim still accept the British sovereignty and the British monarch as Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1870 when he wrote ‘Vande the head of the state. Mataram’ for our motherland. Indian folk songs and Salt March or Dandi March: It was an act of civil disobedience folk tales sung by bards played an important role in led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India. making the idea of nationalism. In Bengal, Rabindranath Gandhi-Irwin Pact: It was a political agreement signed by Tagore and in Madras, Natesa Sastri Made collection of Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, on 5 March, 1931, before the Second Round Table Conference in folk tales and songs which led the Movement for folk London. revival. zzDuring the Swadeshi Movement, a tri-color (red, green ICCI: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and yellow) flag was designed in Bengal. It had eight and Industry (FICCI), association of Indian business lotuses representing eight provinces and a crescent organisations, dedicated to promoting the growth and global moon representing Hindus and Muslims. competitiveness of Indian businesses. zzMeans of creating a feeling of nationalism was Poona Pact: It was an agreement between Hindu leaders in through reinterpretation of history. The nationalist India granting new rights to Dalits. writers urged the readers to take pride in India’s great Nationalism: It is a political, social and economic ideology or achievements in the past and struggle to change the a movement characterised by the promotion of the interests miserable conditions of life under British rule. of a nation, as a whole. Quit India Movement Swaraj: Swaraj means ‘self-rule’ or ‘self-government’. In the context of India’s independence movement, it meant zzThe failed Cripps Mission and World War II fuelled freedom from the colonial rule, both politically and socially. widespread anger and a demand for immediate British Swadeshi Movement: It was a movement for national withdrawal. The Congress, led by Gandhi, passed the independence in India boycotting foreign goods and revolutionary “Quit India” resolution, igniting a mass encouraging the use of domestic products. It aimed to non-violent struggle. resist British control and promote self-reliance, indigenous zzThe Congress Working Committee, in its meeting in businesses, national education, and Indian languages. Wardha on 14 July 1942, passed the historic ‘Quit India’  Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 9 KEY PERSONALITIES December, 1929: Lahore Session of the Congress—Demand Lord Irwin : He was a senior British Conservative politician of for Purna Swaraj. the 1930s and the Viceroy of British India from 3 April 1926 January 31, 1930: Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin – 18 April 1931. stating 11 demands. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar: He is the father of the In- dian 12th March, 1930: Salt /Dandi March was started by Gandhiji. Constitution, was an ambitious leader, journalist, economist 6th April, 1930: Gandhiji ceremonially violated the law by and social reformer who fought for discrimination against manufacturing a fistful of salt. the untouchables. April, 1930: Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: He wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ and created the image of Bharat Mata. 5th March, 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact is signed. Rabindranath Tagore: He was a poet, writer, playwright, December, 1931: Gandhiji went to Second Round Table composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter. Conference. Natesa Sastri: He published a massive four- volume 1931: Second Round Table Conference; Gandhi- Irwin Pact; collection of Tamil folk tales. Census of India. 1932: Suppression of the Congress movement; Third Round Table Conference. Civil Disobedience Movement is KEY DATES relaunched. 1920:The Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress was formed. September 1932: Poona Pact was signed. 1927:The Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce 1934: Civil Disobedience Movement lost its momentum and and Industries (FICCI) was formed. came to a stop. 1928:Simon Commission arrived in India. Oct, 1929: Lord Irwin announced a vague offer of ‘Dominion Status’ for India. CHAPTER-3 THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD TOPIC-1 The Pre Modern World and The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914) Concepts Covered:  How traders and travellers led to spread of trade, cultural exchange and diseases  Onset of globalization  Global agricultural economy  Indentured labour migration from India  Indian entrepreneurs and their role in global trade Traders and travellers introduced new crops to various Revision Notes regions, exemplified by the journey of noodles from The Pre-Modern World [Board, 2023-24] China to possibly becoming spaghetti in Italy. zzThe origins of certain foods, like potatoes, soya, and zzGlobalisation refers to an economic Scan this maize, can be traced back to the Americas, discovered system that has emerged in the last 50 by Christopher Columbus. The introduction of these