Cardiovascular Diseases PDF

Cardiovascular Diseases 4 Steps of Blood Flow within the Heart Cardio Vascular Terminology - Astheroscelerosis: Thickening and hardening of the arteries - Hyperlibipdemia: high blood levels of lipids (non-water soluble molecules, such as fats and cholesterol) - Include: - Total cholesterol - Lipopr...

Cardiovascular Diseases 4 Steps of Blood Flow within the Heart Cardio Vascular Terminology - Astheroscelerosis: Thickening and hardening of the arteries - Hyperlibipdemia: high blood levels of lipids (non-water soluble molecules, such as fats and cholesterol) - Include: - Total cholesterol - Lipoproteins - low-density lipoprotein (LDL), bad cholesterol - high-density lipoprotein (HDL), good cholesterol - Triglycerides - Hypertension: high blood pressure - Inflammation: - C-Reactive Protein (CRP, hsCRP) - produced by the liver - rises when there's inflammation within the body - according to AHA, you are at low risk for CVD if your CRP level is low less than 1 mg/liter - average/intermediate risk if between 1-3 mg/liter - high risk if elevated at 3 mg/liter or greater Cardiovascular Disease - angina pectoris: pressure or squeezing in the chest or pain in the following: - shoulders - arm - neck - jaw - back - angina pectoris happens from reduction of blood flow to the heart - arrhythmia: irregularity in heart rhythm - fibrillation: sporadic quivering heart beat, can be fatal - tachycardia: abnormally fast heart beat - bradycardia: abnormally slow heart beat - congenital heart defects - affects 36,000 children a year in usa -congestive heart failure: - progressive and curable - heart becomes weak - fluid build up because heart cant pump it out - coronary heart disease - number one killer of men and women - same as coronary artery disease - hypertension - chronic increase of blood pressure - typically asymptomatic - myocardial infarction (MI) - heart attack - area of the heart that is damaged from a reduced supply of blood - happens from a thrombus, a plug in a blood vessel - when a thrombus becomes dislodged, it is called an embolus - either can cause a heart attack - happens after 45 - cardiac arrest (SCD) - sudden profound loss of heart function - does not include a blockage - happens in 30's 40's Blood Pressure Measuring - Systolic blood pressure (the top/first number): This is the pressure in your arteries when your heart is beating and sending blood into your arteries. - Diastolic blood pressure (the bottom/second number): This is the pressure in your arteries when your heart is at rest between heartbeats - gives you a range Atherosclerosis, defined - Happens anywhere in the body - build up of plaque - Effects of Atherosclerosis -results in many symptoms because blood delivers nutrients AND oxygen throughout the body. Myocardial Infarction Signs and Symptoms Cardiovascular Disease in the Brain Stroke and Aneurysm Cardiovascular Disease Outside of the Brain and Heart (everywhere else) - varicose is the picture on the left - milder version of varicose is "spider veins" - varicose may have no symptoms - CVI is pooling of blood in the extremities - CVI effects 40% of the population and is hereditary - DVT are blood clots in the veins Leading Causes of Death in the United States - Cardiovascular disease (heart disease + stroke) accounts for more deaths than #2, #3, #4 combined. - about 800,000 heart attacks and 800,000 strokes in the united states a year - stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability in the US Cardiovascular Disease in the Population -men are affected by cvd disproportionality -women get cvd younger and die younger from it -women are more likely to die from their first heart attack -both men and women are most affected by cvd -cvd affects black americans disproportionality Cardiovascular Disease Non-modifiable and Modifiable Risk Factors - dyslipidemia: blood lipids that are not healthy/dysfunctional - high ldl - high hdl - elevated triglycerides - homocysteine - amino acid in the blood - high levels are associated with cvd - damages the inner lining of arteries - plaque more easily builds up at damage points - not enough evidence to supplement against this Test for Stroke (FAST) Dietary Guidelines for Reducing CVD -sterols are the plant version of cholesterol -soluble fiber can absorb and take out bioacids (ldl) Principles of a Cardio-protective Diet -mufas: monounsaturated fatty acids -olive oils -`nuts Mediterranean Diet DASH Diet - protein is the only nutrient that we are not suboptimal of in the US Greatest Contributors of CVD 1. sub-optimal diet 2. tobacco smoking 3. obesity 4. high blood pressure 5. high fasting blood sugar 6. low physical activity