GGS 101 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

GGS 101 Final Exam Study Guide US and Canada Southwest Asia cont. - What are the 3 Prairie Provinces? - Kafala System Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Sponsorship system where Manitoba workers tied to single - What are the 4 Maritime Provinces? employer. What is Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 Nova Scotia, New...

GGS 101 Final Exam Study Guide US and Canada Southwest Asia cont. - What are the 3 Prairie Provinces? - Kafala System Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Sponsorship system where Manitoba workers tied to single - What are the 4 Maritime Provinces? employer. What is Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward A plan to diversify Saudi Island, Newfoundland, and Arabia’s economy and Labrador reduce its dependence on - What are the 3 Territories? oil. Yukon, Northwest Territories, It aims to develop sectors and Nunavut such as tourism, - What are the differences between entertainment, and First Peoples and Native technology to create new job Americans? opportunities and attract investments. First Peoples is a broader term encompassing The vision also focuses on Indigenous groups from improving infrastructure, Canada, such as the First healthcare, and education to Nations, Inuit, and Metis. enhance the quality of life for Saudi citizens. Native Americans refers - Where are the Houthis located in specifically to Indigenous the Middle East? people from the United States, such as American The Southwestern part of Indians, Alaska Natives, and Yemen Native Hawaiians. - What are the Houthis doing in the - Main colonizers of Canada? Red Sea and why? The French and the British. The Houthi Rebels have - When was it founded? launched attacks on shipping vessels and Canada was founded on July targeted international 1, 1867. shipping lanes, which raised - When did the territory become concerns about the safety British? and security of maritime Canada became a British trade in the area. territory in 1763. Ship hijackings and attacks - Which province was given the include Israeli ships post highest degree of autonomy? October 7, 2023, and attacks Quebec on non-Israeli ships (US, UK, - What does Acadian refer to? and Singapore). Descendants of French The reasons behind their colonists in the Maritime actions in the Red Sea is to Provinces. - - - - Where do 50% of Canadians live? Most Canadians live in the southern regions close to the US border. What are the main factors that lead to the suburbs? Urbanization, transportation developments, and economic growth. What are the 5 permanently inhabited territories of the US? Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa What is the connection between Guano and US expansion across the Pacific? Guano’s demand sparked US interest in the Pacific Islands, as the Guano Islands Act provided legal grounds for claiming these islands. Though island acquisitions secured strategic outposts for the US in the Pacific. Southwest Asia - Fertile Crescent Region in the Middle East known for its fertile soil and early civilizations. - Difference between periphery & semi-periphery? Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and are less industrialized and urbanized. They’re usually agrarian, have low literacy rates and lack consistent internet access. - - pressure Israel to stop Hamas-Israel war and exert themselves as a legitimate power. What are differences of Sunni and Shia? The primary difference between Sunni and Shia is their interpretation of who should’ve succeeded Prophet Muhammad as the leader of the Muslim community. Sunnis believe that the caliphs who succeeded the Prophet are the rightful leaders that consists of 85% of Muslims. Shias believe that leadership should’ve remained within the Prophet’s family that consists of 15% of Muslims. What are the 5 pillars of Islam? Shahada: declaration of faith, which is the belief in the oneness of Allah and that Muhammad is his final prophet. Salah: ritual prayer performed five times a day facing the Kaaba in Mecca. Zakat: giving alms or charity to the less fortunate and those in need. Sawm: fasting during the holy month of Ramadan, from dawn until sunset. Hajj: pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, which every Muslim who is physically and financially able is expected to undertake at least once in their lifetime. - - - Semi-periphery countries are less developed than core nations but more developed than peripheral nations. They’re a buffer between core and peripheral countries. Enclave vs Exclave An enclave is a territory that’s surrounded by the territory of one other state. An exclave is a part of a state that’s geographically separated from the main part by the territory of one or more states. Enclaves are inner and exclaves are outer. What are Musandam, Madha, and Nahwa—what country are they part of? Musandam, Madha, and Nahwa are all Oman’s exclaves and UAE’s enclave. Musandam is an exclave of Oman. Madha is an Omani exclave surrounded by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Nahwa is a counter-enclave, a tiny territory belonging to the UAE Emirate of Sharjah that’s surrounded by Omani territory (Madha). Aridity traits and adaptations (architectural, agricultural, cultural, etc) Southwest Asia exhibits arid conditions leading to architectural, agricultural, and cultural adaptations. Aridity is located near water, with dry farming and drip - - - - What does the Kaaba represent, and which pillar is it involved in? The Kaaba is a sacred structure located in the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is