years. foods significantly impacted diets, improving nutrition zzFrom ancient times, travellers, traders, and extending life expectancy. priests and pilgrims travelled vast zzNotably, the potato became a staple in Europe, and distances for knowledge, opportunity, The Pre-modern World its crop failure in Ireland during the 1840s led to spiritual fulfilment or to escape a devastating famine, highlighting the profound persecution. [Board, 2023] influence of food on societies. zzThe Silk Routes are a good example of Pre-modern trade Conquest, Disease and Trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. zzIn the sixteenth century, European exploration and zzThe name ‘Silk Routes’ points to the importance of conquest significantly reshaped the pre-modern West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. world. The discovery of sea routes to Asia and America zzTrade and cultural exchange always went hand in facilitated the exchange of goods, knowledge, and hand. customs. The Indian subcontinent played a crucial role zzTraders and travellers introduced new crops to the in these trade networks. European entry redirected lands that they travelled. some flows towards Europe, transforming global trade zzEurope’s poor began to eat better and live longer with dynamics. the introduction of the humble potato. zzThe conquest of America by the Portuguese and zzIreland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on Spanish in the mid-sixteenth century had profound potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato consequences. European diseases, particularly crop in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of smallpox, proved devastating to the original inhabitants starvation. who lacked immunity. The diseases spread ahead of zzEuropean sailors found a sea route to Asia and also European conquerors, decimating communities and successfully crossed the western ocean to America. facilitating conquest. zzThe exchange of food has played a crucial role in zzPrecious metals from America, especially silver from long-distance cultural interactions throughout history. Peru and Mexico, enriched Europe and fueled its 10 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X trade with Asia. Legends of South America’s wealth, Caribbean, Mauritius, Fiji, Ceylon, and Malaya. like El Dorado, prompted expeditions. European Recruitment involved deceptive practices by agents, settlers, immune to diseases, established colonies, and leading to a system often likened to slavery. Upon plantations in America, worked by African slaves. arrival, labourers endured harsh conditions, inspiring zzUntil the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were creative forms of self-expression and cultural fusion. common in Europe. Cities were crowded and deadly Many stayed in their new homes, forming large diseases were widespread. Religious conflicts were communities. common, and religious dissenters were persecuted. zzIndian entrepreneurs played a pivotal role in global Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. trade during the late nineteenth century. Groups zzUntil the eighteenth century, China and India stood like the Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars among the world’s wealthiest nations, dominating financed export agriculture in Central and Southeast Asian trade. However, in the fifteenth century, Asia, establishing intricate money transfer systems China limited overseas interactions and adopted an and indigenous corporate structures. Hyderabadi isolationist stance. This withdrawal, coupled with Sindhi traders expanded globally, creating successful the growing significance of the Americas, led to a emporiums at major ports. Meanwhile, changes in westward shift in the centre of world trade. Europe British cotton manufacturing led to a decline in Indian subsequently emerged as the new focal point for global textile exports. The shift towards raw material exports, trade dynamics. including cotton, indigo, and opium, altered India’s The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914) trade dynamics. Britain’s trade surplus with India zzThe formation of a global agricultural economy in facilitated multilateral settlements, balancing its deficits the 19th century marked a significant shift in food and contributing to the late-nineteenth-century global production and consumption patterns, primarily economy. observed in industrial Europe. The abandonment of self-sufficiency in food by Britain, following the repeal KEY TERMS of the Corn Laws, led to cheaper food imports, causing Globalisation: It is generally associated with the economy as economic upheaval. Vast uncultivated lands and the free movement of capital, goods, technology, ideas and unemployment resulted from the inability of British people across the globe. Globalisation in a broader sense agriculture to compete. This triggered mass migrations also includes cultural exchanges between different countries to cities and overseas. of the world. zzThe increased demand for food in Britain fueled Silk Route: The route taken by traders to carry silk cargoes agricultural expansion worldwide, including Eastern from China