Callista Roy's Adaptation Model of Nursing PDF

Callista Roy's Adaptation Model of Nursing The **Adaptation Model of Nursing **is a prominent nursing theory aiming to explain or define the provision of nursing science. In her theory, Sister Callista Roy's model sees the individual as a set of interrelated systems that maintain a balance between...

Callista Roy's Adaptation Model of Nursing The **Adaptation Model of Nursing **is a prominent nursing theory aiming to explain or define the provision of nursing science. In her theory, Sister Callista Roy's model sees the individual as a set of interrelated systems that maintain a balance between various stimuli. The Roy Adaptation Model was first presented in the literature in an article published in *Nursing Outlook *in 1970 entitled "Adaptation: A Conceptual Framework for Nursing." In the same year, Roy's Adaptation Model of Nursing was adapted in Mount St. Mary's School in Los Angeles, California. Roy's model was conceived when nursing theorist [Dorothy Johnson](https://nurseslabs.com/dorothy-e-johnson/) challenged her students to develop conceptual models of nursing during a seminar. [Johnson's nursing model](https://nurseslabs.com/dorothy-e-johnsons-behavioral-system-model/) was the impetus for the development of Roy's Adaptation Model. Roy's model incorporated concepts from Adaptation-level Theory of Perception from renowned American physiological psychologist Harry Helson, Ludwig von Bertalanffy's System Model, and Anatol Rapoport's system definition. First, consider the concept of a system as applied to an individual. Roy conceptualizes the person in a holistic perspective. Individual aspects of parts act together to form a unified being. Additionally, as living systems, persons are in constant interaction with their environments. Between the system and the environment occurs an exchange of information, matter, and energy. Characteristics of a system include inputs, outputs, controls, and feedback. Assumptions **Scientific Assumptions** - Systems of matter and energy progress to higher levels of complex self-organization. - Consciousness and meaning are constructive of person and environment integration. - Awareness of self and environment is rooted in thinking and feeling. - Humans, by their decisions, are accountable for the integration of creative processes. - Thinking and feeling mediate human action. - System relationships include acceptance, protection, and fostering of interdependence. - Persons and the earth have common patterns and integral relationships. - Persons and environment transformations are created in human consciousness. - Integration of human and environmental meanings results in adaptation. **Philosophical Assumptions** - Persons have mutual relationships with the world and God. - Human meaning is rooted in the omega point convergence of the universe. - God is intimately revealed in the diversity of creation and is the common destiny of creation. - Persons use human creative abilities of awareness, enlightenment, and faith. - Persons are accountable for the processes of deriving, sustaining, and transforming the universe. Major Concepts of the Adaptation Model The following are Callista Roy's Adaptation Model's major concepts, including the definition of the [nursing metaparadigm](https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/) as defined by the theory. **Person** *"Human systems have thinking and feeling capacities, rooted in consciousness and meaning, by which they adjust effectively to changes in the environment and, in turn, affect the environment."* Based on Roy, humans are holistic beings that are in constant interaction with their environment. Humans use a system of adaptation, both innate and acquired, to respond to the environmental stimuli they experience. Human systems can be individuals or groups, such as families, organizations, and the whole global community. **Environment** *"The conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behavior of persons or groups, with particular consideration of the mutuality of person and health resources that includes focal, contextual and residual stimuli."* The environment is defined as conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect humans' development and behavior as an adaptive system. The environment is a stimulus or input that requires a person to adapt. These stimuli can be positive or negative. Roy categorized these stimuli as focal, contextual, and residual. **Focal stimuli **are that confront the human system and require the most attention. **Contextual stimuli **are characterized as the rest of the stimuli present with the focal stimuli and contribute to its effect. **Residual stimuli **are the additional environmental factors present within the situation but whose effect is unclear. This can include previous experience with certain stimuli. **Health** *"Health is not freedom from the inevitability of [death](https://nurseslabs.com/end-of-life-care-hospice-care-nursing-care-plans/), disease, unhappiness, and stress, but the ability to cope with them in a competent way."