considered the holiest site in Islam. It represents the unity of Muslims around the world, as it’s the direction towards which Muslims pray during the Salah, which is the second pillar of Islam. What 2 areas within contemporary Israel/Palestine remained occupied by Palestinians after Israel consolidated into a state and did not follow the UN Partition Plan? After Israel consolidated into a state and didn’t follow the UN Partition Plan, two areas within contemporary Israel/Palestine that remained occupied by Palestinians are the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Which regions or areas did Israel occupy in 1967 that were outside its borders? West Bank, East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights. When did Hamas come to political power in Gaza? Hamas came to political power in Gaza in 2007 after winning the Palestinian legislative elections held in 2006. They gained control of the Gaza Strip after a violent - - - - irrigation. Plant water storage capacity and oasis as pit stops. Architectural adaptations for aridity have high ceilings so warm air rises, thick walls, deep set windows, and courtyard with shade. Agriculture is limited. River valleys and coastal areas provided small stretches of fertile land, but in the absence of widespread agricultural development. What is Ghadamès, Libya architecture known for? The architecture in Ghadames, Libya provides vertical division of functions, such as store supplies, family space, covered alleys to avoid heat, and open-air terraces for women. Desalinization Process of converting saltwater to drinking water by removing salt. What is the most pronounced economic sector in middle eastern countries? Oil and gas industries. How are Southwest Asian countries trying to diversify their countries? Southwest Asian countries are trying to diversify themselves through expanding their industrial bases - - conflict with their political rival, Fatah. Since then, the Hamas has been the governing authority in Gaza. What does Zionism mean? Refers to the movement that emerged in the late 19th century with the aim of establishing a Jewish homeland in the historic land of Israel. It’s based on the belief in the right of Jewish selfdetermination and the connection of the Jewish people to the land of Israel. The term “Zionism” comes from Zion, which is a biblical term for Jerusalem and the land of Israel. What did the Balfour Declaration say? The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917. It expressed support for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. The declaration stated that the British government viewed “with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” while also recognizing that “nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine.” - - The Balfour Declaration had a significant impact on the Zionist movement and the eventual establishment of the State of Israel. What does nakba mean? Arabic term that means “catastrophe” or “disaster”. Refers to the events that took place in 1948 when hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were displaced from their homes and became refugees because of the establishment of the State of Israel. Commemorated annually on May 15. What does Israeli settlements refer to? Israeli settlements refer to communities or residential areas built by Israeli citizens in the occupied territories, including the West Bank and East Jerusalem. These settlements are considered controversial because they’re built on land that’s internationally recognized as occupied Palestinian territory. Africa - Limnic Eruption—why did it happen and what is the current “solution” to it? Limnic eruption occurred in 1986 when carbon dioxide (CO2) gas suddenly erupted from the lake, suffocating nearby villages and livestock. - - The exact cause is believed to be a combination of volcanic activity and the unique geology of the lake. As for the current “solution,” after the disaster, measures were taken to prevent future eruptions. Pipes were installed to release the CO2 buildup safely, reducing the risk of another catastrophic event, such as degasification. What and where are the subregions of Africa? North Africa: includes countries such as Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. West Africa: consists of countries like Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Ivory Coast, and Mali. Central Africa: includes countries such as Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, Central African Republic, and the Republic of the Congo. East Africa: consists of countries like Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Rwanda. Southern Africa: includes countries such as South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Zambia. Thicket traits vs savanna traits Thickets are a tangle of trees, shrubs, vines; bimodal (spring and fall highs) rainfall; absence/low amt of grass cover. - - Savannas are a grassland biome with a scattered tree canopy; grass grows in wet season to be consumed by wildlife; regular fires occur. How are trees adapted to the environment? African trees have evolved various adaptations to thrive in their unique environments. In the savannas, where there are long dry seasons, many trees have developed deep root systems to access water underground. Some trees, like the acacia, have even evolved thorns to deter herbivores from eating their leaves. In the dense rainforests, trees have broad leaves to capture sunlight in the shaded understory. Additionally, some African trees have developed thick barks to protect against wildfires. What are the major deserts in the Continent? Where are