to the West, which affected the cultures of China, Europe, Russia, America, and Australia. The growth Central Asia and the West. necessitated infrastructural developments like railways and expanded harbours. Capital flowed from financial Colonisation: It occurs when one nation subjugates another, centres, especially London, and migration surged to conquering it and exploiting its people and resources. It areas with labour shortages. often involves imposing the colonising nation’s language and zzBy 1890, a global agricultural economy emerged, cultural values on the colonised people. reshaping labour movements, capital flows, ecologies, Colonial Powers: A country which possesses, or formerly and technology. A dramatic transformation occurred possessed, colonies in different parts of the world. in the sources of food, which were no longer local but transported from distant regions. This change Cattle Plague or Rinderpest: It was a disease caused by the was mirrored in the cultivation of commodities like rinderpest virus which primarily infected cattle and buffalo. cotton and rubber. The specialisation in commodity production led to a substantial increase in world KEY FACT trade, with primary products constituting a significant The Corn Laws prevented the import of wheat until the portion. domestic price exceeded a certain figure. The result was to zzTechnological advancements, such as railways, keep the price of bread high. steamships, and the telegraph, played a crucial role in transforming the nineteenth-century world. These innovations, driven by social, political, and KEY DATES economic factors, significantly impacted global 3000 BCE: An active coastal trade linked the Indus Valley trade and connectivity. The example of refrigerated Civilisation with present day West Asia. ships revolutionised the meat trade, making it more 15th Century: Existence of Silk Routes. accessible. zzIn the late nineteenth century, global trade expansion Mid 16th Century Portuguese and Spanish conquest and brought prosperity but also darker consequences. colonisation of America. European conquests reshaped the world economy, 1845-1849: Potato Famine in Ireland. During this famine, often at the expense of colonised societies. The Berlin Conference of 1885 saw major European powers around 1,000,000 people died of starvation in Ireland. dividing Africa, redrawing borders arbitrarily. Belgium, 1880s: Rinderpest (Cattle Plague) had a terrifying impact on Germany, and the US joined the colonial race. A livelihoods of the African people and the local economy. poignant example of destructive colonial impact is rinderpest, a cattle plague in 1890s Africa. 1885: The big European powers met in Berlin to complete zzIndentured labour migration from India in the the carving up of Africa between them. nineteenth century reflects the dual nature of that 1890: Global agricultural economy took shape. era—economic growth alongside immense hardship. Hundreds of thousands of labourers from regions like 1892: Rinderpest reached Africa’s Atlantic coast. eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar sought work globally, facing exploitation. Main destinations included the  Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 11 TOPIC-2 The Inter-war Economy and Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era Concepts Covered:  The First World war as the first modern industrial war  Post-war economic recovery  The Great Depression and its effect on India  Bretton Woods Globalisation US, affecting over 4,000 banks and 110,000 companies. Revision Notes By 1935, modest recovery began in industrialised The Inter War Economy [Board, 2023] nations, yet enduring effects persisted. In India, the zzThe First World War was fought between two power integrated global economy transmitted the crisis, blocs. On the one side were the Allies – Britain, France severely impacting trade, especially in agricultural and Russia (later joined by the US); and on the opposite goods. Peasants faced hardships, with jute producers side were the Central Powers – Germany, Austria- in Bengal experiencing a significant crash in prices. The Hungary and Ottoman Turkey. This War, lasting over depression sparked unrest in rural India, culminating four years, marked the first modern industrial war, in Mahatma Gandhi’s civil disobedience movement in involving destructive technologies like machine guns 1931. Urban areas, however, saw some benefits from and chemical weapons. Most of the killed and maimed falling prices and increased industrial investment. were men of working age. These deaths and injuries Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era reduced the able-bodied workforce in Europe. zzThe Second World War, lasting six years, witnessed zzWith fewer numbers within the family, household extensive global conflict with at least 60 million incomes declined after the war. During the war, casualties, profoundly impacting Europe and Asia. industries were restructured to produce war-related Unlike prior wars, civilian casualties surpassed military goods. Entire societies were also reorganised for ones, leaving widespread devastation. Post-war war – as men went to battle, women