Geography Final Exam Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

Which ocean is located to the east of Canada?

  • Indian Ocean
  • Atlantic Ocean (correct)
  • Arctic Ocean
  • Pacific Ocean

The Canadian Shield is characterized by flat, fertile land suitable for farming.

False (B)

What are the two main types of climate factors mentioned?

Latitude and ocean currents

The __________ is a supercontinent that existed millions of years ago.

<p>Pangaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Canadian provinces/territories with their capitals:

<p>Yukon = Whitehorse Alberta = Edmonton Nova Scotia = Halifax Ontario = Toronto</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a compass?

<p>To find directions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Longitude measures the distance north or south of the equator.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ Plains are known for their flat and fertile land.

<p>Interior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do convergent boundaries primarily cause?

<p>Volcanoes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wegener's theory of continental drift states that continents are static and do not change location.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of the Earth called?

<p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ evidence suggests that similar fossils were found on different continents, supporting Wegener's theory.

<p>Fossil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of rock with their characteristics:

<p>Igneous = Formed from cooled magma or lava Sedimentary = Formed from compressed sediments Metamorphic = Changed from one type of rock due to heat and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the Earth generates its magnetic field?

<p>Outer Core (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The temperature range in the given climograph is 28 °C.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'human geography'.

<p>The study of how people interact with the environment and each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a physiological density?

<p>Population divided by arable land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An expansive population pyramid indicates low birth rates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major issue associated with the fishing industry?

<p>Overfishing</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of moving to a new country to reside permanently is known as ______.

<p>immigration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of immigrants with their descriptions:

<p>Economic = Migrate for job opportunities Family reunification = Migrate to join family members Refugees = Escape persecution or conflict Student = Migrate for education purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by dependency load?

<p>The ratio of dependents to the working population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pull factors are conditions that drive people to leave their country.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of taxes?

<p>To fund public services</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Population Density

The number of people living in a specific area, typically expressed as people per square kilometer.

Taxes

Payments made to the government by individuals and businesses to fund public services like healthcare and education.

Immigration

The act of moving permanently to a new country.

Emigration

The act of leaving one's country to permanently reside in another.

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Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

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Physiological Density

The total number of people divided by the amount of arable land (land suitable for farming).

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Population Pyramid

A chart that visually shows the age and gender distribution of a population.

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Dependency Load

The ratio of dependents (children and elderly) to the working population.

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Convergent Boundary

The meeting point of two tectonic plates where they collide, resulting in the creation of mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes.

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Divergent Boundary

The meeting point of two tectonic plates where they move away from each other, creating mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys.

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Transform Boundary

The meeting point of two tectonic plates where they slide past each other, causing earthquakes.

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Continental Drift

The theory proposed by Alfred Wegener suggesting that all continents were once connected as a single supercontinent called Pangaea.

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Crust

The outermost, thin layer of solid rock that forms the Earth's surface.

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Mantle

A thick layer of semi-solid rock underneath the crust, responsible for driving plate tectonics through convection currents.

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Outer Core

A liquid layer composed mostly of molten iron, generating the Earth's magnetic field.

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Inner Core

The solid, dense core of the Earth, primarily composed of iron and nickel, kept solid by immense pressure despite high temperatures.

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Longitude

Lines of longitude measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, a line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole.

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Latitude

Lines of latitude measure distance north or south of the equator, an imaginary line that circles the Earth at 0 degrees.

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The Canadian Shield

The Canadian Shield is a vast, rocky region with numerous lakes and forests. It covers much of Eastern and Central Canada.

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The Interior Plains

The Interior Plains are flat, fertile lands ideal for agriculture. They extend from the Canadian Shield to the Rocky Mountains.

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The Western Cordillera

The Western Cordillera is a mountainous region with high peaks and valleys. It encompasses the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast.

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Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer layer is divided into plates that move and interact, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation.

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Pangaea

Pangaea was a supercontinent that existed millions of years ago, before the continents drifted apart.

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Weather

Weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions like temperature, precipitation, and wind at a specific location.

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Study Notes

Unit 1: Geography Final Exam Study Guide

  • Canada's Map: Learn to identify the three oceans surrounding Canada, the five Great Lakes, and all provinces and territories.

The Great Lakes

  • Provinces and Territories: Match the provided list of provinces/territories with their respective capitals.

Unit 2: Landforms and Climate

  • Landform Regions of Canada: Identify and describe the three landform regions (Canadian Shield, Interior Plains, Western Cordillera). Note their appearances.
  • Plate Tectonics: Define plate tectonics and its role in Earth's structure changes, including earthquakes and mountains.
  • Pangaea: Know the meaning of this term.
  • Weather: This is the short-term atmospheric conditions
  • Climate: These are the long-term weather patterns.
  • Glaciers: These are moving masses of ice that shape landscapes.
  • Precipitation: Water falling from the sky; identify different types if applicable.
  • Factors Affecting Climate (LOWERN): Understand the six factors that influence local climate (Latitude, Ocean Currents, Winds, Elevation, Relief, and Nearness to Water).

Unit 3: Climate and Resources

  • Climograph: Draw and analyze data. Use appropriate scales, colors, and labels. Be accurate when using different types of graphs (line and bar graphs for example).
  • Calculate: Determine total precipitation, temperature range, and annual average temperature from provided data.
  • Natural Resources: Understand the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources. Give examples for each.
  • Types of Industries: Distinguish between primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary industries. Provide examples.

Unit 4: Human Geography

  • Human Geography: Refers to the study of how humans interact with the environment.
  • Demographics: This is the study of populations.
  • Population Density: The number of people per unit area.
  • Taxes: Payments from citizens for government services.
  • Immigration: Relocation into a country.
  • Emigration: Leaving one's home country.
  • Arithmetic Density: The total population divided by the total land area.
  • Physiological Density: The population of a region divided by its arable land.
  • Population Pyramid: A diagram showing the age and sex distribution of a population.

Unit 5: Population, Dependency, and Shapes

  • Canada's Population: Be familiar with different types of immigrants.
  • Dependency Load: Understand the concept and how it is calculated
  • Workforce: The portion of the population that is actively engaged in productive work
  • Push and Pull Factors: Analyze the factors that drive people to leave their homes or draw them to new destinations.
  • Population Pyramids: Identify the three shapes of population pyramids (expansive, constrictive, and stationary), and know their characteristics. Note the different ages, and male/female population information.

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