they located? The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in Africa and one of the largest in the world. It covers a vast area in North Africa, spanning countries like Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, etc. Kalahari Desert is in southern Africa, covering parts of Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. The Namib Desert is located along the southwestern - - coast of Africa, known for its towering sand dunes. Why does Africa have such high fertility rates? The cultural importance placed on having children and large families in many African societies. Additionally, limited access to contraceptives and family planning services can also play a role. Social and economic factors, such as a lack of educational opportunities for women and high poverty rates, can also influence fertility rates. North Africa vs Sub-Saharan Africa North Africa is in the northern part of Africa and is influenced by Arabic and Islamic cultures. It includes countries like Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. The region is known for its arid climate, with the Sahara Desert covering a large portion of the area. North Africa has a mix of Arab, Berber, and other ethnic groups, and its history is intertwined with ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Carthaginians. Sub-Saharan Africa refers to the countries located south of the Sahara Desert. It’s a diverse region with a wide range of cultures, languages, and ethnicities. Sub-Saharan Africa is known for its rich biodiversity, diverse landscapes, and vibrant Africa cont. - Apartheid—what does it mean, where did it occur. Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination that occurred in South Africa from 19481994. Under apartheid, people were classified into different racial groups and were subjected to unequal treatment based on their race. The system aimed to maintain the dominance of the white minority over the black majority. It affected various aspects of life, including education, housing, employment, and public services. Apartheid was eventually dismantled through protests and international pressure, leading to the establishment of a democratic South Africa. - Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) An active financial stake in production in a country by a country or an individual located in another country. traditions. The region is home to numerous ethnic groups, including the Bantu, Yoruba, Zulu, and many more. Sub-Saharan Africa has a mix of religions, including Christianity, Islam, and traditional African beliefs. Asia cont. - What is a Hydraulic Society A term that’s used to describe a society that relies heavily on the management and control of water resources for agricultural purposes. It refers to civilizations that develop complex irrigation systems to support their agricultural activities. These societies often have centralized authority and social hierarchies due to the importance of water control. - Karst Topography—how is it formed? Formed through the dissolution of soluble rocks, such as limestone, over a long period of time. Rainwater, which is slightly acidic, seeps into the ground and reacts with the rock, causing it to dissolve. This creates a series of unique landforms, such as sinkholes, caves, and underground rivers. - Is Outer China in the western or eastern part of China? - - - Land Grabbing—what are foreign entities looking to gain/do with the land? Land grabbing is transnational land acquisitions whereby foreign governments lease or purchase land abroad. Some foreign entities may be interested in agricultural investments to meet the growing demand for food and resources globally. Others may seek natural resources like minerals or oil. There are cases where land is acquired for infrastructure development or tourism purposes. Why is Namibia prorupt? What is its proruption called? Namibia is prorupt because of a narrow strip of land called the Caprivi Strip. The Caprivi Strip extends eastward from the main body of Namibia, giving the country access to the Zambezi River and the Indian Ocean. It’s named after the German Chancellor Leo von Caprivi. What is the origin of Liberia? Liberia was founded by freed African American and AfroCaribbean slaves in the early 19th century. These individuals, seeking a new home and freedom, established Liberia as a settlement on the West African coast. - - - Outer China, also known as Xinjiang, is in the western part of China. It’s a vast region with diverse landscapes and rich cultural heritage. Mitigation vs Adaptation Mitigation focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent or slow down climate change. It involves actions like transitioning to renewable energy sources and implementing energyefficient practices. Adaptation involves adjusting and preparing for the changes that’re already occurring or expected due to climate change. It includes measures like building infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events and developing strategies to protect vulnerable communities. What country is Hong Kong part of? What country ruled Hong Kong until 1997? Hong Kong is part of China. Great Britain ruled Hong Kong until 1997. What is an SAR? SAR is a Special Administrative Region. It’s a unique political and administrative designation given to certain regions or territories within a country. SARs have a higher degree of autonomy compared to other regions and operate under a - - - - Liberia comes from the Latin word “liber” which means “free”. What was the colonial ruler of Somaliland vs Somalia? Somaliland was under British colonial rule. The British governed