stepped in to reconstruction faced formidable challenges. undertake jobs that earlier only men were expected zzThe US emerged as a dominant force in the Western to do. Economic links snapped, leading to borrowing world, shaping economic and political landscapes. and lending among nations. Post-war recovery posed Simultaneously, the Soviet Union’s sacrifices and transformation into a major power during the war challenges for Britain, which struggled due to increased defined its influential role. The immense destruction debt and global economic shifts. demanded prolonged and intricate reconstruction zzThe war had led to an economic boom, that is, to a large efforts on both economic and societal fronts. increase in demand, production and employment. zzPost-War Settlement and Bretton Woods Institutions: Post- When the war boom ended, production contracted World War II economic lessons emphasised the need for and unemployment increased. At the same time the stable mass consumption and incomes. To achieve this, government reduced bloated war expenditures to governments were deemed essential for maintaining bring them into line with peacetime revenues. These steady employment and intervening to ensure economic developments led to huge job losses – in 1921 one in stability. The Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 outlined every five British workers was out of work. Meanwhile, the post-war international economic system, establishing the US experienced quicker recovery, adopting mass institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) production in the 1920s, particularly in industries like and the World Bank. zzThese institutions aimed to address external surpluses/ automobiles. The US became an international creditor, exporting capital and boosting world trade. deficits and finance post-war reconstruction. The fixed exchange rate system pegged currencies to the zzIn the 1920s, the US witnessed a shift towards mass dollar, fostering stable growth in trade and incomes, production, notably pioneered by car manufacturer particularly for Western industrial nations and Japan. Henry Ford. Employing assembly line methods, workers The Bretton Woods institutions gradually shifted focus performed repetitive tasks at a rapid pace, significantly to developing countries, prompting calls for a new increasing output. Ford’s introduction of the $5 daily international economic order by the Group of 77 (G- wage aimed at retaining workers and eliminating 77). Developing nations sought control over resources, unions. Mass production, spreading to Europe, fairer prices, and improved market access. lowered costs, enabling more affordable goods like cars, zzEnd of Bretton Woods and Rise of Globalisation: Despite refrigerators, and washing machines. The resulting post-war stability, the 1960s saw challenges with rising consumer boom fueled economic prosperity, marked U.S. costs, leading to the collapse of fixed exchange by increased employment, incomes, and investment. rates in the early 1970s. Developing nations faced new However, this boom proved short-lived, as the world financial dynamics, borrowing from commercial banks and experiencing periodic debt crises. entered an unprecedented depression in 1929. zzUnemployment rose in the industrial world from the zzThe Great Depression, commencing in 1929, brought mid-1970s, and multinational corporations (MNCs) widespread economic devastation globally. Agricultural began outsourcing to low-wage Asian countries. regions suffered more due to a prolonged fall in China’s economic policies and the fall of Soviet- prices, exacerbating overproduction issues. Factors style communism in Eastern Europe reintegrated contributing to the depression included agricultural many nations into the global economy. Low wages challenges and the abrupt withdrawal of US loans in in countries like China attracted foreign investment, the mid-1920s. The collapse of banks, businesses, and reshaping the world’s economic geography and the loss of homes marked the severe impact in the driving rapid transformations in nations such as India, China, and Brazil. 12 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL Curricular Goals: CG-7 Develops an understanding of the 8. Economic challenges post-independence widened economy of a nation, with specific reference to India with income disparities and affected various social groups. respect to The Inter-war Economy and Rebuilding a World 9. Global economic instability during the inter-war period Economy: The Post-war Era impacted India’s trade and industrial growth. To tackle 1. Decolonisation led to economic challenges in newly this, economic policies were reshaped to navigate the independent nations like India and Africa. challenges of the era 2. Loss of colonial trade networks and exploitation impacted 10. Post-WWII economic landscape influenced India’s economic development. industrialisation and trade policies. An approach towards 3. Nations adopted import substitution industrialisation import substitution and export-oriented strategies and agrarian reforms to boost their economies. was adopted to boost economic growth. This shift was 4. The nations