* Health is defined as the state where humans can continually adapt to stimuli. Because illness is a part of life, health results from a process where health and illness can coexist. If a human can continue to adapt holistically, they will maintain health to reach completeness and unity within themselves. If they cannot adapt accordingly, the integrity of the person can be affected negatively. **Nursing** *"\[The goal of nursing is\] the promotion of adaptation for individuals and groups in each of the four adaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life, and dying with dignity."* In Adaptation Model, nurses are facilitators of adaptation. They assess the patient's behaviors for adaptation, promote positive adaptation by enhancing environment interactions and helping patients react positively to stimuli. Nurses eliminate [ineffective coping](https://nurseslabs.com/ineffective-coping/) mechanisms and eventually lead to better outcomes. **Adaptation** Adaptation is the "process and outcome whereby thinking and feeling persons as individuals or in groups use conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration." Internal Processes **Regulator** The **regulator subsystem** is a person's physiological coping mechanism. The body attempts to adapt via regulation of our bodily processes, including neurochemical and endocrine systems. **Cognator** The **cognator subsystem** is a person's mental coping mechanism. A person uses his [brain](https://nurseslabs.com/nervous-system/) to cope via self-concept, interdependence, and role function adaptive modes. Four Adaptive Modes Diagrammatic Representation of Roy\'s Human Adaptive Systems. Diagrammatic Representation of Roy's Human Adaptive Systems. Click to enlarge. The subsystem's four adaptive modes are how the regulator and cognator mechanisms are manifested; in other words, they are the external expressions of the above and internal processes. **Physiological-Physical Mode** Physical and chemical processes are involved in the function and activities of living organisms. These are the actual processes put in motion by the regulator subsystem. This mode's basic need is composed of the needs associated with [oxygenation](https://nurseslabs.com/administering-oxygen-therapy/), [nutrition](https://nurseslabs.com/imbalanced-nutrition-less-body-requirements/), elimination, activity and rest, and protection. This model's complex processes are associated with the senses, fluid and [electrolytes](https://nurseslabs.com/fluid-and-electrolytes/), neurologic function, and endocrine function. **Self-Concept Group Identity Mode** In this mode, the goal of coping is to have a sense of unity, meaning the purposefulness in the universe, and a sense of identity integrity. This includes [body image](https://nurseslabs.com/disturbed-body-image/) and self-ideals. **Role Function Mode** This mode focuses on the primary, secondary, and tertiary roles that a person occupies in society and knowing where they stand as a member of society. **Interdependence Mode** This mode focuses on attaining relational integrity through the giving and receiving of love, respect and value. This is achieved with effective [communication](https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-management-guide-to-organizing-staffing-scheduling-directing-delegation/) and relations. Levels of Adaptation **Integrated Process** The various modes and subsystems meet the needs of the environment. These are usually stable processes (e.g., breathing, spiritual realization, successful relationship). **Compensatory Process** The cognator and regulator are challenged by the environment's needs but are working to meet the needs (e.g., [grief](https://nurseslabs.com/grieving/), starting with a new job, compensatory breathing). **Compromised Process** The modes and subsystems are not adequately meeting the environmental challenge (e.g., hypoxia, unresolved loss, abusive relationships). Six-Step Nursing Process A nurse's role in the Adaptation Model is to manipulate stimuli by removing, decreasing, increasing, or altering stimuli so that the patient. 1. Assess the behaviors manifested from the four adaptive modes. 2. Assess the stimuli, categorize them as focal, contextual, or residual. 3. Make a statement or [nursing diagnosis](https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-diagnosis/) of the person's adaptive state. 4. Set a goal to promote adaptation. 5. Implement interventions aimed at managing the stimuli. 6. Evaluate whether the adaptive goal has been met.