Somaliland from the late 19th century until 1960 when it gained independence. Somalia was colonized by Italy. The Italians colonized Somalia in the late 19th century, and it remained under Italian control until 1960. Who are the native people of Western Sahara? The Indigenous Sahrawis are the native people of Western Sahara. The Sahrawi people have a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, traditionally relying on herding and trade. What are the Abraham Accords and why did Morocco sign them? The Abraham Accords are a set of US initiated bilateral agreements between Israel and Arab states that aim to normalize diplomatic relations, promote peace, and enhance cooperation in various fields. Morocco signed them due to political interests, economic opportunities, and regional stability. What is biomass? Who primarily collects it in rural Africa? - - different set of laws and regulations. Two well-known examples of SARs are Hong Kong and Macau, which are both SARs of China. They have their own legal systems, currencies, and immigration policies while still being part of China. Why did the ROC form? What’s the brief origin story? The Republic of China (ROC) was formed after the Chinese Civil War, when the Communist Party of China gained control over mainland China, while the Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan in 1949. Since then, Taiwan has developed its own political, economic, and social systems, establishing itself as a separate entity from mainland China, and operates as a self-governing democratic region with its own government and policies. Why is Taiwan so important to the US economy? Taiwan is an economic partner for the US because Taiwan is a major trading partner, with bilateral trade between them and the US reaching billions of dollars each year. Taiwan is also known for its high-tech industries and is a global leader in semiconductor - - Biomass refers to organic matter that comes from plants and animals. In terms of energy, it’s specifically organic matter that can be used to generate energy such as wood, crops, and even animal waste. Women and children gather firewood or other organic materials. Why is Africa called the Plateau continent? Africa is called the plateau continent because a significant portion of its landmass sits well above sea level with a relatively flat surface. Where and What are the 6 national Parks/World Heritage sites in Africa we covered in class? Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park is in Southern Africa in Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe. This park was made to promote diplomacy with each other and protect wildlife and the environment. It’s combatting the poaching of rhinos and elephants in the area and finding a way to stop wildlife poisoning. Garamba National Park is in the northeastern portion of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It’s a transition zone from the dense tropical forest of the Congo Basin and the Sudan Savanas. It’s preserving the wildlife and anti-poaching, by protecting - - - manufacturing, making Taiwan a crucial player in the global supply chain, as many American companies rely on Taiwanese technology for their products. What does the nine-dash line represent on a map in the South China Sea? The nine-dash line is a controversial demarcation line that China claims in the South China Sea. It’s not recognized by international law and overlaps with the territorial claims of other countries in the region. The line is significant because China asserts its historical rights and maritime claims based on it. What is China doing in the South China sea to establish their sovereignty? China has built artificial islands, the establishment of military outposts, and the enforcement of maritime patrols. China has also engaged in resource exploitation and fishing in the disputed waters. These actions have raised concerns among neighboring countries and have led to territorial disputes in the region. Where is Tibet? Tibet is in the southwestern part of China, bordering Kordofan Giraffes, White Rhinoceros, and Elephants. The Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela is in Ethiopia, the mountainous region in the heart of the country, and it was to preserve churches. The park is protecting the 11 churches that’re in critical condition due to water damage. Mayumba National Park is in the Southwestern coast of Gabon, and it’s meant to protect Gabon’s territorial seas and endangered species. The park protects 900 square km of coastal waters, 60 km of leatherback turtles nesting beaches, and 15 km to protect marine habitats for dolphins, sharks, and migrating humpback whales. The Medina of Marrakesh is in Southern Morocco, and it’s a park due to its large amount of artwork and architecture of the site the historical context of it being a major Islamic capital of the western Mediterranean, and it's an example of a living historic town. Zakouma National Park is in the southeast corner of Chad. Located in the Sahel region. It’s a national park due to it providing refuge for the wildlife population of the area. They’ve prevented poaching in 2016 and have been protecting an increase - - - countries like India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar. What religion is most associated with Tibet and who is the leader? Tibet is most associated with Tibetan Buddhism, which has had a significant influence on the region’s culture and way of life. The spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism is the Dalai Lama, who plays a vital role in guiding and representing the Tibetan people. Traits of the