focused on self-sufficiency and resource evident in India’s efforts to promote domestic industries management to overcome colonial legacies. by imposing tariffs on imports and providing incentives 5. Bretton Woods institutions (IMF and World Bank) for local manufacturing. Additionally, India sought to stepped in to address poverty and development needs of enhance its export capabilities by investing in key sectors former colonies. and fostering international trade relations. These policies aimed to strengthen India’s economic independence and 6. IMF and World Bank provided financial assistance and competitiveness in the global market while addressing development loans to developing countries. the challenges posed by post-war reconstruction and 7. Developing countries, including India, demanded fairer geopolitical dynamics. trade practices and control over resources. CHAPTER-4 PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD TOPIC-1 Print Culture and The Modern World Concepts Covered:  The beginning of print technology.  Spread and growth of print technology in Europe. zzIn 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Revision Notes ‘Ninety-Five Theses’ criticising the Catholic Church. Beginning of Printing [Board, 2019] Printing helped to spread the new ideas of zzThe earliest kind of print technology was developed reformation. in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of Hand zzThe Roman Church imposed severe controls over Printing. publishers and booksellers. zzBooks in China were printed by rubbing the paper The Reading Mania against the inked surface of woodblocks. zzIn England, Penny Chapbooks were carried, by petty zzChina was the major producer of printed materials. pedlars known as ‘Chapmen sold for a Penny’. zzThe skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable zzIn France, small books printed on poor quality paper accuracy and the different style of writing called were called the ‘Bibliothèque Bleue’, and were sold at Calligraphy. low-price. zzShanghai was the hub of the new print culture. zzThe periodical press, newspapers and journals carried zzThe oldest Japanese Buddhist book, the Diamond Sutra information about wars, trade as well as news of was printed in AD 868. development in other places. zzIn medieval Japan, poems and prose were regularly zzThe ideas and writings of the scientists and thinkers published and books were cheap and abundant. like Isaac Newton, Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Print Comes to Europe: Rousseau were printed and read by a large number of zzFor centuries, silk and spices from China flowed into audience. Europe through the Silk Route. zzThe French Revolution occurred as printing helped in zzIn the 11th century, Chinese paper reached Europe spreading the ideas of liberty, freedom and nationalism. through the Silk Route. zzPrimary education became compulsory from the late zzGutenberg, son of a merchant, mastered the printing 19th century; children became an important category of technique by 1448. The first book printed by him was readers. the Bible. One hundred eighty copies of this book were zzA children’s press, devoted to literature for children, printed in three years. was set up in France in 1857. zzPrinted books at first closely resembled the written zzPenny magazines were especially meant for women. manuscripts in appearance and layout. The best-known novelists were Jane Austen, the Bronte zzLuxury editions were still written by hand on very Sisters and George Eliot. expensive ‘Vellum’, meant for aristocratic circles. zzIn the 19th century, libraries in England became The Print Revolution: instruments for educating factory workers, artisans zzThe Print Revolution transformed the lives of people. and lower-middle-class people.  Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 13 zzSelf-educated working-class people wrote political tracts and autobiographies. KEY DATES 594 CE: Books in China were printed by rubbing paper against zzBy the late 18th century, the press came to be made out the inked surface of woodblocks. of metal. 768-770 CE: Hand printing technology was introduced in zzRichard M. Hoe of New York made the power-driven Japan. Cylindrical Press, which was capable of printing 8,000 sheets per hour. This press was particularly used for 868 CE: The first Japanese book, ‘The Diamond Sutra’ was printing newspapers. printed. zzIn the late 19th century, the Offset Press was developed. 11th Century: Paper reached Europe from China. zzIn the 1930s, publishers brought out cheap paperback 1295: Marco Polo brought the knowledge of producing editions. books with woodblocks to Europe from China. zzPrinters and publishers continuously developed new 1448 CE: Johann Gutenberg invented the Printing Press. strategies to sell their products. In the 1920s in England, 1450-1550 AD: Printing Press set up in most countries of popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Europe. Shilling Series. 