Geography Final Exam Study Guide PDF

## GEOGRAPHY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE ### UNIT 1 1. **Canada's Map:** be able to label the 3 oceans surrounding Canada, 5 great lakes, provinces & territories. * **Oceans:** * Pacific Ocean * Atlantic Ocean * Arctic Ocean * **Great Lakes:** * Lake Superio...

## GEOGRAPHY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE ### UNIT 1 1. **Canada's Map:** be able to label the 3 oceans surrounding Canada, 5 great lakes, provinces & territories. * **Oceans:** * Pacific Ocean * Atlantic Ocean * Arctic Ocean * **Great Lakes:** * Lake Superior * Lake Huron * Lake Michigan * Lake Erie * Lake Ontario * **Provinces and Territories:** * **Province/Territory** | **Capital** ------- | -------- Yukon | Whitehorse British Columbia | Victoria Alberta | Edmonton Saskatchewan | Regina Manitoba | Winnipeg Ontario | Toronto Quebec | Quebec City New Brunswick | Fredericton Prince Edward Island | Charlottetown Nova Scotia | Halifax Northwest Territories | Yellowknife Nunavut | Iqaluit Newfoundland and Labrador | St. John's 2. **Define the following** * **Longitude:** measures distance east or west of the prime meridian. * **Latitude:** measures the distance north or south of the equator. * **Compass:** A device used for finding directions with a needle that can move freely and is magnetized. * **Cardinal Points:** Each of the four main points of the compass (North, South, East, West). * **Ordinal Points:** Directions that lie halfway between the four cardinal points. * **Combination Points:** Combination of two cardinal points. * **Mapping requirements:** 1. Accuracy 2. Legend/key 3. Scale 4. Title 5. Orientation * **Types of Maps:** * Political * Topographic * Physical * Climate ### UNIT 2 1. **What are the 3 different landform regions within Canada? Briefly describe the appearance.** * **The Canadian Shield:** Rocky, with lakes and forests. * **The Interior Plains:** Flat, fertile land for farming. * **The Western Cordillera:** Mountains and valleys. 2. **Define the following:** * **Plate Tectonics:** Movements of Earth's plates causing earthquakes and mountains. * **Pangaea:** A supercontinent that existed millions of years ago. * **Weather:** Short-term atmospheric conditions. * **Climate:** Long-term weather patterns. * **Glaciers:** Slow-moving ice that shapes landscapes. * **Precipitation:** Any water falling from the sky. 3. **Factors affecting climate:** * **Latitude:** Location in terms of distance from the equator. * **Ocean currents:** Flow of water in the ocean. * **Winds:** Air currents that affect temperatures. * **Elevation:** Height above sea level. * **Relief (Landforms):** The shape of the land. * **Nearness to water:** Water bodies moderate temperatures. ### UNIT 3 4. **Types of boundaries:** * **Convergent:** Plates collide causing mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes. * **Divergent:** Plates move apart creating mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. * **Transform:** Plates slide past each other causing earthquakes. 5. **Explain Wegener's Theory on continental drift and list the 4 proofs he provided.** * **Alfred Wegener** proposed that all the continents were once combined and called **Pangaea**. * **Evidence:** * The continents seem to fit together like puzzle pieces, especially South America and Africa. * Fossil evidence suggests similar fossils were found on different continents. * Rock types and ages are similar on different continents. 6. **Draw the rock cycle in the space below.** * **Rock Cycle** - A continuous process, involving the formation, alteration, and destruction of rocks. Includes: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. 7. **What are the layers of the Earth? Briefly describe each layer.** * **Crust:** The outermost, thin layer of solid rock that makes up the Earth's surface. * **Mantle:** A thick layer of semi-solid rock, acting as the Earth's internal engine through convection currents. * **Outer Core:** Liquid layer of molten metal, primarily iron. Generates Earth's magnetic field. * **Inner Core:** Solid, dense core, mainly iron and nickel. Extreme pressure forces it to be solid despite high temperatures. ### Climograph * **Draw and analyze data** below - include labels, units, correct colours (red & blue), and type of graphs (line & bar) * **Month** | **Jan** | **Feb** | **Mar** | **Apr** | **May** | **Jun** | **Jul** | **Aug** | **Sep** | **Oct** | **Nov** | **Dec** -------|-------|------|-------|-------|------ |-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------- **Temperature (°C)** | -6 | -8 | 5 | 12 | 17 | 21 | 24 | 25 | 15 | 10 | 7 | -2 **Precipitation (mm)** | 68 | 67 | 56 | 60 | 88 | 70 | 72 | 77 | 68 | 76 | 70 | 55 **Calculate:** * **Total precipitation : 827 mm** * **Temperature range: 33 °C** * **Annual average temperature: 10 °C** * **Climate:** ### UNIT 4 * **Human Geography:** Study of how people interact with the environment and each other. * **Demographics:** Study of population. * **Population density:** Number of people per unit area - Usually expressed as a number people per square km. * **Taxes:** Mandatory payments to the government used to fund public services. * **Immigration:** Moving to a new country to reside permanently. * **Emigration:** Leaving your country to reside permanently in another country. * **Arithmetic density:** Total population divided by land area. * **Physiological density:** Population divided by arable land. * **Population pyramid:** A chart showing age and gender distribution of a population. * **Dependency load:** The ratio of dependents (children and elderly) to the working population. * **Workforce:** Segment of the population that is engaged in gainful employment. * **Push factors:** Conditions that drive people to leave their country. * **Pull factors:** Conditions that attract people to a new country. * **Shapes of population pyramids:** * **Expansive Pyramid:** A pyramid with a wide base, indicating high birth rates and a young population. * **Constrictive Pyramid:** A pyramid with a narrow base, indicating low birth rates and an aging population. * **Stationary Pyramid:** A pyramid with straight sides, indicating relatively equal birth and death rates. * **Types of immigrants:** * **Economic:** Migrate for job opportunities and economic advancement. * **Family reunification:** Migrate to join family members. * **Refugees:** Migrate to escape persecution or conflict. * **Draw a simplified population pyramid of a country** - This will require you to have the population data for the country and use a bar graph. * Use different colors for males and females. * **Essay:** * topic: "Geography of Canada" - Physical geography, Human Geography, and Resources. * Include an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. * Aim for approximately 2 pages. ### UNIT 3 * **Industry** | **Description** | **Examples** | **Issues** -------|-------|-------|------- **Fishing** | Catching fish for food | Commercial fishing, sport fishing | Overfishing, pollution **Agriculture** | Growing crops and raising animals | Farming, livestock raising | Pesticides, land use **Forestry** | Managing forests for wood | Logging, timber | Deforestation, fires **Mining** | Extracting minerals and resources | Coal mining, gold mining | Environmental damage