Uyghurs and where they are located? The Uyghurs are an ethnic group primarily located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. They have a distinct culture and language and are known for their rich history and contributions to art, music, and cuisine. The Uyghurs are predominantly Muslim, and their cultural heritage reflects a blend of Central Asian, Turkic, and Islamic influences. Why is cultural genocide a term used regarding the Uyghur “reeducation” camps? Because there are reports of severe human rights abuses and efforts to suppress Uyghur culture and identity. These include forced assimilation, restrictions on religious practices, cultural suppression, and the - - - - in elephant population by 40% since 2010. Animism definition Belief that spiritual essence, or a soul, animates all things in the universe. This includes living things like plants and animals, but also non-living things like rocks, rivers, weather systems, and even human-made objects. Maghreb region and translation from Arabic The Maghreb region is the western part of the Arab world, located in North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Sahara Desert to the south. The word “Maghreb” itself comes from Arabic, and literally translates to “the west” or “the place of sunset”. What is the “Scramble for Africa” Refers to the period of intense colonization and territorial acquisition by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During this time, European countries competed to establish colonies and control resources in various parts of Africa, which had a significant impact on the political, economic, and social landscape of the continent. What are various legacies from European Colonialism and how - - - destruction of Uyghur heritage sites. The international community has expressed concerns about these actions and their impact on the Uyghur people. Traits of the Rohingya and where are they located? The Rohingya are an ethnic group primarily located in Myanmar, specifically in the Rakhine State. They have their own distinct language, culture, and traditions. The Rohingya have faced significant challenges, including discrimination and persecution, which has led to many of them being displaced from their homes. Why are the Rohingya being persecuted? Because of Myanmar’s complex history of ethnic and religious tensions that’re multifaceted and involves political, social, and economic factors. It’s a deeply concerning situation that has resulted in human rights violations and displacement of the Rohingya people. Two things needed to experience climate vulnerability. Exposure to climate-related hazards refers to being in an area prone to extreme weather events or environmental changes. Asia - Africa has tried to overcome some (ex: ECOWAS, etc)? European colonialism in Africa has left various legacies, both positive and negative. Some negative legacies include political instability, economic exploitation, cultural disruption, and social divisions. One example is the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a regional organization that promotes economic integration, peace, and stability in West Africa. ECOWAS has played a crucial role in resolving conflicts and fostering regional cooperation. What are the three main subregions? How can you differentiate the three subregions? East Asia includes countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. It’s known for its advanced technology, rich cultural heritage, and influential economies. South Asia comprises countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It’s characterized by its diverse religions, vibrant traditions, and a strong emphasis on spirituality. Southeast Asia includes countries like Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. It’s famous for its stunning - A lack of adaptive capacity refers to the ability to cope with and adapt to those changes effectively. 4 ways that Bangladesh has adapted to climate change as shown in the class video. Building resilient infrastructure: Bangladesh has focused on constructing infrastructure that can withstand climate-related hazards such as floods and cyclones. This includes raising roads, building flood shelters, and strengthening embankments. Enhancing early warning systems: Bangladesh has invested in improving its early warning systems to provide timely alerts and information about impending disasters. This helps communities prepare and evacuate in advance. Promoting climate-resilient agriculture: Bangladesh has introduced climate-smart agricultural practices such as crop diversification, water management techniques, and the use of droughttolerant and flood-resistant crop varieties. Implementing communitybased adaptation measures: The government has encouraged community participation and empowerment in adaptation efforts. This includes initiatives like community- - - - natural landscapes, delicious cuisine, and a mix of different cultures influences by indigenous, Chinese, and European traditions. What is the Ring of Fire? The term used to describe a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. It’s called the Ring of Fire because it forms a horseshoe-shaped ring around the Pacific Ocean. This region is home to about 75% of the world’s active volcanoes and is prone to frequent seismic activity. How were the Himalayas formed— divergence, convergence, transform boundaries? The Himalayas were formed due to the convergence of tectonic plates. The Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate, resulting in the uplift and formation of the majestic Himalayan Mountain range. This process is an example of convergent