1517 CE: Religious reformer Martin Luther printed ‘Ninety- Five Theses’, criticising many of the practices and rituals KEY TERMS of the Roman Catholic Church, starting the ‘Protestant Woodblock: It is a form of relief printing and is based on the Reformation’. principle that parts that are not to be printed are cut out. 1558 CE: The Roman Church began maintaining an index of Instead colours are pressed on the raised parts, applied like prohibited books. a relief and this would then be rubbed onto a piece of paper COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL or pushed through the press, in which case, the reliefs would Curricular Goals: CG-2 Analyses the important phases in be reversed. world history and draws insights to understand the present- Calligraphy: It is an ancient writing technique using flat day world. edged pens to create artistic lettering using thick and thin CG-9 Understands and appreciates the contribution of India lines depending on the direction of the stroke. through history and present times, to the overall field of Diamond Sutra: The oldest Japanese book printed in AD 868 Social Science, and the disciplines that constitute it with containing six sheets of texts and woodcut illustrations. respect to Print Culture and The Modern World Points Related to the Goals: Print Revolution: The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing is known as the print revolution. 1. The evolution of print technology played a crucial role in transforming societies and shaping modern Hand Printing: Printed, or put on a surface by hand rather communication. The spread of print technology led to than by machine. significant social and cultural changes, impacting how Penny Magazines: They were illustrated magazines which information was disseminated and consumed. were read extensively by working class and women in 19th 2. Print technology facilitated the sharing of information century Britain. They dealt with teaching proper manners across vast distances, contributing to the exchange of ideas and the formation of interconnected global and techniques related to housekeeping for women. networks. It democratised access to knowledge, Cylindrical Press: A printing press in which a rotating cylinder empowering individuals from diverse backgrounds to rolls the paper against a printing surface lying on a flat usually engage with literature, news, and educational resources horizontal reciprocating bed. 3. Print culture in the past and contemporary communication technologies facilitate the rapid spread of information globally. Both print culture and modern technologies KEY PERSONALITIES democratise access to knowledge, empowering Gutenberg: He was a German goldsmith and inventor, individuals to educate themselves on diverse topics. credited with the invention of the movable type printing in 4. Print culture and digital platforms enable the formation of Europe. communities around shared interests and ideas. 5. Print culture historically and modern technologies Isaac Newton, Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean-Jacques transform education by providing access to textbooks, Rousseau: Scientists and thinkers. online courses, and digital resources for learning and skill Bronte Sisters: They are well known as poets and novelists. development. TOPIC-2 The Nineteenth Century and Growth of Press in India Concepts Covered:  Print Innovations in the 19th Century  Religious Reforms  Print and Censorship significant readership. The publishing industry found Revision Notes the production of school textbooks crucial. A dedicated The Nineteenth Century [Board, 2019] children’s press was established in France in 1857, zzIn the late nineteenth century, compulsory primary publishing both new and traditional fairy tales. Women education led to the emergence of children as a became prominent readers and writers, with novels by 14 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X authors like Jane Austen and the Bronte sisters shaping Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar perceptions of empowered women. Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in zzWith a gradual reduction in working hours, self- vernacular languages. educated individuals from the working class wrote New forms of Publication political tracts and autobiographies. The late eighteenth zzAt the end of the 19th century, a new visual culture was century witnessed the transition from wooden to metal started. printing presses, followed by innovations like the zzPainters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass power-driven cylindrical press and the offset press in circulation. the nineteenth century. Electrically operated presses zzCheap prints and calendars were easily available in the from the early twentieth century onwards accelerated market. printing processes. zzBy the 1870’s, caricatures and cartoons were being zzPublishers adapted to market demands by serialising published in journals and newspapers. novels in the nineteenth-century periodicals and introducing innovations like the Shilling Series in 1920s zzIn 1860, a few Bengali women like Kailashbashini Debi England. The twentieth century saw the introduction of wrote books highlighting the experiences of women. the dust cover or book jacket. In response to the Great zzHindi printing began seriously in the 1870s. Depression in the 1930s, publishers released inexpensive zzIn Punjab, folk literature was printed from the early paperback editions to sustain book purchases. 