boundaries, where two plates collide and create intense geological activity. What is a monsoon? A seasonal wind system that brings significant changes in weather patterns that’s commonly associated with the Indian subcontinent, based disaster risk reduction programs, livelihood diversification, and the establishment of climateresilient villages. - - - where it has a profound impact on the climate. During the monsoon season, warm and moist air from the Indian Ocean moves towards land, causing heavy rainfall. This rainfall is crucial for agriculture and helps sustain ecosystems in the region. Megacity definition An urban area with 10 million or more people. These cities are characterized by their immense size, rapid urbanization, and diverse range of economic, cultural, and social activities. Gateway City definition Describes a city that serves as a primary entry point or hub for travelers, often due to its location or transportation infrastructure. A link between country and other regions. Gateway cities often have major international airports, seaports, or train stations that facilitate the movement of people and goods. Archipelago vs fragmented States An archipelago refers to a group of islands clustered closely together. These islands are usually located in a body of water, such as a sea or an ocean. Philippines and Indonesia are examples of archipelagos. Fragmented states are political entities that consist of separate territorial units or - - regions that aren’t physically connected. These units may be separated by other countries or bodies of water. Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are examples of fragmented states. What is the Pacific Rim and how much trading goes through there? The Pacific Rim refers to the region surrounding the Pacific Ocean. It includes countries along the coastlines of East Asia, North America, South America, and Oceania. This region is known for its high volcanic and seismic activity. In terms of trading, the Pacific Rim is a significant hub for global commerce. It facilitates a substantial amount of international trade due to the presence of major ports and economic centers in countries like China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, and Canada. Asian Tigers—who are they and what does the nickname refer to? The Asian Tigers are highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. The nickname is given because these countries experienced rapid industrialization and high economic growth rates in the second half of the 20th century. Latin America -compare/contrast Lesser Antilles vs Greater Antilles The Lesser Antilles are smaller and comprise a chain of islands stretching from the Virgin Islands in the north to Trinidad and Tobago in the south. The Greater Antilles are larger in size and consist of four main islands: Cuba, Hispaniola (shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. The Lesser Antilles are composed of numerous smaller islands, forming an archipelago. The Greater Antilles consists of four major islands. The Lesser Antilles are known for their volcanic activity, with several dormant volcanoes present in the region with this volcanic activity shaping the landscape and influenced the ecosystems of the islands. The Greater Antilles has fewer active volcanoes and isn’t as known for volcanic activity. The Lesser Antilles and the Greater Antilles are both culturally diverse, with influences from indigenous peoples, European colonization, African heritage, and other immigrant populations. Though the Greater Antilles has a more prominent cultural presence and influence due to their larger size and historical significance. The Lesser Antilles relies heavily on tourism, offshore financial services, and agriculture, with some islands specializing in specific industries like Barbados in tourism and Dominica in eco-tourism. The Greater Antilles has a more diverse economy, including agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, and services. Cuba has a significant impact on the region’s economy. -compare/contrast rimland vs mainland The Rimland in Central America includes the coastal areas along the Caribbean Sea, such as Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, along with the Caribbean countries. These regions have direct access to the sea and are influenced by maritime activities. The Mainland in Central America refers to the interior or central part of the region, including countries like Guatemala, El Salvador, and parts of Honduras, including Mexico. These areas are further away from the coast and have a different geographical landscape. The Rimland in Central America generally experiences a more tropical climate due to its proximity to the Caribbean Sea. It tends to have higher rainfall and lush vegetation, including rainforests and mangrove swamps. The Mainland in Central America can have a more diverse climate and geography. It includes mountain ranges, volcanic areas, and highland plateaus, which can result in different climate zones ranging from tropical to temperate. The Rimland in Central America has a strong focus on tourism, especially in countries like Belize and Costa Rica, and the numerous Caribbean countries. These coastal areas attract visitors with their beautiful beaches, coral reefs, and vibrant marine life. Mainland Central America is known for its agricultural activities, including the cultivation of coffee, bananas, sugarcane, and other crops. It also has industries such as manufacturing and services. The Rimland has a diverse cultural landscape influenced by indigenous communities, Afro-Caribbean populations, and the historical presence of European colonizers, such from Spain, Netherlands, France, Britain, and the US. It showcases a blend of different traditions, languages, and cuisines. The Mainland is home to various indigenous groups with rich cultural heritage. It also has a strong influence from Mesoamerican civilizations like the Maya and Aztec, which can be seen in archaeological sites and cultural traditions. -what things make Santería a syncretic religion? Santeria combines elements from various religious traditions. It originated in Cuba and emerged as a fusion of Yoruba (West African) beliefs and practices with Roman Catholicism. This blending of different religious influences is what makes Santeria syncretic. It incorporates Yoruba deities known as Orishas, Catholic saints, rituals, and symbols. -Which 2 countries in South America do not speak a Latin-derived language? Brazil and Suriname. Brazil speaks Portuguese while Suriname speaks Dutch. -rough location of Maya, Aztec, and Incan empires and which is the oldest The Maya, Aztec, and Incan empires were all located in different regions of the Americas. The Maya civilization was primarily located in present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. The Aztec empire, also known as the Mexica empire, was centered in what is now Mexico City. The Incan empire was situated in the Andean region of South America, covering parts of presentday Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, and Chile. In terms of age, the oldest among them is the Maya civilization, which dates to around 2000 BCE. -nicknames for the Atacama Desert “Mars on Earth” due to its extreme dryness and barren landscapes that resembles the red planet. “The Driest Place on Earth” because it’s one of the driest regions in the world. -What does the altiplano refer to and where is it located? Traits of it, including agricultural? Refers to a high plateau region located in the Andes Mountains of South America. It spans parts of Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. The altiplano is characterized by its high elevation, with an average altitude of around 3,800 meters (12,500 feet) above sea level. It’s known for its harsh climate, including cold temperatures and strong winds. In terms of agriculture, the altiplano has unique adaptations. Farmers in this region grow crops such as quinoa, potatoes, and maize, which are well-suited to the high-altitude conditions. These crops have developed traits that allow them to withstand extreme temperatures and limited water availability in the altiplano. -How many people live in the Amazon? 30 million people -what kinds of activities are going on in the Amazon that cause deforestation? Illegal logging, agriculture expansion (especially for cattle ranching and soybean production), mining, and infrastructure development. These activities often result in the clearing of large areas of forest, which can have significant environmental impacts. -how is deforestation related to forest fires? Deforestation is related to forest fires when trees are cut down and the forest is cleared, it increases the risk of fires. The cleared land becomes drier and more susceptible to ignition, and the absence of trees that would normally provide shade and retain moisture can lead to more favorable conditions for fires to spread. Additionally, some fires are intentionally set to clear land for agricultural purposes, but they can quickly get out of control and spread to surrounding areas. - What does OPEC do to control oil prices? The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) plays a role in controlling oil prices. OPEC is made up of several oil-producing countries, including some in Africa. They work together to coordinate oil production levels to stabilize prices. By adjusting the amount of oil they produce, OPEC can influence the global supply and demand balance, which in turn affects oil prices. -why did the oil output and revenue in Venezuela significantly decline in the 2010s? Because of mismanagement and a lack of investment in the country’s oil infrastructure. Additionally, economic and political instability, corruption, and international sanctions also played a role in the decline. These factors led to a decrease in production capacity and hindered Venezuela’s ability to generate revenue from its oil resources. -What kinds of things did this declining oil money result in? It led to a severe economic crisis, including hyperinflation, scarcity of basic goods, and a decline in living standards for many Venezuelans. The government faced difficulties in providing essential services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure development. The decline in oil revenue also impacted social programs and welfare initiatives. -Where is Essequibo? Essequibo is a region located in Guyana, a country on the northeastern coast of South America. It’s one of the ten administrative regions in Guyana. -Why does Venezuela want to take over Essequibo? Venezuela’s claim over Essequibo is rooted in a historical territorial dispute between Venezuela and Guyana. The dispute dates to the 19th century, and both countries have different interpretations of the historical agreements and treaties that define the border between them. -How has the area of Essequibo changed hands among: Spain, Gran Colombia, Dutch, British, Guyana, Venezuela? It was initially under Spanish control during the colonial period. Then, it became part of Gran Colombia, a federation that included presentday Venezuela and Colombia. The Netherlands later gained control of Essequibo, followed by Britain, which ruled the territory as British