20th century. India and the World of Print [Board, 2023] zzIn Bengal, the Battala was devoted to the printing of zzIndia had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten popular books; peddlars took the Battala publications manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian as well as in to homes, enabling women to read in their leisure time. various vernacular languages. zzPublic libraries were set up in the early 20th century. zzIn India, manuscripts were opied on palm leaves and on Print and Censorship handmade paper. zzLocal protest movements created a lot of popular zzThe printing press first came to Goa with the Portuguese journals. Missionaries in the mid-16th century. zzAfter the Revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the zzIn 1710, Dutch Protestant Missionaries had printed 32 press changed. Tamil texts. zzIn 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed. zzFrom 1780, James August us Hickey began to edit the [Board, 2020] ‘Bengal Gazette’, a weekly magazine. zzIn 1907, Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy zzBy the close of the 18th century, printing of many about Punjab revolutionaries in his newspaper newspapers and journals started. “Kesari”. This led to his imprisonment in 1908. Religious Reform KEY TERMS zzIn the early 19th century, there were intense debates Manuscript: Book or document written by hand. It can also around existing religious issues. be termed as the original copy – hand- written or typed but zzSome groups wanted to reform, while others were not printed. against them. Vernacular language: It refers to the language or dialect that zzThis was a time of intense controversies between social is spoken by the inhabiting people of a particular country or and religious reformers. region. zzThe reformers were focused on the Hindu orthodoxy Ulama: A body of Muslim scholars who are recognised over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry. theology. zzMany newspapers such as “Sambad Kaumudi” in 1821 Vernacular Press Act: Vernacular Press Act, enacted in 1878 by Ram Mohan Roy “Samachar Chandrika” (Hindu in British India was intended to curtail the freedom of the Orthodoxy), “Jam-e-Jahan Nama” and “Shamsul Indian language press. Akhbar” from 1822 (Persian newspaper) focused on this matter. KEY PERSONALITIES zzIn North India, the ‘Ulama’ used lithographic presses, James Augustus Hicky: He was an Irishman who launched published Persian and Urdu translations of holy the first printed newspaper in India, Hicky’s Bengal Gazette scriptures, and printed religious newspapers and tracts Raja Ravi Varma: He was also known as ‘The Father of to spread their religion. Modern Indian Art. He was an Indian painter of the 18th zzIn 1867, Deoband Seminary was founded which century who attained fame and recognition for portraying published thousands of ‘Fatwas’ telling the Code of scenes from the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Conduct of Muslims and explaining the meanings of Kailashbashini Debi : She wrote books highlighting the Islamic doctrines. experiences of women, about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic zzPrint encouraged the reading of religious texts, labour and treated unjustly by the menfolk they served. especially in the vernacular languages. Bal Gangadhar Tilak: He started the newspaper named zzThe first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas written Kesari. by Tulsidas came out from Calcutta in 1810. Naval  Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 15 KEY DATES 1710: The Dutch Protestant Missionaries had printed 32 CG-9 Understands and appreciates the contribution of India Tamil texts. through history and present times, to the overall field of 1780: James August us Hickey began to edit the ‘Bengal Social Science, and the disciplines that constitute it with Gazette’, a weekly magazine. respect to The Nineteenth Century and Growth of Press in 1810: The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas India. written by Tulsidas came out from Calcutta. Points Related to the Goals: 1822: Two Persian newspapers ‘Jam-e-Jahan Nama’ and 1. India has a rich tradition of manuscript production and ‘Shamsul Akhbar’ was published. printing, dating back to ancient times, showcasing the country’s early contributions to the field of print culture. 1867: Deoband Seminary was founded 2. The establishment of public libraries in India, such as those 1878: The Vernacular Press Act was passed in India. by Bangalore cotton millworkers in the 1930s, highlights 1880: Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the nation’s commitment to promoting literacy and the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially education. widows. 3. India’s diverse linguistic and cultural heritage influenced 1926: Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, an educationist and the development of vernacular printing, fostering the literary figure, strongly condemned men for withholding dissemination of knowledge in regional languages and education from women.