Guiana. After gaining independence, it became Guyana. Venezuela has had a long-standing territorial claim over Essequibo, leading to ongoing disputes between the two countries. Pre-Midterm Content (UP to 10 questions will be on the exam) -why deserts are where they are Deserts are in areas where there is limited rainfall and low humidity. Factors such as the Earth’s climate patterns. Air circulation and geographic features play a role in the formation of deserts. For example, the Sahara Desert in Africa is influenced by the trade winds and the presence of the Atlas Mountains, which create a rain shadow effect. Similarly, the Namib Desert in Namibia is impacted by the cold Benguela Current, resulting in fog and arid conditions. -real-life uses of remote sensing Remote sensing is used in agriculture to monitor crop health and optimize irrigation. It helps in environmental monitoring by assessing deforestation, land used in weather forecasting, mapping, urban planning, and disaster management. It can even be used to study climate change and monitor the health of our oceans. -effect water has on climate Water has a moderating effect on temperature, meaning that areas near large bodies of water tend to have milder climates compared to inland areas. This is because water has a higher specific heat capacity, which allows it to absorb and release heat more slowly than land. Water vapor in the atmosphere contributes to the greenhouse effect, trapping heat and influencing global temperatures. Water also affects precipitation patterns, as it evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers, forming clouds and eventually leading to rainfall. -economic types—primary, secondary, etc. The primary sector involves activities related to extracting or harvesting natural resources, like agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry. The secondary sector includes activities that involve manufacturing and processing raw materials into finished products, such as factories and construction. The tertiary sector focuses on providing services, like healthcare, education, transportation, and tourism. The quaternary sector involves knowledge-based activities, such as research, development, and information technology. -physical features associated with each plate boundary type Divergent plate boundaries occur when plates move away from each other. They often form mid-ocean ridges, where new crust is created, and can result in volcanic activity and the formation of rift valleys. Convergent plate boundaries occur when plates collide. Depending on the types of plates involved, different features can form. For example, when an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, it can result in the formation of coastal mountain ranges and subduction zones. When two continental plates collide, it can lead to the formation of large mountain ranges. Transform plate boundaries occur when plates slide past each other horizontally. They can result in the formation of faults, such as the famous San Andreas Fault in California. -# countries/states in the world 195 countries -# people in the world 7.951 billion people -climates associated with edges vs interior of continents The edges of continents tend to have more moderate and maritime climates. Along the edges of continents, the presence of large bodies of water, like oceans or seas, influences the climate. These maritime climates are characterized by milder temperatures, higher humidity, and more moderate seasonal variations. They often have cooler summers and milder winters compared to the interior. The interior of continents is farther away from the moderating influence of water bodies. This results in more extreme continental climates. These climates are characterized by greater temperature variations between seasons, with hotter summers and colder winters. The lack of nearby water bodies also leads to lower humidity levels and less precipitation. -how population pyramids move through stages of development In the early stages of development, the pyramid tends to have a wide base, indicating a high birth rate and high infant mortality rate. This means that there are more young people in the population. As a country progresses through development, improvements in healthcare, education, and living conditions lead to a decline in infant mortality rates and an increase in life expectancy. This results in a narrower base and a bulge in the middle of the pyramid, representing a larger proportion of the population in their prime working-age years. In the later stages of development, the pyramid begins to take on a more rectangular shape, indicating a lower birth rate and a higher proportion of older individuals. This is often associated with lower fertility rates and longer life expectancy. Extra credit: -compare high islands vs low islands in Oceania (information is in textbook, chapter 10). High islands like Hawaii are volcanic, meaning they were formed from volcanoes, and thus have a relatively high relief. This high relief and volcanic soils enable the high islands to have fertile soil and ample rainfall, which in turn supports a diverse agricultural system and relatively large populations. The low islands of the Pacific are comprised mostly of coral and, as their name implies, are generally low in elevation. Most of the islands in the Pacific, particularly in Micronesia, are low islands. These islands may only rise a few feet above the water and their dry, sandy soil makes farming difficult. Fresh water is often in short supply on the low islands. As a result, these islands typically have much smaller populations.